Table 4 - uploaded by Bülent Deniz
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The aim of the research is to evaluate the qualities and improve the existing condition of the parks. Differences among parks in the Aydin city center are evaluated in terms of urban equipments and activities.Maintenance of Aydin's parks are at the moderate level. Maintenance and maintainance of the parks directly affected from the limited budget....
Context in source publication
Similar publications
Psychologically speaking, motives to participate in sport differ from person to person, gender to gender, age to age and so on. Each person enters the sport with different types of motivating factor. Every individual has a different type of mentality, mood, choice, taste and area of interest. The prime objective of the study was to determine the mo...
Citations
... Walkways, jogging trails, and bike paths encourage physical activity and serve as a means of transportation within the community (Metcalf & Nickerson, 2013). Picnic areas typically include picnic tables, benches, and sometimes barbecues or fire pits for outdoor dining and socializing (Kara, Tuncay & Deniz, 2011). Recreational areas near bodies of water may offer swimming areas, fishing spots, or opportunities for boating, canoeing, or kayaking (Lloret, Gómez, Rocher, Carreño, San, & Inglés, 2023). ...
Recreation areas are open areas where urban people spend their free time. There is a lack of areas where residents of Büyükkabaca sub-district can establish social togetherness, spend their free time and engage in recreational activities. Within the scope of this study, Kargılı Recreation Area Landscape Design Project was prepared by the academic staff of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture upon the request of Büyükkabaca Municipality. The recreation project included cafes, picnic areas, observation terraces, car parking lots, prayer areas, restrooms, children's playgrounds, and controlled entry and exit gates. In the planting design process of the project, native species of the region that use water more effectively or exotic species adapted to the region were used. The problems encountered during the project design process were stated and solutions to these problems were suggested. Additionally, detailed information is given about the usage areas and facilities in the project.
... An important public service area is the public green areas, particularly, the neighbourhood parks. Urban green areas are important for the maintenance and improvement of the wellbeing of individuals, urban environmental quality, air quality, social integration and spatial equity (Ekkel & de Vries, 2017;Kara, Tuncay, & Deniz, 2011;Swyngedouw & Heynen, 2003;Williams, 2002). Meanwhile, neighbourhood parks are expected to be at the location within 5-10 minutes walking distance to residential buildings (Xia, Li, & Chen, 2018). ...
Public parks' location is one of the major factors shaping their accessibility. Many natural and physical features (e.g., topography, stream ways, street network, traffic density, road junctions, and land uses) affect walking distances from dwellings to these locations. Also, the cost of access (measured in time and meter) to these locations vary among age groups with different walking capacities. Spatial plans in Turkey are the documents for determining and implementing the allocation of parks. However, plan-making practices have limitations in considering the park accessibility by walking among different groups of dwellers. This study considers the accessibility of public parks as an issue of spatial equity. It evaluates the park accessibility at a recent spatial plan about a residential area in Karabağlar and Buca Districts of İzmir. It aims to assess the allocations of planned parks and propose potential locations for new park areas. With a point-based approach to park accessibility, the study analysis performs the Location-Allocation (LA) Analysis with multiple criteria at Geographic Information Systems. The results show that at the plan, the specified residential area has spatial inequities with park accessibility. Among the other planned public service areas, some locations can be re-planned as new park areas, which partially improves spatial inequities at the plan. Also, the study is an example of how to prepare and run the data for the spatial analysis of allocations of public service areas with the help of GIS in Turkey. ÖZ Kamusal parkların konumu, erişilebilirliklerini şekillendiren en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Birçok doğal ve fiziksel özellik (ör. To-pografya, akarsu yolları, sokak ağı, trafik yoğunluğu, yol kavşakları ve arazi kullanımı) konutlardan bu konumlara yürüme mesafeleri-ni etkiler. Ayrıca, bu konumlara erişim maliyeti (zaman ve metre cinsinden ölçülür), farklı yürüme