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Phytochemicals represent a rich resource for the discovery of novel pesticides that are effective, cheap and environmentally safe. The main targeted mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi cause serious human diseases. The chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous peel extracts of Arachis hypogaea were studied for its larvic...
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... crude hexane extract obtained from flower heads of Spilanthes Acmella, Spilanthes calva, Spilanthes paniculata [9] , partially purified extracts of leaves of Vitex negundo, Nerium oleander and seeds of Syzygium, [10] leaves of Artemisia annua and Azadirachta indica [11] the acetone crude extracts of Fagonia indica and Arachis hypogaea [12] , extracts of Nerium indicum and Thuja orientalis [13] were proved to have excellent toxic effects on the larval population of different mosquito species. Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae) Fig 1, is widely used for the treatment of various ailments in different countries, and is a rich source of resveratrol. ...
Citations
... Phytochemicals derived from plant sources act as larvicides, insect growth regulators, repellents, oviposition attractants and can play an important role in the interruption of the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases to the individual as well as at the community level [11]. Therefore, larviciding is one of the successful way of reducing mosquito densities in their breeding places before they emerge into adults. ...
The advance of battle by mosquito species to artificial chemicals has obliged the unrelenting pursuit of nontoxic ones from plants. This study screened the qualitative phytochemicals and evaluated the larvicidal efficacy of extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves, stem-bark and root extracts against third and fourth mosquito instar larvae. The J. curcas obtained were subjected to extraction by maceration. Qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanolic stem-bark, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts plants showed the presence of phenols, saponins, steroids flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates and terpenoids. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem-bark showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids whereas, ethanolic leaves extract had similar phytochemicals with the leaves and stem-bark aqueous extracts but did not have steroids. Twenty-four (24) hours exposure of different concentrations (2.0mg/ml, 4.0mg/ml, 6.0mg/ml, 8.0mg/ml, 10 mg/ml) of various extracts showed that larval mortality increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in extracts concentration. Aqueous stem-bark extract showed highest mortality with 87% against third mosquito instar larvae followed by aqueous, ethanolic root extracts against third and fourth mosquito instar larvae respectively with 85% larval mortality. However, least mortality was observed in ethanolic leaf extract with 5% larval mortality against fourth mosquito instar larvae. Low LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were noticed in ethanolic root and aqueous stem-bark extracts with 2.19mg/ml and 11.51mg/ml respectively. Whereas the highest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were noticed in both ethanolic leaves extracts with 14.09mg/ml and 26.20mg/ml respectively against fourth mosquito instar larvae. Conclusively, aqueous stem-bark and ethanolic root extracts can be harnessed to control 50% and 90% mosquito instar larval mortality respectively. However, there is a need to ascertain the quantities of bioactive components of J. curcas and its toxicity to non-target organisms.
... Hexadecene and Octosenamide were detected in B. bassiana strains, but Docosenamide was observed only in Bb6. Bb5 and Bb8 comprised of Tetradecene, Pentadecanoic acid and octadecadienoic acid, proved to be antibacterial and antifungal [35,36]. Ramadan et al. suggest that PCA is a useful method for selectively finding the main influencing elements causing variations between samples [37]. ...
... Hexadecene and Octosenamide were detected in B. bassiana strains, but Docosenamide was observed only in Bb6. Bb5 and Bb8 comprised of Tetradecene, Pentadecanoic acid and octadecadienoic acid, proved to be antibacterial and antifungal [35,36]. Ramadan et al. suggest that PCA is a useful method for selectively finding the main influencing elements causing variations between samples [37]. ...
