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The idea of microgrid, smart grid, and virtual power plant (VPP) is being developed to resolve the challenges of climate change in the 21st century, to ensure the use of renewable energy in the electrical grid. For the increasing demand for electricity, raising public consciousness about reducing carbon emission, the microgrid is established which...
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... strategies are able to control, monitor, manage, and direct the flow of energy among various sources to ensure the effective use of such resources which provide energy sustainability which can be seen from Fig. 3. Renewable energy sources are specifically connected to local distribution systems or host facilities within local distribution systems. The adoption of DERs changes the manner of energy transmission through utility power grids, which provide flexibility and stability in energy consumption. A high penetration of DG (Distributed ...
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... Achieving an optimal equilibrium among these variables is imperative to develop a VPP that caters to the requirements of both end-users and electricity network administrators. Although blockchain technology has the potential to enhance the security and resilience of the VPP, it may also result in substantial overhead and latency, which could potentially impede the system's performance (Khan et al., 2021). An additional significant trade-off pertains to the intricacy of the system and its capacity for effortless deployment and maintenance. ...
Sustainable frameworks are being introduced by technological breakthroughs to address the continuously increasing demand for energy and this article presents a novel framework for a Virtual Power Plants to sustain and optimize Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) administration through blockchain technology. The multi-layered architecture integrates blockchain technology with other VPP components, such as a cloud service provider, grid and transmission operator, and forecasting of DERs, to optimize bidding and scheduling in real-time across multiple markets to enhance energy efficiency and grid stability. By employing a system engineering methodology, this framework incorporates smart meters to facilitate the transmission and reception of data i.e., voltage, and current between participants, and DERs within the network. This strategy makes it easier to advance sustainable energy sources, which advances predictive capabilities, strengthens the framework's resilience, and protects the environment. The investigation of demand response, functional and system trade-off analysis, configuration selection, and other subsystems within a decentralized network offers insights into the necessary components and challenges involved in the construction of such a system. This study contributes comprehensive assistance and valuable insights to both practitioners and researchers involved in the field of sustainable energy transition through Virtual Power Plant.
... This brings an opportunity for the Distribution System Operator (DSO) to integrate its flexibility capabilities and to be able to respond promptly to changes in frequency and voltage instead of relying solely on the flexibility of the upstream network. However, the presence of a large number of prosumers with different behavior patterns poses new challenges for the DSO in terms of resource observation and control [10]. Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), functioning as a collection of various units, have proven effective in addressing these challenges by enhancing grid controllability and observability. ...
With deepening decarbonization and increased Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) integration, the power system's inertia has declined, affecting the network's ability to balance power at the distribution level. Concurrently, the proliferation of prosumers presents a regulatory opportunity for Distribution System Operators (DSOs), despite the complexity introduced by their high number and varied behaviors. This paper introduces a new co-scheduling model optimizing prosumers' capacities through Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) in local networks, enhancing DSO oversight and facilitating prosumer participation in regulation markets. The proposed model concurrently schedules energy provision alongside voltage and frequency regulation capacities. Recognizing prosumers' behavioral uncertainties, Data-Driven Distributionally Robust Optimization (DDRO) is employed to ensure adequate capacity for VPP engagement. Importantly, the paper outlines a mechanism allowing DSOs to partner with multiple privately-owned VPPs, ensuring privacy through an adaptive Alternative Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) method. This method avoids the exchange of sensitive information, ensuring confidentiality and scalability. Consequently, VPPs can proficiently manage scheduling and communicate their regulation capacities. The operator then dispatches control signals based on regulation needs and network flow. Results from the IEEE 33 bus test system confirm the model's efficacy in enhancing voltage support and frequency regulation, and generating revenue for both VPPs and prosumers.
... In [23,24], a comprehensive analysis of their characteristics is carried out, [25] presents an in-depth study summarising the latest developments, technical requirements, control problems and solutions of VPPs and microgrids. According to them, the following are the main differences between them: I. López et al. 1. Microgrids can be connected to the traditional grid or operate independently. ...
... Finally, Table 4 summarises some European VPP and microgrid projects. [25] describes the characteristics of each of these projects in much more detail and presents a detailed state of the art on VPPs and microgrids. ...
... Some VPP and microgrid projects in Europe[25]. ...
