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The aim of this research was to determine if additional twists in the forward and backward somersaults increase landing asymmetries. Twelve gymnasts from the Slovenian national artistic gymnastics team took part in the research. Each gymnast performed various stretched forward and backward somersaults with or without a twist. We used several dynami...
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... data was processed in the Excel worksheet and normalized by the gymnast's body mass. To assess the pressure distribution, three areas under each foot were determined as shown in Figure 2. The differences between somersault variations were tested with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc test. ...
Citations
... However, as per the Romanian school, gymnasts start with their arms extended and lowered along the body; they perform a 90° oscillation going backwards, ending in a horizontal back position [7,[20][21][22], (Figure 1c). It is worth noting that several previous studies focused on the landing phase during the SBS [17,[24][25][26][27][28]. However, none of them has addressed the effects of different technical arm-swings during the preparation phase on the final phase, which is the landing phase of the SBS. ...
The crucial criteria when assessing technical performance in artistic gymnastics is the higher elevation of the gymnast’s body and a stable landing (i.e., stick-landing). The purpose of this study was to compare kinetic and kinematic parameters during the landing phase of standing back somersaults (SBS) following three technical arm-swing performed during the preparatory phase in high-level male gymnasts. The three different arm-swing pertain to three “gymnastics schools”, i.e., Russian, Chinese, and Romanian. Six high-level male gymnasts participated in this study. Three arm-swing with different angles (i.e., SBS270°, SBS180°, and SBS90°) were randomly performed. A 3D kinetic and kinematic analysis was conducted. Results showed significant variation in the landing angle (p = 0.009) across the three arm-swing techniques. The SBS90° arm-swing resulted in the closest angle to the vertical. Additionally, the SBS90° arm-swing technique induced the lowest horizontal and vertical force values upon landing compared to the other arm-swing techniques (SBS270°: p = 0.023 and 0.009, respectively; SBS180°: p = 0.004 and 0.080, respectively). The same was noted for the horizontal velocity (p = 0.021) with the lowest values noted for the SBS90° arm-swing technique. However, the best opening angle was observed during the SBS270° tech-nique, since it presented the best vertical displacement. In conclusion, the SBS with a SBS90° arm-swing seems to favor a better absorption of the ground reaction force upon landing by re-ducing the intensity of the impact with the ground and by affording a landing angle closer to the vertical in high-level male gymnasts.
... Sadowski et al. [38] studied the biomechanics of velocities and angles of the inverted joint with a stable landing and reported that the greatest differences in joint angles were during the start and landing positions and the greatest difference in result velocities during the foot contact with the ground. Marinsek and Cuk [39] studied the kinematic and kinetic variables for performing the forward and backward somersault technique with different rotations and reported that during the implementation of the forward somersault compared to the backward somersault, more pressure was applied to the heels at the moment when the ground reaction force was maximum. Although many studies have been done on the study of backward somersault technique, twisted somersault and modeling twisted somersault, etc. in the adult age group, no research has been observed to examine the kinematic of somersault in the adolescent age group. ...
Purpose
Kinematic variables identify movement patterns and are used to compare successful versus unsuccessful performances that cause to better understanding of performance optimization techniques. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the angular kinematic variables in successful and unsuccessful performances in gymnastic somersault for identifying the optimization performance of this technique.
Materials and methods
Eleven skillful male gymnasts (Avg. age 11.5 ± 3.7 years, height 123 ± 38.9 cm, weight 36.5 ± 16.9 kg and experience 4.64 ± 3.7 years) participated in this study. They were required to perform somersault and their performances were labeled as successful and unsuccessful performances according to referees’ scores. Then, the recorded performances were analyzed and the desired kinematic parameters were calculated.
Results
The results showed that the average of ankle angles at two instances of initial contact and toe off were higher in successful performances than unsuccessful ones. Besides, the minimum values of hip and knee angles and also the maximum values of knee angles were significantly higher in successful performances. The shoulder angles at two instances of initial contact and toe off in successful performances were also found to be less than unsuccessful ones, but, the range of shoulder motion in successful performances were greater than unsuccessful performances.
Conclusions
According to the results of this study, the maximum and minimum values of the major joints involved in this technique, range of their motions, and angular velocities of them are identified as the effective factors in this technique.
