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This paper introduces a hybrid vehicle concept, development and implementation using both an electric motor and a petrol engine to increase efficiency and reduce carbon footprint. Initially, a prototype of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is designed and the output values are measured, before a control system is developed and implemented to control...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... second screen showed the motor power and current drawn, as well as the voltage of the battery. These are represented in fig.19. The developed user interface to inform the driver about the main variables of the engine, such as the motor's RPM, the vehicle speed in MPH, the current being drawn, and the voltage applied to the motor along with the total power is shown in fig. ...
Context 2
... second screen showed the motor power and current drawn, as well as the voltage of the battery. These are represented in fig.19. The developed user interface to inform the driver about the main variables of the engine, such as the motor's RPM, the vehicle speed in MPH, the current being drawn, and the voltage applied to the motor along with the total power is shown in fig. ...
Citations
... The objectives of the HEV [6] are to maximize efficiency and reduce carbon. A control system for the speed of an HEV-based DC motor using a microcontroller card as the electronic control unit of the vehicle is demonstrated in [7]. The control design was developed using a PID controller and realized based on a prototype that integrated different types of sensors [7]. ...
... A control system for the speed of an HEV-based DC motor using a microcontroller card as the electronic control unit of the vehicle is demonstrated in [7]. The control design was developed using a PID controller and realized based on a prototype that integrated different types of sensors [7]. The optimal sharing of consumed energy between an ICE and the battery source that feeds the motor was studied [8]. ...
The design and investigation of an intelligent controller for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) implementation of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are proposed in this article. The proposed intelligent controller is adopted based on the enhancement of a model predictive controller (MPC) by an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The MPC-based ANN (NNMPC) is proposed to control the speed of HEVs for a simulation system model and experimental HIL test systems. The HIL is established to assess the performance of the NNMPC to control the velocity of HEVs in an experimental environment. The real-time environment of HIL is implemented through a low-cost approach such as the integration of an Arduino Mega 2560 and a host Lenovo PC with a Core i7 @ 3.4 GHz processor. The NNMPC is compared with a proportional–integral (PI) controller, a classical MPC, and two different settings of the ANN methodology to verify the efficiency of the proposed intelligent NNMPC. The obtained results show a distinct behavior of the proposed NNMPC to control the speed of HEVs with good performance based on the distinct transient response, minimum error steady state, and system robustness against parameter perturbation.
... This PID controller has been used 90 per cent in the industrial sector because it gives less settling time, improved transient response, less overshoot time, and it should be reliable. The equation of PID controller is [11][12][13][14][15] - ...
The main objective of this paper is to design the digital PID controller for injecting insulin externally to the diabetic patient for maintaining a healthy blood glucose level. We have designed PID controllers using various tuning rules for examining the best performance in terms of different time response parameters like Overshoot, settling time & rise time, etc. Various tuning methods used for designing PID in this paper are the Ziegler Nichols method and the IPDT method. We have also made approximate mathematical modelling of blood glucose levels. Finally, we convert the conventional PID controller into a digital PID controller.
... To design the digital PID controller for determining the error where the error is the difference between the glucose sensor's measured value and the desired glucose value. The equation for PID controller is [5,[11][12][13][14][15], ...
... Kd=2.51964 Now we solve the equation (5) and equation (6), we get the expression is-( ) = s 2 + kps + ki 4 + 6 3 + (5 + ) 2 + kps + ki (12) Putting the value of Kp, Ki, Kd, we obtain the Chien-Hrones-Reswik (Distribution Rejection) transfer function blood glucose level is -H(S) = 2.52s 2 + 3.257s + 0.884 s 4 + 6s 3 + 7.52s 2 + 3.257s + 0.884 (13) ...
... This method shows an accurate discretization for systems with output and input delays with no internal delays. After that, we convert the Chien-Hrones-Reswick (distribution rejection) equation (13) and Chien-Hrones-Reswick (set-point regulation) equation (15) into discrete domain by using Zero-order hold with sampling time is 0.1 sec, we get Gz(z) for equation (13) is-0.01082z 3 − 0.01105z 2 − 0.007844z + 0.008132 z 4 − 3.491z 3 + 4.534z 2 − 2.591z + 0.5488 (17) ...
The background of this paper discusses the design of a digital PID (Proportional-integral derivative) controller for controlling the blood glucose level of a diabetic patient. The objective is to design a digital PID controller for external insulin injection, which can inject insulin to the patient accurately to sustain the blood glucose level of a diabetic patient. The patient's blood sugar level is considered as input variable & injected insulin level is considered as output variable, which is to be controlled. A dynamic model is constructed & a transfer function is defined for this system. The Proportional, Integral & Derivatives coefficients are found using various tuning rules. The conventional Ziegler Nicholas method produces a very high overshoot that can endanger a patient's life. Therefore, other efficient tuning techniques like Chien-Hrones-Reswick (set-point regulation) and Chien-Hrones-Reswick (distribution regulation) methods are used to find the Proportional, Integral & Derivative coefficient. The tuning responses are studied & parameters are compared. The best response given by the PID is converted into Digital PID. Different transformation methods are studied to convert the conventional PID into the digital PID controller.
... Among the common ACC methods, the PID control method works well in local control, while it is easily affected by changes in the system parameters and load [6]. The sliding mode control method is more robust than the PID control method, but chattering is inevitable. ...
... Therefore, the fuel consumption m f c (g/s) can be calculated with the current engine torque and speed by consulting the map. m f c = P eng · Q BSFC T eng , ω eng 3.6 × 10 3 (6) Here, P eng represents the engine power (kW), T eng is the engine torque (Nm), ω eng is the engine speed (r/min) and Q BSFC is the fuel consumption value obtained by consulting the map. ...
This paper develops a model predictive multi-objective control framework based on an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system to solve the energy allocation and battery state of charge (SOC) maintenance problems of hybrid electric vehicles in the car-following scenario. The proposed control framework is composed of a car-following layer and an energy allocation layer. In the car-following layer, a multi-objective problem is solved to maintain safety and comfort, and the generated speed sequence in the prediction time domain is put forward to the energy allocation layer. In the energy allocation layer, an adaptive equivalent-factor-based consumption minimization strategy with the predicted velocity sequences is adopted to improve the engine efficiency and fuel economy. The equivalent factor reflects the extent of SOC variation, which is used to maintain the battery SOC level when optimizing the energy. The proposed controller is evaluated in the New York City Cycle (NYCC) driving cycle and the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) driving cycle, and the comparison results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
It is critical to examine strategies to use energy more efficiently because it is becoming increasingly expensive and scarce. This paper critically evaluated the various approaches and fundamental factors that must be considered when designing and testing improved cookstoves for sub-Saharan Africa. The choice of materials, whether the stove had a stack or not, and the height of the stove, which is thought to have a significant impact on emissions control and combustion, were all carefully considered. Three to five improved cookstoves were thought to be necessary for water boiling testing and field trials. It was determined to be appropriate to conduct a systematic assessment of the hood method, which is frequently used to evaluate the emissions of cookstoves and their efficiency. A discernible difference among the improved cookstoves was discovered to minimise the number of cookstoves for laboratory experiments in the case of comparative studies on biomass cookstoves. This review gives further information about the selection of biomass cookstoves and their design; and emission control strategies that can be used in future research on carbon capture from biomass stoves