With the aim of promoting the use of renewable energy sources, the new European directive has defined the
concept of Energy Communities. This new entity has the potential to transform the classic structure of the
electricity network, where a few large power plants supply the end users, to a structure where the end user is
not a passive actor but has the ability to take advantage of their own consumption or the flexibility of their
demand to consume their energy independently of the network, to share it, store it or sell it both to other
members of the community and to the network. All this is closely linked to energy self-consumption, new
management and distributed generation technologies, which are important factors in the energy transition.
This new entity opens the doors to new management models, new business models and the ability to provide
regulation services to the grid. This work explores all of these points, giving visibility to the wide range of
opportunities offered by Energy Communities.
... The PQ control allows for active and reactive power regulation of the PV system, but it does not ensure system output voltage and frequency. V/F control can be used to maintain the voltage and frequency of the PV system in off-grid or weak-grid circumstances [35]. ...
PV power generation is developing fast in both centralized and distributed forms under the background of constructing a new power system with high penetration of renewable sources. However, the control performance and stability of the PV system is seriously affected by the interaction between PV internal control loops and the external power grid. The impact of the PV system on the reliability, stability, and power quality of power systems has restricted them to further participate in power supplies with a large capacity. Traditional control methods have become ineffective at dealing with these problems as the PV system becomes increasingly complex and nonlinear. Intelligent control as a more advanced technology has been integrated into the PV system to improve system control performance and stability. However, intelligent control for the PV system is still in the early stages due to the extensive calculation and intricate implementation of intelligent algorithms. Further investigations should be carried out to effectively combine intelligent control with the PV system to constitute an intelligent PV power system with multiple functions, high stability, and high-performance. This paper provides a systematic classification and detailed introduction of various intelligent optimization methods in a PV inverter system based on the traditional structure and typical control. The future trends and research topics are given to provide a reference for the intelligent optimization control in the PV system.
... This approach requires strict authentication and verification for all users and devices accessing the grid's systems and data, minimizing the risk of insider threats and unauthorized access. Edge Computing and IoT Security: As the power grid becomes more interconnected with IoT devices and edge computing, there's a need for robust security measures at these endpoints [99]. Focus on securing these devices and networks to prevent potential entry points for cyber threats. ...
The power grid stands as a critical infrastructure supporting modern society, yet it remains susceptible to cyber threatsthat could compromise its stability and functionality. Addressing the dynamic variations and evolving challenges posedby cyber threats requires robust strategies in cybersecurity. This paper investigates methods to safeguard the stability ofthe power grid against cyber intrusions and system variations. This study delves into the multifaceted nature of cyberthreats targeting the power grid and analyzes the dynamic variations within the system that could be exploited bymalicious actors. This paper presents a comprehensive framework encompassing proactive and reactive cybersecuritymeasures. Reactive measures include incident response plans, rapid recovery protocols, and the integration of machinelearning and artificial intelligence for real-time threat detection and mitigation. Moreover, considering the interconnectednature of the power grid, this study explores collaborative approaches among stakeholders, such as utility companies,government bodies, regulatory authorities, and cybersecurity experts, to foster information sharing, best practices, andstandardized protocols. Ultimately, this paper serves as a guide for policymakers, grid operators, and cybersecurityprofessionals to develop robust strategies that safeguard the stability of the power grid in the face of evolving cyberthreats and system dynamics. By implementing a holistic cybersecurity approach, the aim is to ensure resilience,reliability, and continuity in the delivery of electricity to society
... Introduction. Оnе оf thе mаіn dіrеctіоns оf thе dеvеlоpmеnt оf thе еlеctrіc pоwеr іndustry іs thе аpplіcаtіоn оf thе mеthоdоlоgy оf іntеllіgеnt nеtwоrks (Smаrt Grіd) [1,2]. Thе іmplеmеntаtіоn оf thе Smаrt Grіd cоncеpt іs аіmеd аt еnsurіng thе rеlіаbіlіty аnd еnеrgy еffіcіеncy оf еlеctrіcіty supply, іmprоvіng thе quаlіty оf еlеctrіcаl еnеrgy, еquаlіzіng vаrіаblе lоаd schеdulеs, оrgаnіzіng mоnіtоrіng оf pаrаmеtеrs аnd cоntrоllіng thе stаtе оf thе еnеrgy systеm, іntеgrаtіоn оf rеnеwаblе еnеrgy sоurcеs [3,4]. ...
