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... hydrothermal treatment is able to convert not only MSW to solid fuel but also from other unutilized resources to other usable products such as fertilizer from sewage Table 4. Comparison between Various Waste-to-Fuel Treatment System sludge 9 , as shown in Figure 6. is way the process can be applied to treat almost any kind of waste (unutilized resources), resulted in total recycling of material from human activities. Added with the capability of the treatment to convert the organic chlorine in the plastic into inorganic, water-soluble chlorine that can be water washed 10 , the hydrothermal treatment can produce a clean fuel from plastic waste, which is a major problem of MSW usage as fuel. ...
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... three scans as used for Figure 4(a) is performed for Figure 5(a), the results are shown in Figure 5(b) and (c), with the lower-lee candidate region still consists of more than one individual region. In this case, we need two more scans: one horizontal scan to separate picture X Figure 6). ...
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... pseudocode of the proposed recursive scans is shown in Figure 7. When a candidate individual region is found, it is classied as text or non-text by calculating its Mean Black Run-Length (MBRL) and Mean Transition Figure 6 Candidate region in Figure 5(b) in larger view recognized characters. Oen, the errors were caused by imperfect character shapes that were altered during nor- malization process, which involves scaling the segmented character image. ...
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... SWA and Max-log-MAP algorithm with length block 40. e dashed line shows backward recursion metric computation e BER performance for K = 200 is shown in Fig. 5 with the BER target is 10 -5 . is result describes the desired condition. erefore, the design is veried and ready to be translated into HW RTL. At the last, aer implementing into HW RTL, Fig. 6 shows the result for K = 6144. e gure also shows counter value which count the match output value with input bits. e gure describes that all of the output value are matched. Fig. 7 shows the result of ABV implementation. It shows that there are no fail properties. It is simple to conclude that if the output HW matches with the model ...
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... Hence, it was recommended to be blended with coal in the co-firing application at a ratio of 20% [4]. The wet torrefaction is also proven to produce a uniform shape and size pulp product with a fourfold increase in density or 75% reduction of waste volume [5]. ...
... Hence, it is recommended as part of a mixture in co-firing at a ratio of 20% (Yoshikawa, 2009). In addition, wet torrefaction can be applied to produce a uniform pulp product with a fourfold increase in density and 75% reduction of waste volume (Prawisudha and Novianti, 2011). The treated MSW can be converted into solid product with its carbon content mostly in the form of a solid char (49-75%), while 20-37% is in the liquid phase and only 2-11% is in the gas phase. ...
The largest obstacles in the utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW) as solid fuel in developing countries such as Indonesia are its high water content, irregular size and shape, and difficulty-to-sort due to the mix of plastic and organic waste. Based on literature study, wet torrefaction could be an appropriate pre-treatment process for mixed MSW because it requires no initial drying and mixed organic-plastic MSW can be processed without initial sorting. In this research, experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of wet torrefaction on increasing the fuel properties of mixed MSW. Based on field survey, the composition of the analyzed sample was: leaf litter (34.67%), food waste (23.33%), vegetable waste (14.33%), fruit waste (11.00%), and non-recycled plastic (16.67%). The experiments were conducted in a 2.5-L stirring reactor temperature variation (150, 175, 200 and 225 °C) with several holding times and solid loads. The result showed that wet torrefaction at a temperature of 200 °C with holding time of 30 min and solid load of 1:2.5 was the optimum condition, producing solid product with uniform physical shape, small particles and homogeneous particle size distribution, HHV of 33.01 MJ/kg and energy yield of 89%. The wet torrefaction process is not only suitable to convert the mixed MSW into renewable high energy density solid fuel, but it can also be used to produce separate organic product that can be used as solid fuel and plastic product that can be prepared for other treatments, such as pyrolysis to produce liquid fuel or recycling.
... Previous related researches [12][13][14][15][16] have proved that the process of wet torrefaction can produce a uniform pulp product with 75% reduction of waste volume and convert it to a solid product with carbon content mostly in solid (char), about 49-75%, in liquid form about 20-37%, while the carbon content in the gas phase was only 2-11 %. The wet torrefaction process also increases the energy density of the solid product with a calorific value almost equal to sub-bituminous coal. ...
