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The Range-Wide Priority Setting Exercise aimed to assess the distribution and conservation status of the Andean condor, and consolidate all available information on the species, currently dispersed and scattered from all different sources, to be translated into a conservation strategy, including the participative def...
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... With Expert Knowledge on Andean Condors in Chile Figure 33. Areas Without Expert Knowledge on Andean Condors in Chile Figure 34. Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units in Chile Figure 35. ...
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... Without Expert Knowledge on Andean Condors in Argentina Figure 39. Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units in Argentina Figure 40. Andean Condor Conservation Unit Transboundary Combinations Figure 41. ...
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... Andean Condor Conservation Units in Argentina Figure 40. Andean Condor Conservation Unit Transboundary Combinations Figure 41. Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units Figure 42. ...
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... Condor Conservation Unit Transboundary Combinations Figure 41. Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units Figure 42. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Northern Historical Range Figure 43. ...
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... Andean Condor Conservation Units Figure 42. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Northern Historical Range Figure 43. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Central Historical Range Figure 44. ...
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... Condor Conservation Units in the Northern Historical Range Figure 43. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Central Historical Range Figure 44. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Southern Historical Range ...
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... condor experts detailed areas with ( Figure 4) or without ( Figure 5) expert knowledge. Unsurprisingly, the polygon areas with knowledge across the Andean condor distribution largely refl ect the known localities detailed in Figure 3. Overall, experts expressed knowledge about 65.79% of the Andean condor revised historical knowledge when including areas where Andean condors are now considered absent (Table 2). ...
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... without expert knowledge of Andean condors in Peru (Figure 24) are mainly located east of the Andes in northern and central Peru where montane forest predominate, from San Martín, south to Junín Department. In northern Peru, these areas are located north and east of Tumbes, close to the border with Ecuador and in north-eastern Lambayeque and north-western Cajamarca. ...
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... relatively large Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units were identifi ed in Chile ( Figure 34). ...
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... these were combined (Figure 40), the number of Andean Condor Conservation Units was reduced to a total of 21 units (Table 6; Figure 41). These ACCUs range from several rather small areas of less than 20,000 km 2 in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru, to three enormous transboundary areas of well over 200,000 km 2 , one bridging Argentina and Bolivia and two running along the Argentina and Chile border. ...
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... these were combined (Figure 40), the number of Andean Condor Conservation Units was reduced to a total of 21 units (Table 6; Figure 41). These ACCUs range from several rather small areas of less than 20,000 km 2 in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru, to three enormous transboundary areas of well over 200,000 km 2 , one bridging Argentina and Bolivia and two running along the Argentina and Chile border. ...
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... results herein demonstrate a clear pattern reflected in terms of historical range, current range and identified Andean Condor Conservation Units (ACCUs), in which areas in the northern portion ( Figure 42) of the historical range, which is a smaller and thinner strip running along the Andes, are significantly smaller and substantially more fragmented than in the central range ( Figure 43), and especially the southern portion of the range (Figure 44). This pattern is also reflected in terms of known data regarding Andean condor populations, with numbers in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador particularly low as compared to Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. ...
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... results herein demonstrate a clear pattern reflected in terms of historical range, current range and identified Andean Condor Conservation Units (ACCUs), in which areas in the northern portion ( Figure 42) of the historical range, which is a smaller and thinner strip running along the Andes, are significantly smaller and substantially more fragmented than in the central range ( Figure 43), and especially the southern portion of the range (Figure 44). This pattern is also reflected in terms of known data regarding Andean condor populations, with numbers in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador particularly low as compared to Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. ...
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... results herein demonstrate a clear pattern reflected in terms of historical range, current range and identified Andean Condor Conservation Units (ACCUs), in which areas in the northern portion ( Figure 42) of the historical range, which is a smaller and thinner strip running along the Andes, are significantly smaller and substantially more fragmented than in the central range ( Figure 43), and especially the southern portion of the range (Figure 44). This pattern is also reflected in terms of known data regarding Andean condor populations, with numbers in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador particularly low as compared to Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. ...
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... With Expert Knowledge on Andean Condors in Chile Figure 33. Areas Without Expert Knowledge on Andean Condors in Chile Figure 34. Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units in Chile Figure 35. ...
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... Without Expert Knowledge on Andean Condors in Argentina Figure 39. Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units in Argentina Figure 40. Andean Condor Conservation Unit Transboundary Combinations Figure 41. ...
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... Andean Condor Conservation Units in Argentina Figure 40. Andean Condor Conservation Unit Transboundary Combinations Figure 41. Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units Figure 42. ...
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... Condor Conservation Unit Transboundary Combinations Figure 41. Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units Figure 42. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Northern Historical Range Figure 43. ...
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... Andean Condor Conservation Units Figure 42. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Northern Historical Range Figure 43. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Central Historical Range Figure 44. ...
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... Condor Conservation Units in the Northern Historical Range Figure 43. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Central Historical Range Figure 44. Andean Condor Conservation Units in the Southern Historical Range ...