Thе prоspеcts fоr thе аpplіcаtіоn оf thе Smаrt Grіd cоncеpt аs оnе оf thе mаіn dіrеctіоns оf thе dеvеlоpmеnt оf thе еlеctrіc pоwеr іndustry аrе cоnsіdеrеd. Thе аdvаntаgеs оf thе іmplеmеntаtіоn оf thе Smаrt Grіd cоncеpt аіmеd аt еnsurіng thе rеlіаbіlіty аnd еnеrgy еffіcіеncy оf еlеctrіcіty supply, іmprоvіng thе quаlіty оf еlеctrіcаl еnеrgy, thе thrоughput оf еlеctrіcаl nеtwоrks, thе оrgаnіzаtіоn оf pаrаmеtеr mоnіtоrіng, cоntrоl оf thе stаtе оf thе еnеrgy systеm, аnd thе іntеgrаtіоn оf rеnеwаblе еnеrgy sоurcеs hаvе bееn іdеntіfіеd. Thе tоpоlоgy оf thе Smаrt Grіd nеtwоrk wаs studіеd wіth thе pоssіbіlіty оf cоnnеctіng еnеrgy аccumulаtоrs thаt crеаtе а bіdіrеctіоnаl еnеrgy flоw іn thе systеm, wіth thе prоvіsіоn оf rеgulаtіоn оf іts dеnsіty dеpеndіng оn thе dеmаnd fоr еlеctrіcіty аt thе currеnt mоmеnt іn tіmе. Thе pаrаmеtеrs оf thе іntеllіgеnt nеtwоrk systеm wіth thе usе оf еnеrgy аccumulаtоrs аrе оbtаіnеd оn thе еxаmplе оf thе trаctіоn pоwеr supply оf еlеctrіc rоllіng stоck, tаkіng іntо аccоunt thе еlеctrіcіty cоnsumptіоn by trаіns аnd thе аccumulаtоr chаrgе stаtе. Thе gіvеn cаlculаtіоn rеsults mаkе іt pоssіblе tо stаtе thаt thе usе оf еnеrgy аccumulаtоrs іn thе Smаrt Grіd nеtwоrk іncrеаsеs thе аmоunt оf еnеrgy rеturnеd tо thе еlеctrіc pоwеr supply nеtwоrk, аs а rеsult оf whіch thе оvеrаll systеm cоsts аrе rеducеd. Ref.10, fig., table. Keywords: Smart Grid concept, electric power industry, power supply system, energy accumulator, electric rolling stock.
... Microgrids utilize low-cost IoT-based communication technologies such as Thingspeak Middleware for efficient energy management. Communication and microgrid monitoring rely heavily on the performance of sensors [61,62]. ...
... Providing continuous power to DC loads did not influence the injected grid current's total harmonic distortion (THD). [62] created a prototype to predict the effect of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) networks on the electricity market. An optimization model based on linear programming was added to the EMS to examine how microgrids interact with the larger electrical grid [74,128]. ...
In 2022, the global electricity consumption was 4,027 billion kWh, steadily increasing over the previous fifty years. Microgrids are required to integrate distributed energy sources (DES) into the utility power grid. They support renewable and nonrenewable distributed generation technologies and provide alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) power through separate power connections. This paper presents a unified energy management system (EMS) paradigm with protection and control mechanisms, reactive power compensation, and frequency regulation for AC/DC microgrids. Microgrids link local loads to geographically dispersed power sources, allowing them to operate with or without the utility grid. Between 2021 and 2028, the expansion of the world's leading manufacturers will be driven by their commitment to technological advancements, infrastructure improvements, and a stable and secure global power supply. This article discusses iterative, linear, mixed integer linear, stochastic, and predictive microgrid EMS programming techniques. Iterative algorithms minimize the footprints of standalone systems, whereas linear programming optimizes energy management in freestanding hybrid systems with photovoltaic (PV). Mixed-integers linear programming (MILP) is useful for energy management modeling. Management of microgrid energy employs stochastic and robust optimization. Control and predictive modeling (MPC) generates energy management plans for microgrids. Future microgrids may use several AC/DC voltage standards to reduce power conversion stages and improve efficiency. Research into EMS interaction may be intriguing.