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a complex problem in major cities in Indonesia that has not been resolved. MSW is currently only collected and disposed to final landfill. On the other hand, national energy security is also an issue to be solved. Utilization of MSW, which is dominated by organic waste, as solid fuel can be a solution for both problems. This paper discusses an experimental study on utilization of organic waste as renewable solid fuel using a wet torrefaction process. Four types of samples were chosen to represent the four types of organic waste in MSW with the highest mass fraction found in a field survey: leaf litter, food waste, vegetable waste and fruit waste. Each sample was treated with wet torrefaction under four conditions: 150, 175, 200 and 225 ºC with holding time 30 minutes. The experimental results showed that the optimum wet torrefaction temperature for mixed organic waste is between 200 and 225 °C, which is predicted to produce a solid product with a heating value (db) of 23.22-24.44 MJ/kg, volatile matter content of 61.18-66.00%, fixed carbon content of 26.04-31.35%, ash content of 7.47-7.96%, and energy yield equal to 58%. A higher operating temperature will increase the calorific value, followed by a decrease in mass yield as a consequence of the process severity degree. However, food waste torrefaction showed different characterisics: the increase in calorific value was followed by an increase in mass yield. This is unique and different from the results of wet torrefaction on other organic wastes.
... Other researches in 2011 [10], [11], [12], 2012 [13], and 2014 [14] prove that the process of wet torrefaction can produce a uniform pulp product with a fourfold increase in density or 75% reduction of waste volume and can convert it into solid product with carbon content mostly in the form of solid (char) that is equal to 49-75% and 20-37% in liquid, while the carbon content in the gas phase is only 2-11 %. In addition, the wet torrefaction process is also shown to increase the energy density by 1.01-1.41 ...
In 2008, Indonesia produced 38.5 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) and was estimated to increase 2-4% per year. Approximately 25% of the waste was consisted of paper, glass, recycled plastic and metal, taken by scavengers due to their economic value. The rest was non-recycled MSW consisted of organic waste, non-recycled plastic, textile and rubber. In this research, field survey based on Indonesian Standard SNI 19-3964-1994 was conducted to find out the latest MSW composition in final landfill, and its potential as solid fuel was analyzed by investigation of its physical composition and calorific value. The survey data showed that the composition of remained MSW at final landfill was dominated by organic waste and non-recycled plastic waste with a mass ratio of about 5:1. The composition of non-recycled plastic waste was dominated by colored plastic packaging, while the organic waste was dominated by leaves, food wastes, fruit wastes and vegetable wastes. The water content of non-recycled waste was high at about 51.38%, indicating that a pre-treatment process is required before the waste can be used as solid fuel. This characteristic, added with the fact that the waste is mixed and irregular in size and shape, hinders the non-recycled MSW utilization as solid fuel. Based on these characteristics, the wet torrefaction technology can be an appropriate pre-treatment process for Indonesian MSW, because it requires no initial drying and sorting process, producing 75% densified solid material with higher energy density and calorific value of almost equal to sub bituminous coal.
... x2;x3;…;xn (26) where the partial derivative is with respect to x 1 and all other parameters (x 2 ,x 3 ,…,x n ) are constants. S 1 is called the sensitivity coefficient. ...
Our society currently faces three challenges, including resource depletion, waste accumulation and environmental degradation, leading to rapidly escalating raw material costs and increasingly expensive and restrictive waste disposal legislation. This work aims to produce clean solid biofuel from high moisture content waste biomass (bio-waste) with high nitrogen (N)/chlorine (Cl) content by mild hydrothermal (HT) conversion processes. The newest results are summarized and discussed in terms of the mechanical dewatering and upgrading, dechlorination, denitrification and coalification resulting from the HT pretreatment. Moreover, both the mono-combustion and co-combustion characteristics of the solid fuel are reviewed by concentrating on the pollutants emission control, especially the NO emission properties. In addition, the feasibility of this HT solid biofuel production process is also discussed in terms of "Energy Balance and economic viability". As an alternative to dry combustion/dry pyrolysis/co-combustion, the HT process, combining the dehydration and decarboxylation of a biomass to raise its carbon content aiming to achieve a higher calorific value, opens up the field of potential feedstock for lignite-like solid biofuel production from a wide range of nontraditional renewable and plentiful wet agricultural residues, sludge and municipal wastes. It would contribute to a wider application of HT pretreatment bio-wastes for safe disposal and energy recycling.