kapasitesine sahip yaş grupları arasında farklılık gösterir. Türkiye'deki mekansal planlar, parkların tahsisinin belirlenmesi ve uygulanmasına yönelik belgelerdir. Bunun-la birlikte, plan yapma uygulamalarının, farklı mahalle sakini grupları için yürüyerek park erişilebilirliğini göz önünde bulundurmada sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kamusal parkların erişilebilirliğini mekansal hakçalık sorunu olarak ele almaktadır. İzmir'in Karabağlar ve Buca ilçelerinde bir konut yerleşim alanı ile ilgili yakın tarihli bir mekansal planda park erişilebilirliğini değerlendirmektedir. Planlanan parkla-rın tahsisini değerlendirmeyi ve yeni park alanları için potansiyel yerler önermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, park erişilebilirliğine yönelik noktaya dayalı bir yaklaşımla, analizi Coğrafi Bilgi Sistem-lerinde çok kriterle Konum Tahsisi (LA) Analizi ile gerçekleştirir. Sonuçlar, planda, belirtilen konut yerleşim alanının park erişilebilir-liğinde mekansal hakkaniyetsizliğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Planlanan diğer kamu hizmeti alanları arasında, bazı yerler yeni park alanları olarak yeniden planlanabilir ve bu da plandaki mekansal eşitsizlikleri kısmen iyileştirir. Ayrıca bu çalışma, Türkiye'de kamu hizmet alanlarının tahsisinin mekansal analizi için verilerin CBS yar-dımıyla nasıl hazırlanıp çalıştırılacağına bir örnek teşkil etmektedir.
... These green areas, which are expected to serve the citizens of all age groups, have a crucial role in increasing the quality of urban life as well as providing urban environmental quality, air quality, spatial justice, and social integration. (Ekkel and de Vries, 2017;Kara et al., 2011;Swyngedouw and Heynen, 2003;Williams, 2002Williams, , Öztürk 2021). ...
... There has been much focus on the significance and advantages of green spaces such as parks, in our urban environment (Wei, 2017). The important aspects and benefits of urban parks have been widely mentioned in previous studies, considering their positive effects on physical activity and health-related aspects (Cohen et al., 2010;Kara et al., 2011;Klemm et al., 2017;Konijnendijk et al., 2013;McCormack et al., 2010;Nady, 2016;Sakip et al., 2015;Schipperijn et al., 2010;Shaftoe, 2012). Economic progress such as increasing the value of adjacent properties have been enumerated as other benefits of urban parks (Kara et al., 2011;Konijnendijk et al., perceptions of people about the park to make it a successful space was suggested by Turan et al. (2016). ...
... The important aspects and benefits of urban parks have been widely mentioned in previous studies, considering their positive effects on physical activity and health-related aspects (Cohen et al., 2010;Kara et al., 2011;Klemm et al., 2017;Konijnendijk et al., 2013;McCormack et al., 2010;Nady, 2016;Sakip et al., 2015;Schipperijn et al., 2010;Shaftoe, 2012). Economic progress such as increasing the value of adjacent properties have been enumerated as other benefits of urban parks (Kara et al., 2011;Konijnendijk et al., perceptions of people about the park to make it a successful space was suggested by Turan et al. (2016). Previous studies on park use could be categorized into three major groups. ...
Nowadays, many urban parks are underutilized due to changes and developments of cities, parks location, inappropriate inner conditions of parks and other factors. Besat Park in Tehran is located in an urban district where people have fewer recreational choices other than going to parks. So, the issue of underutilization in this park might lead to so many other problems. This research is aimed to identify and prioritize the
effective factors which can improve the visitors’ number of Besat Park. Field observations and interviews with Besat Park users were used in
this research. During the observation process, three main factors were scrutinized including activity, access, and legibility. Behavioral mapping was applied to observations in 18 parts of the park which occurred at 6 different times in various seasons. Behavior mapping recordings were based on people's age, gender, and activity. Also, a questionnaire was set up covering the three main factors investigated in behavioral mappings. The results show that activity as the main important factor had negatively affected the level of presence in Besat Park. Even on large
scale, the incompatible land uses inhibited neighborhood resident’s interaction with the park edges. Inside the park, despite the lack of legibility and impermeability of some routes and districts, only the ones which had other issues in terms of activity, access, and other sub-factors were vulnerable to the mentioned problems. Generally, the factors affecting Besat Park use could be prioritized based on their level of influence respectively as activity, legibility, and access.