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... condor experts detailed areas with ( Figure 4) or without ( Figure 5) expert knowledge. Unsurprisingly, the polygon areas with knowledge across the Andean condor distribution largely refl ect the known localities detailed in Figure 3. Overall, experts expressed knowledge about 65.79% of the Andean condor revised historical knowledge when including areas where Andean condors are now considered absent (Table 2). ...
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... without expert knowledge of Andean condors in Peru ( Figure 24) are mainly located east of the Andes in northern and central Peru where montane forest predominate, from San Martín, south to Junín Department. In northern Peru, these areas are located north and east of Tumbes, close to the border with Ecuador and in north-eastern Lambayeque and north-western Cajamarca. ...
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... relatively large Priority Andean Condor Conservation Units were identifi ed in Chile ( Figure 34). ...
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... these were combined (Figure 40), the number of Andean Condor Conservation Units was reduced to a total of 21 units (Table 6; Figure 41). These ACCUs range from several rather small areas of less than 20,000 km 2 in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru, to three enormous transboundary areas of well over 200,000 km 2 , one bridging Argentina and Bolivia and two running along the Argentina and Chile border. ...
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... these were combined (Figure 40), the number of Andean Condor Conservation Units was reduced to a total of 21 units (Table 6; Figure 41). These ACCUs range from several rather small areas of less than 20,000 km 2 in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru, to three enormous transboundary areas of well over 200,000 km 2 , one bridging Argentina and Bolivia and two running along the Argentina and Chile border. ...
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... results herein demonstrate a clear pattern reflected in terms of historical range, current range and identified Andean Condor Conservation Units (ACCUs), in which areas in the northern portion ( Figure 42) of the historical range, which is a smaller and thinner strip running along the Andes, are significantly smaller and substantially more fragmented than in the central range ( Figure 43), and especially the southern portion of the range (Figure 44). This pattern is also reflected in terms of known data regarding Andean condor populations, with numbers in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador particularly low as compared to Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. ...
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... results herein demonstrate a clear pattern reflected in terms of historical range, current range and identified Andean Condor Conservation Units (ACCUs), in which areas in the northern portion ( Figure 42) of the historical range, which is a smaller and thinner strip running along the Andes, are significantly smaller and substantially more fragmented than in the central range ( Figure 43), and especially the southern portion of the range (Figure 44). This pattern is also reflected in terms of known data regarding Andean condor populations, with numbers in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador particularly low as compared to Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. ...
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... results herein demonstrate a clear pattern reflected in terms of historical range, current range and identified Andean Condor Conservation Units (ACCUs), in which areas in the northern portion ( Figure 42) of the historical range, which is a smaller and thinner strip running along the Andes, are significantly smaller and substantially more fragmented than in the central range ( Figure 43), and especially the southern portion of the range (Figure 44). This pattern is also reflected in terms of known data regarding Andean condor populations, with numbers in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador particularly low as compared to Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. ...
Citations
... The Andean condor's habit of assembling in communal roosts (see "studied species and data collection" in Materials and Methods section), where most of these surveys were conducted, provides a low-cost and non-invasive opportunity for gathering data for science-based conservation plans (Bibby et al., 2000, but see Perrig et al., 2019. However, there are no specific protocols for these surveys (but see Wallace et al., 2022), which could lead to erroneous conclusions about what communal roosts we should prioritize for conservation (Miguel et al., 2019;Wallace et al., 2020). In addition, scarce financial resources, logistic requirements, and trained staff limit long-term surveys (Ellis & Taylor, 2017;Vieira, 2020). ...
... On the other hand, seasonality might not be a concern for areas with more stable climatic conditions. Finally, as expected, given that Andean condors can travel long distances (see Piana & Vargas, 2018;Perrig et al., 2020), protected areas could be an essential conservation tool for this species, but not alone (see Guido et al., 2020;Wallace et al., 2020). Instead, a network of protected areas, including communal roosts with different environmental characteristics, is important to provide adequate protection for Andean condors . ...
Background: Among the New World vultures, the Andean condor is considered one
of the most culturally and ecologically important species. However, their populations
are declining over their entire distributional range. In response, conservation
strategies have been implemented in many countries to reverse the increasing
extinction risk of this species. The initiatives rely on extensive population surveys to
gather basic information necessary to implement policies and to intervene efficiently.
Still, there is a need to standardize the surveys based on seasonality and suitable
environmental conditions throughout the species distribution. Here, we provide the
first assessment of how daily temperature, rainfall, and seasonality influence surveys
of Andean condors on a communal roost in the central Peruvian Andes.
Methods: Using an autoregressive generalized linear model, we associated
environmental variables with visual surveys of adult and young condors at three
different times of the day and three times a week between June 2014 and March 2015.
Results: We found that both adults and young Andean condors showed a threefold
reduction in the use of the communal roost after the beginning of the rainy season.