... The maximal load difference between the legs for the asymmetrical landing was measured to be up to 1.45 times bodyweight for forward and up to 1.03 times bodyweight for backward somersaults (Marinšek, 2011). The difference became bigger with more twist (Marinšek & Čuk, 2013b). In asymmetrical landings, a possibility for eversion in ankle joint is higher than in the symmetrical landing (Arampatzis, Morey-Klapsing, & Brüggemann, 2003). ...
Objective: To determine the incidence of injuries in artistic gymnastics and the starting points to provide
a better orientation for further research studies.
Source of searching: For the overview of previous research, I made queries in these electronic databases:
Mreznik NUK, PubMed, Google Scholar. I only used full articles published from 1989 to 2013. Key words
for the queries: gymnastics, injury, incidence, prevalence, epidemiology.
Main results: The overview of sports injuries in women’s artistic gymnastics defines their incidence
especially well in the senior category. The incidence of injuries in men’s artistic gymnastics is insufficiently
researched. The index of the occurrence of injury is 2.5 times higher in competition than in training (15.9
versus 6.07 injuries per 1,000 athletes). Overall, 53% of all injuriesin competition and 69% of all injuries
in training happened to thelower limbs. The risk of damage to the knee is six times and the ankle three
times higher in competition than in training (Marshall, Covassin, Dick, Nassar and Julie, 2007). Although
there is a relatively high incidence of injuries in gymnastics, it is essential to mention that these are
mostly light and moderate injuries (75%). The share of serious injuries (causing an absence from training
due to treatment of more than 28 days) is relatively small (less than 20%) (Kirialanis, Malliou, Beneka and
Giannakopoulus, 2003). Something similar is noted in (Caine and Nassar, 2005). Most injuries happen on
the floor when landing. The vast majority of injuries on other apparatuses happens during dismounts.
The high indices for ankle sprains and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a cause for alarm in
women’s artistic gymnastics where the index of sprains is 1.05 and the index of ACL is 0.33 (Hootman,
Randall and Agel, 2007). The share of customized training due to injury is 28.9% during the season (Kolt
and Kirkby, 1999).
Conclusion: The main area under study is the senior category of artistic gymnastics. It is difficult to
compare the research results due to the lack of unity in the methodologies used. Findings are generalized
and we do not have replies on the incidence of injuries from specialist athletes and about the incidence
depending on the quality of athletes (top, quality and prospective). This branch of sport is constantly
evolving and it would be reasonable to conduct strategy research on the incidence of sports injuries
in artistic gymnastics with the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) or the European Union of
Gymnastics (UEG) and to define it methodically.
Without doubt balance is one of a major effective aspect of appropriate sport skill performance (especially in Gymnastic). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between floor exercise landing deduction, anthropometric characteristics and balance in twenty 6 to 8 year old gymnasts. For measuring balance: Stork test for static balance and Time to get up and go test for dynamic balance were used. To analyze the landing deduction in floor exercises, the floor routine were performed and recorded by video, and each landing deduction following each gymnastic element was evaluated. A total of 8 anthropometric variables were measured of each gymnast. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the landing deduction and dynamic balance (r=0.807; p<0.01) and highly significant negative correlation was found between landing deduction and static balance (r=−0.862; p<0.01). Significant negative correlation was found between dynamic balance and static balance (r=−0.736; p<0.01). Balance (static and dynamic) have important relation towards landing quality. Height, body weight, waist circumference, sole length and leg length are important characteristic in this age group. Also technical mastery is another factors that influence quality of landing.
Balance plays important role in postural control and force production in artistic gymnastics and can be used as injury prevention. Therefor balance should be monitored during the training process. Many different protocols have been used to assess balance. Recently there were proposals made to include new technologies such as smart phones in various assessment protocols. In present research, we compared a balance assessment protocol on a T shaped tilt board with smart phone application and G-weight goniometer balance assessment protocol. Thirty different positions in x-axis and thirty different positions in y-axis were used as a criteria acquired with two smart phones and one G-weight goniometer. We acquired also one real time measurement for 10 seconds on the T shaped tilt board. We found out a very strong and positive correlation between smart phone application and G-weight goniometer. Cronbach's alpha showed very high reliability of the smart phone measures. The limits of agreement showed that the measurement with the smart phone could be 0.85° below or 3.23° above in x-axis and 0.09° below or 2.96° above in y-axis the goniometer. Both smart phones share a very similar displacement-time curve. To sum up, the smart phones with its measurement characteristics are reliable and valid enough for monitoring balance on T shaped tilt board for practical use but are not precise enough for the research use.