... People with satisfying and active social relations tend to feel better and have more stability about themselves and their lives (Nezlek et al., 2002). A place or space is a key attribute (characteristic) to achieve people's social interactions, as well as to determine the nature of these interactions and activities for people of all ages (Holland et al., 2007;Kara et al., 2011;Agboola et al., 2017). Green open spaces and parks can be considered as the basic tool to enhance people's social and physical activities (Salih and Ismail, 2017b). ...
... Parks are also places where people join nature and communicate with others, socially and culturally. Parks have critical roles in developing cities by enhancing people's social relations and various activities (Kara et al., 2011). ...
... Therefore, this study measured the characteristics of the required outdoor spaces for users' social interaction in Baghdad city. Past quantitative studies conducted in different regions mentioned that the features of green open spaces may embed type, size, design, activities, elements, safety, and security (Baur and Tynon, 2010;Uslu and Gokce, 2010;Kara et al., 2011;Skip et al., 2014;Salih and Ismail, 2018a). However, the nature of these characteristics varies based on the park location and usage (Sinou and Kenton, 2013). ...
Purpose:
The residents of Baghdad city has been suffering from various issues, including poor social relations, low quality of life, as well as neglect of many public spaces and small parks. Therefore, there is a need to devise effective alternatives to compensate for the loss of large public open spaces so as to enhance the residents’ social interactions and other social activities. Having that said, this study identified the types and characteristics of public open spaces to enhance residents’ social activities in Baghdad city.
Design/methodology/approach:
This study adopted the questionnaire survey method to gather quantitative data from 306 respondents based on the single-stage random procedure. The targeted population of this study refers to the residents of the Karkh district, the western part of Baghdad.
Findings:
The study outcomes highlight the need to provide pocket parks with adequate characteristics to promote the residents’ social interactions in Baghdad city.
Practical implications:
This study contributes by emphasizing the significance of establishing pocket parks for social interaction in Baghdad City.
Originality/value:
The study shows a number of solutions related to pocket parks by studying the critical actionable attributes that can be embedded into new development, land-use policies, or to upgrade existing parks. The study may serve as a useful reference for urban and landscape planners, architects, social psychologists, the Municipal of Baghdad, and other interested researchers in this field.
... The social importance of visits to parks in reducing violence, bringing different people together and relaxation was widely confirmed in former studies (Gehl, 1982;Putnam, 2000;Thompson, 2002;Baris et al., 2011). The importance of discrete visits to parks is mainly advocated by eco-psychologists and scholars that advocate for Biophilia and deep ecology (Wu, 2013;Newman, 2014). ...
... The results lead to the conclusion that in designing parks much consideration must be devoted to enabling both social and discrete activities in parks. Despite it, parks in Israel are designed mainly for social activities and the literature on parks emphasize the social role of parks (Schnell, 2014;Baris et al., 2011). We propose that more quiet corners that allow seduction from the crowd while being surrounded by natural landscape must be considered in the design of parks in order to stimulate discrete visits to park and increase appreciation of natural landscapes. ...
It is well accepted that visits to parks improve peoples' well-being. Numerous studies highlight the positive social consequences of more intensive visits to parks, and thus its impact on well-being. Other studies emphasize the relaxing effects of parks visitors. Some studies are rooted mainly in deep ecology and Biophilia and focus on the relevance of park visits to eudemonic aspects of well-being, which may be fulfilled more by discrete visits to parks. However, their arguments are rarely empirically tested. In this study that is based on Internet and face to face samples of more than four hundred visitors to parks in Israel, we test the contribution of discrete visits to parks on well-being in general and in its eudemonic aspect, particularly, with respect to social visits. The results show that once mediated by connectedness to nature, discrete visits improve a person's well-being compared to a social visit. This result hints at the possibility that while all visitors to parks enjoy improvement in well-being, discrete visitors to parks who were socialized to feel strong sense of connectedness to nature enjoy higher levels of well-being relative to the rest of the visitors.