Colder and drier days (dry season) are preferable for surveying, as we expect the total
number of condors using communal roosts to reduce under rainy (rainfall = −0.53 ±
0.16) and warmer days (temperature = −0.04 ± 0.02) days. Therefore, the significant
variation in the use of roosts across seasons and hours should be carefully accounted
for in national surveys, at the risk of undermining the full potential of the communal
roost surveys. Moreover, we also found a strong bias towards immatures (about 76%)
in the adult:immature ratio and a remarkable absence of Andean condors during the wet season. These results suggest that the species might be using other unknown
communal roosts hierarchically. Such results provide key information for selecting
priority areas for conservation and selecting the best time to survey this species in the
tropical Andes. Finally, it may open a fruitful avenue for further research on the
protection of the Andean condor.
... In Venezuela, the historic distribution of the species was described from eight records in the Merida Cordillera and Sierra de Perijá. However, it is considered that these condors may actually have been from Colombia [24,25]. Its resident species status has been questioned by the Venezuelan ornithologist community, and the Andean Condor is likely a transient visitor in this country, since there is no evidence of its natural history, breeding biology, or any archaeological or anthropological records showing otherwise [24]. ...
... Andean Condor reintroduction efforts were carried out between 1989 and 2013 in Colombia, between 1993 and 2001 in Venezuela, and during 2016 in Ecuador. In these efforts, 71, 13 and three captive-born individuals were released in these countries, respectively [23,25,32] (S1 Table). We found that at least 17% of the condors released in Colombia, and 15% of those released in Venezuela, were affected by anthropogenic causes. ...
Vultures comprise one of the most threatened groups of birds worldwide. With a total population not exceeding 6700 mature individuals, and in rapid decline across its range, the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is listed as a Vulnerable species in the IUCN red list. Local population extinctions and decline are of particular concern in northern South America, where no more than 340 condors may exist at present. Despite this, no quantitative assessments exist in Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela regarding the threats affecting Andean Condor populations. To address this, we compiled records of Andean Condors injured, or killed, between 1979 and 2021. We obtained data of 164 condors affected by different causes of injury, of which 83.5% were reported in Ecuador, 15.2% in Colombia, and 1.2% in Venezuela. Of the total number, 84.7% of the injured individuals died. Between 1979 and 2021, in Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, at least 103 Andean Condors were presumably poisoned, 22 were shot, and 39 individuals were affected by other causes. The total number of individuals affected by different causes represents between 48% and 72% of the total population estimated in northern South America. Of great concern is the fact that, between 2007 and 2021, poisoning and shooting together caused the loss of 19–31% of the estimated population of condors in Ecuador, and 7–21% of the estimated population in Colombia. Given the important mortality induced by humans, environmental education programs, socio-ecological research, application of environmental laws, and management strategies based on scientific evidence to prevent and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts are urgently required for effective Andean Condor conservation in northern South America.
Usamos la metodología Distance en 40 transectos lineales distribuidos aleatoriamente en un área de 100 km2 localizada en el desierto costero del noroeste de Perú para calcular la densidad absoluta del Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) y como su presencia se relaciona con la abundancia de carroña y otras variables ambientales. Estimamos una población de 35 Cóndores Andinos en nuestra zona de estudio o el 10% de la población estimada para Perú, confirmando la importancia de la Reserva Nacional de Illescas para la conservación del Cóndor Andino en el país. La carroña fue altamente predecible a lo largo de las playas, aunque en nuestra área de estudio, el número de carroñas fue un pobre predictor de la presencia de Cóndores Andinos.
Investigación ganadora del Concurso de Becas SERNANP para investigaciones en Áreas Naturales Protegidas, realizado en alianza estratégica con el Fondo de Promoción de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Perú (Profonanpe) y el Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social (CIES).
The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is a culturally iconic wildlife symbol for the South American Andes, but is naturally found at very low population densities, and is increasingly threatened. Using the Range Wide Priority Setting methodology, we (a group of 38 Andean Condor experts) updated the Andean Condor historical range (3,230,061 km2), systematized 9998 Andean Condor distribution points across the range, and identified geographic areas for which there was expert knowledge (66%), including areas where Andean Condors no longer occur (7%), and geographic areas where condors are believed to range, but for which there was not expert knowledge about condor presence (34%). To prioritize conservation action into the future and identify existing Andean Condor population strongholds, we used expert knowledge to identify 21 of the most important areas for the conservation of the species (i.e., Andean Condor Conservation Units [ACCUs]) that cover 37% of the revised historical range, and range in size from 837 km2 to 298,951 km2. In general, ACCUs were relatively small in the northern portion of the range in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru, and significantly larger in the central and southern portion of the range in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, reflecting the reduced and narrower historical range in the northern portion of the range, as well as increased threats. Andean Condors can fly extremely long distances and so the populations of many neighboring ACCUs are probably still functionally connected, although this situation also underlines the need for integrated and large-scale conservation efforts for this species. As a function of the Range Wide Priority Setting results, we make recommendations to ensure population connectivity into the future and engage a wide range of actors in Andean Condor conservation efforts.