A desirable substitute for chemical pesticides is mycopesticides. In the current investigation, rDNA-ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and TEF (Transcriptional Elongation Factor) sequencing were used for molecular identification of six Beauveria bassiana strains. Both, leaf discs and potted plant bioassaye were carried out to study their pathogenicity against the cassava mite, Tetranychus truncatus . LC 50 and LC 90 values of potential B . bassiana strains were estimated. We also discovered a correlation between intraspecific B . bassiana strains pathogenicity and comprehensive metabolome profiles. Bb5, Bb6, Bb8, Bb12, Bb15, and Bb21 strains were identified as B . bassiana by sequencing of rDNA-ITS and TEF segments and sequence comparison to NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) GenBank. Out of the six strains tested for pathogenicity, Bb6, Bb12, and Bb15 strains outperformed against T . truncatus with LC 50 values 1.4×10 ⁶ , 1.7×10 ⁶ , and 1.4×10 ⁶ and with a LC 90 values 7.3×10 ⁷ , 1.4×10 ⁸ , and 4.2×10 ⁸ conidia/ml, respectively, at 3 days after inoculation and were considered as potential strains for effective mite control. Later, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the above six B . bassiana strains was done on secondary metabolites extracted with ethyl acetate revealed that the potential B . bassiana strains (Bb6, Bb12, and Bb15) have higher levels of acaricidal such as Bis(dimethylethyl)-phenol: Bb6 (5.79%), Bb12 (6.15%), and Bb15 (4.69%). Besides, insecticidal ( n -Hexadecanoic acid), and insect innate immunity overcoming compound (Nonadecene) were also identified; therefore, the synergistic effect of these compounds might lead toa higher pathogenicity of B . bassiana against T . truncatus . Further, these compounds also exhibited two clusters, which separate the potential and non-potential strains in the dendrogram of Thin Layer Chromatography. These results clearly demonstrated the potentiality of the B . bassiana strains against T . truncatus due to the occurrence of their bioactive volatile metabolome.
... Concerning egg hatching, the larva of insect pest can be killed by the active compounds of plant powder. Such observation was done by Velu et al. [31] concerning mosquito vectors of chikungunya and malaria. These authors observed that the alkaloids from Arachis hypogea extract have larvicidal activity. ...
... stephensi and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes [180]. ...
The use of synthetic insecticides has been a solution to reduce mosquito-borne disease transmission for decades. Currently, no single intervention is sufficient to reduce the global disease burden caused by mosquitoes. Problems associated with extensive usage of synthetic compounds have increased substantially which makes mosquito-borne disease elimination and prevention more difficult over the years. Thus, it is crucial that much safer and effective mosquito control strategies are developed. Natural compounds from plants have been efficiently used to fight insect pests for a long time. Plant-based bioinsecticides are now considered a much safer and less toxic alternative to synthetic compounds. Here, we discuss candidate plant-based compounds that show larvicidal, adulticidal, and repellent properties. Our discussion also includes their mode of action and potential impact in mosquito disease transmission and circumvention of resistance. This review improves our knowledge on plant-based bioinsecticides and the potential for the development of state-of-the-art mosquito control strategies.
... Promising insecticidal plant species with their propertiesMalaria vector Anopheles gambiae(Velu et al. 2015) ...
In this chapter, the potential benefits of employing biopesticides to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are discussed. Various agroecological practices are proliferating nowadays in response to food safety and environmental concerns. The development of sustainable farming techniques shows how it facilitates most of the SDGs in various ways. However, the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals especially insecticides/pesticides contributed to an accumulation of toxic residues in food, soil, air, and water and caused the development of resistance among pests. Also, these chemicals have affected the soil enzymes, which are required for catalysis in soil. Therefore, to meet the food security for feeding the world population, it is requisite to produce more food, sustainably and harmlessly. So, the use of alternative substances that are ecofriendly and cost-effective for pest control should be employed. The use of compounds of botanical origin and strategies including encapsulation techniques contributes to sustainable agricultural practices. The major component for integrated pest management is the biological control “systems approach,” against insecticide-resistant pests, which includes minimizing the usage of pesticides.KeywordsBiological controlBotanical insecticidesIntegrated pest managementSustainable agriculture
... Phytochemical screening of peel extracts of Arachis hypogeal(Velu et al., 2015).Table 11. Fatty acid composition of the peanut powder extracts with and without skin (Silva and Perrone, 2015). ...
Legumes in traditional medicine play a key role in the world. In majority of countries, especially in Iran and China, western and traditional medicine has been practiced side by side of each other. The aim of this study is to review bioactive components and chemical constituents of some important legumes in East of Asia. All relevant papers in English language of researchers and scholars from various countries gathered. The soybean itself is composed of approximately 40% protein, 20% oil, 35% carbohydrates, and 5% trace minerals and other compounds. The most important functional components of soy are α-Linolenic acid, isoflavones, lecithins, lectins, linoleic acid, peptides, phytosterols, protein and saponin. Peanuts are considered an important source of oil, folate, antioxidants, protein, and essential fatty acids (linoleic), and it ranked fourth in oilseed crops in the world after soybeans, rapeseed, and cotton. Peanuts are considered an important source of oil, folate, antioxidants, protein, and essential fatty acids (linoleic), and it ranked fourth in oilseed crops in the world after soybeans, rapeseed, and cotton. It has been revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids by positive reaction with the respective test reagent. Cow peas are valuable source of protein, carbohydrate, mineral and vitamins, and it also contain biologically active components including phenols, phytic acid, saponin, oligosaccharides, fiber and etc. Nutrition therapy according to traditional Asian medicine by considering tremendous benefits of legumes is quite effective at not only treating common diseases, but also its prevention.