... They stated that complex social diseases could be cured through different house surroundings, parks, and new spatial arrangements. (Kara et al., 2011) stated that parks have crucial roles to develop and enhance cities; they are not only places where people join the nature, but also to communicate and interact with each other. Moreover, they noted that activities and maintenance of parks could be the main factors affecting the quality and conditions of these parks. ...
... The community in recreational zones can create and participate in a wide range of activities as a type of social interaction (Bekker et al., 2010). The diversity of activities could be the main factor affecting park quality and frequency of visits to these parks (Kara et al., 2011). However, good accessibility and linkage (GAL) should be the main factor in designing a successful park in Malaysia (Skip et al., 2014). ...
Since the war in 2003, Baghdad has suffered from different aspects of political, administration, economic ethnic, sectarian, etc. that led to the loss of lives, social capital, destruction of Iraqi infrastructure and important buildings, increased crisis aggravation between different ethnics, as well as the disappearance and destruction of many Baghdad’s open spaces, parks, and recreational places. This paper addresses the issue of social interaction in Baghdad city, resulting from the lack of open spaces, parks, and recreational activities. The objective of this paper is to determine the key factors affecting social interaction of Baghdad residents in the parks of the city. This study employed Creswell recommendations (Creswell, 2014) to design the research methodology in general. A quantitative method was adapted to collect and analyse the data of this study by using a survey, i.e. questionnaires, to assess 270 respondents’ opinion about the issue of the study. Respondents were selected randomly in a single-stage procedure by using a simplified formula (Yamane, 1973). Closed-ended questions were used to collect the data of the study from the Karkh district in Baghdad city. Findings of this study confirmed that the factors and criteria of the parks are essential means to achieve sound social interaction in Baghdad, in which, the most influencing factors towards Karkhs' parks users are crowding of visitors and noise, followed by availability of high quality diverse activities. The results of this study are a useful reference for urban and landscape planners, architects, social psychologists, the Municipality of Baghdad, and researchers in this field.
... Complex social diseases can be cured through different house surroundings, parks, and new spatial arrangements [22]. To achieve social interaction physical space must be provided, thus parks have crucial roles to develop and enhance cities as well as social relations, making them not only places where people join the nature but also communicate with each other socially and culturally [15]. While, to achieve a successful public park, good of access and linkage (GAL) should be the main factor in designing a park, followed by sociability (SOC), user and activities (UAC) and degree of comfort and image factors (DCI) [21]. ...
... Recreational places, such as city parks and stadium and activities such as walking along or boating on the Tigris were either closed or off limits since 2003 [11]. The lack of safe public spaces means that families have little respite from the pressures of daily life [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Existing parks in Baghdad do not perform their role effectively, this in turn reflected on residents' interaction which limited to indoor spaces only [19]. ...
This paper outlines the issue on open spaces, which led to decrease social interaction among residents in Baghdad city nowadays. The main objective of the paper is to identify the criteria of green open spaces to achieve sound social interaction in Baghdad city, Iraq. This paper employed quantitative method, in the form of survey, for data collection. Data were obtained from questionnaires, through the selection of 270 respondents in a single-stage random procedure from ten specific neighbourhoods in Karkh district. The study findings confirm that the appropriate criteria of open spaces and parks is essential to enhance social interaction. The results of this study are useful reference for urban and landscape planners, architects, social psychologists, the Municipality of Baghdad, and researchers in this field.