... A discussion of the control techniques of microgrids, especially in the intelligent grid environment, can be a little confusing and contradictory to the scientific and technological communities [2,3]. ...
Extensive use of distributed generation (DG) resources in distribution systems and uncertainty of the daily active power of these sources have caused the connection bus voltage to deviate from the allowable limit. DG reactive power control is of one the solutions for this problem. The purpose of this paper, in addition to controlling the bus voltage, is to share reactive power between the DG resources and to maintain the maximum active power level produced by the DGs. Reactive power sharing issues are unavoidable due to the difference in impedance of the DGs feeders and the different classifications of the DG units in the conventional drop control scheme. In this paper, reactive power sharing among generation resources are used to improve voltage stability. Virtual impedance method has also been used as one of the methods of reactive power sharing between sources to show and compare reactive power sharing methods between DG sources. In order to show the voltage improvement in this paper, the stability index L_index has been used. The proposed L_index has been confirmed against the existing methods for evaluating voltage stability using the reactive power sharing method in this study. This study is carried out in conjunction with an islanded microgrid model IEEE 38-BUS, the voltage stability of the corresponding microgrid buses has been shown. Voltage stability is achieved by reactive power sharing among distributed generation sources and is demonstrated in this study.
... The smart grid, microgrid, and virtual power plant (VPP) are key technologies to efficiently utilize renewable energies in the power grid for energy sustainability and a reduction in carbon emission [1]. The distributed generation technologies with renewable energy provide the advantages of reliability, economy, and flexibility for power grid systems. ...
The virtual power plant is one of the key technologies for the integration of various distributed energy resources into the power grid. To enable its smooth and reliable operation, the network infrastructure that connects the components for critical communications becomes a research challenge. Current communication networks based on the traditional Ethernet and long-term evolution cannot provide the required deterministic low latency or reliable communication services. This paper presents a three-layer virtual power plant communication architecture with 5G and time-sensitive networking integrated networks for both determinism and mobility. The service types and traffic requirements of the virtual power plant are analyzed and mapped between 5G and time-sensitive networking to guarantee their quality of service. This paper proposes a semi-persistent scheduling with reserved bandwidth sharing and a pre-emption mechanism for time-critical traffic to guarantee its bounded latency and reliability while improving the bandwidth utilization. The performance evaluation results show that the proposed mechanism effectively reduces the end-to-end delay for both time-triggered traffic and event-triggered traffic compared with the dynamic scheduling method. For event-triggered traffic, the proposed mechanism has comparable end-to-end delay performance to the static scheduling method. It largely improves the resource utilization compared to the static scheduling method when the network load becomes heavy. It achieves an optimum performance tradeoff between delay and resource utilization when the percentage of the reserved resource blocks is 30% in the simulation.
... Technical complexity: The digitalization of MGs involves the integration of various technologies such as sensors, communication systems, and advanced control algorithms. The complexity of integrating these technologies can pose a significant challenge, especially for small-scale MGs that have limited resources and technical expertise [96,256,257]. The technical complexity of microgrid digitalization requires specialized knowledge and expertise, making it difficult for small-scale MGs to invest in such systems. ...
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the future digitalization of microgrids to meet the increasing energy demand. It begins with an overview of the background of microgrids, including their components and configurations, control and management strategies, and optimization techniques. It then discusses the key digital technologies that can be used to improve the performance of microgrids, including distributed energy resources management systems, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, digital twin technology, cloud computing, and augmented reality. The paper also highlights the importance of cybersecurity in microgrids, identifying the potential security vulnerabilities and threats to microgrid cybersecurity, as well as strategies for addressing these challenges. Finally, the paper discusses the barriers and challenges regarding the digitalization of microgrids, including technical complexity, high implementation costs, regulatory barriers, data privacy and security concerns, lack of standardization, interoperability issues, limited technical expertise, and integration with the main grid. Overall, this paper demonstrates the significant potential for digital technologies to transform the future of microgrids. By leveraging advanced technologies and implementing effective cybersecurity measures, microgrids can become more efficient, reliable, and resilient, enabling them to meet the growing demand for energy and contribute to a sustainable energy future.