... In internal plants silver nanoparticles tie to protein-containing sulphur or to compound phosphorus such as DNA, resulting to denaturation of some organules and enzymes (Rai et al., 2009). Later, the decreased membrane permeability and proton motive force disruption will lead to cell loss and ultimately cell death (Velu et al., 2015). AgNPs reactively disable the midgut and produce peroxides which result in death of cells (Raffi et al., 2008). ...
This work has shown a green rapid biogenic Synthesis of Oscilatoria sancta freshwater micro algae aqueous extraction of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Surface plasma resonance (SPR) using 426 nm of UV–visible spectrophotometers has proven the production of AgNPs. This shows that ions (Ag⁺) are reduced to silver (Ago), which imply silver nanoparticles production. Additors of bio-synthesis and physio-chemical characterization of AgNPs were also diverse unique instruments as FT-IR, XRD, FESEM and HRTEM. The bioactive compounds contain aqueous extract from micro algae that may be used largely for the reduction and capping of AgNPs. Defined and quantified silver nanoparticles of 24 to 34 nm in size. The nanoparticles have a face-central cubic structure (FCC) crystallised. Synthesizing action of O. sancta algae aqueous extract produced AgNPs was evaluated against 4th instar larva of A. aegypti (dengue) and A. stephensi for their larvicidal activity (malaria). The results show that the synthesized AgNPs have the potential to be utilised to manage A. aegypti and A. stephensi as excellent environmentally friending resource.
... Quinquefasciatus [34] reported that which compares well with present findings. The larvicidal activities of A. hypogaea MPC 9, 12, octadecadienoic acid ethyl ester showed strong mosquitocidal activity [35]. The sesquiterpene compound, Pytol isolated from L. camera and tested against the mosquitocidal activities of important HVMs [36]. ...
Mosquitocidal activities of Lavandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) different concentration of essential oil (EO) and its major phytocompounds (MPCs) tested against three important human vector mosquitoes (HVMs). The quantitative analyses of EO phyto-chemical compositions (PCCs) were analyzed by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The HVMswere exposed to various concentrations of EO and its MPCs tested under laboratory condition by using standard protocols. Vector mortalities were subjected to log-probit analysis. Chemical compositions (CCs) of 47 compounds
were identified and the MPCs of EO were Terpinen (38.0339%) followed by Linalool (34.4992%), Caryophyllene (6.1480%), Octanone (2.3906%) and Camphene (2.0989%). The maximum larval mortality was found in Linalool against the larvae of
Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) followed by Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) and Culexquinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) with the LC50 values were 36.26, 36.81 and 37.49 ppm respectively. Ovicidal activity of the Linalool found most effective than
other compounds. These results are clearly suggests that EO and its MPCs have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach, traditional method for control of HVMs and this is the first report on the mosquitocidal activities of L. angustifolia
EO of MPCs.
... Alkaloids from Pergularia tomentosa also caused antifeeding and larvicidal effects based on the study of Acheuk and Doumandji-Mitiche (2013). Extract from Arachis hypogea also exhibited alkaloid compounds and proven to have a larvicidal effect on the chikungunya and malarial vectors (Velu et al., 2015). It has also been deduced from a thorough study of Lee (2000) that piperidine and pipernonaline alkaloids have larvicidal activity on mosquitos. ...
Rice is considered one of the staple foods in Southeast Asian countries, most especially in the Philippines. There are many factors needed to be considered in growing rice crops: the soil nutrient, the climate, the water supply, and the fertilizer used as a supplement to crop growth. But one important thing that farmers should consider is the infestation of pests, specifically the green leafhoppers, which is the primary carrier of tungro virus. This virus affects the growth and development of rice crops. This study aims to investigate the insecticidal effect of Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa malingensis shoot and leaves extract against green leafhoppers (Nephotettix virescens). The extract was obtained by the decoction method. Phytochemical analysis of the two bamboo species has been carried out, as it was found out that both of them contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides. The results showed that both the shoot and leaves extract of Bambusa vulgaris and the shoot extract of Bambusa malingensis have potential insecticidal activity against Nephotettix virescens. Further research is needed to identify other factors that could strengthen the effectiveness of applying the extract to the insect specimen.