... The development of social relationships in urban scale should begin with careful attention to specific spaces by implementing and using interaction design approaches, specific spaces also used to effectively address the sociocultural relationships of the people [19]. So to achieve the social interaction must provide physical space, thus parks have crucial roles to develop and enhancement cities as well as social relations, so it's not only a place where people join the nature but also communicate each other socially and culturally [15]. Open spaces wherever people are present, other people are attracted to that location and get together, move among each other and looking for a place for themselves among others, then new activities begin. ...
... The more time people spend in outdoor space, the more likely are they to engage in activities [16]. The existence of interesting objects, features or elements, such as artificial water scenery and properly arranged seats, children playgrounds and recreational facilities also encourages the use of public space and enhances social bonding among residents [13][14][15][16]. ...
A This paper presents a various literatures, studies, transcripts and papers aiming to provide an overview of some theories and existing research on the significance of natural environments and green open spaces to achieve social interaction and outdoor recreation. The main objective of the paper is to identify the factors that affecting social interaction in green open spaces, through proving that an appropriate open spaces is important to enhance social interaction and community. This study employs (qualitative) summarizing content analysis method which mainly focused on collect and summarizing of documentation such as transcripts, articles, papers, and books from more than 25 source, regarding the importance of public open spaces for the community. The summarizing content analysis of this paper is the fundament for a qualitative oriented procedure of text interpretation used to analyse the information gathered. Results of this study confirms that sound social interaction need an appropriate physical space including criteria of: design, activities, access and linkage, administration and maintenance, place attachment and users' characteristics, also previous studies in this area have a health perspective with measures of physical activity of open spaces in general.
Günümüzde kentsel planlamada doğa ve doğal çevreyi öne çıkaran ve kentleşmenin doğallaştırılması olarak gündeme gelen yaklaşım biyofilik tasarım ve planlama yaklaşımıdır. Biyofilik yaklaşımlar, doğal veya yapay açık-yeşil alan, doku ve parçaların kentsel doku içerisindeki yüzdesinin artırılması ve ayrıca bireylerin bu alanlara erişiminin ve alan deneyimlerinin en yüksek seviyeye çıkartılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ana argümanı, kent bütünde makro ve üst ölçek planlama ve dönüşüm müdahaleleri yerine mikro-müdahaleler ile yerel ölçekten başlayan çözümlerin keşfedilerek ön plana çıkartılmasıdır. Yerelde yapılan müdahaleler ile kent bütününde entegrasyonun artacağı ve ulaşım bağlantılarının kuvvetleneceği öngörülmektedir. Yerel ölçek olarak mahalle ve konut çevresi ölçeğine odaklanan çalışma, mahalle parklarının erişilebilirliği ve olası park bağlayıcı ağların keşfini nokta tabanlı erişilebilirlik yaklaşımı ile ele almıştır. Bu analitik mekansal yaklaşımın operasyonel hale gelmesi veri temelli model tasarımı şeklinde kurgulanmıştır. Mevcut mekansal veriler kullanılarak CBS veritabanı oluşturulmuş, CBS yazılımı olarak ArcMap 10.5 ve network ağ analizleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma alanında bulunan mevcut park alanlarının erişilebilirliği, network (gerçek mesafe) tabanlı çalışan servis analizi kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Park alanlarının maksimum 500m içindeki erişim hatları hesaplanmıştır ve böylece alandaki konut birimlerinin (en kısa) hangi mesafede bir park alanına eriştiği ortaya konulmuştur. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, mevcut parkların ortalama 300m içerisinde erişim sağlandığı görülmüştür. Fakat bazı konut birimlerinin 500m içerisinde bir park alanına erişemediği tespit edilmiş, bu nedenle park alanlarına erişimi arttırmak için mevcut yapılaşmamış alanlarda yeni park alanları ile birlikte Meles deresini bağdaştırıcı bir unsur olarak canlandırmak için yaya odaklı akslar önerilmiştir. Bunlar, park alanlarını ve su öğesini kapsayan yaya öncelikli akslar olarak nitelendirilebilir. Bu sayede hem yeşil alan entegrasyonu iyileştirilmiş hem de mekansal adalet duygusu kuvvetlendirilmiştir.
