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Apple rootstocks grown for 5 years with Gala, Golden Delicious, or Honeycrisp as the scion at Geneva, NY.
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In 2002, apple rootstock trials using three scion cultivars were established at Geneva, NY, to evaluate 64 apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) rootstocks for horticultural performance and fire blight resistance. Field trials compared several elite Geneva® apple rootstocks, which were bred for tolerance to fire blight and Phytophthora root rot, to both...
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... were 19 rootstock clones with ' Gala', 46 with 'Golden Delicious', and 22 with 'Honeycrisp'. Rootstock clones included appropriate Malling rootstock con- trols and other rootstocks of interest from around the world (Table 1). With 'Gala', there were seven single tree replications of each rootstock, whereas with both 'Golden Delicious' and 'Honeycrisp', there were 10 single tree replications of each rootstock clone. ...
Citations
... Varying pH levels in soil and/or irrigation water tend to modify the mobility and availability of nutrients, such that when they interact with different rootstock genotypes, they produce very different orchard growth and productivity patterns (Thomidis and Tsipouridis, 2005;Vrsic et al., 2016;Ghimire and Vashisth, 2019). Several studies have tested and confirmed the field performance of new apple rootstocks (Russo et al., 2007;Autio et al., 2011;Autio et al., 2020) and one preliminary study investigated the effect of pH on leaf nutrients (Fazio et al., 2012a); however, there is a paucity of information on the interaction of pH levels with new apple rootstocks. Aeroponic systems have been used successfully to investigate the effects of varying pH levels on the roots of other plant species (Svecováet al., 2023), resulting in a greater understanding of this interaction and development-related methodologies. ...
The pH of the solution in the rhizosphere is an important factor that determines the availability and mobility of nutrients for plant uptake. Solution pH may also affect the root distribution and architecture of apple rootstocks. In this study, we evaluated the effect of solution pH on root system development of apple rootstocks using an aeroponics system designed and developed at Cornell AgriTech Geneva, USA. Four Geneva® apple rootstocks (G.210, G.214, G.41, and G.890) were grown in an aeroponic system under nutrient solution misting featuring continuously adjusted pH levels to three pH treatments (5.5, 6.5, and 8.0). Root development was monitored for 30 days and evaluated regularly for distribution and root mass. Images of the developed roots grown in the aeroponic system were collected at the end of the experiment using a high-resolution camera and analyzed using GiA Roots® software, which generates root architecture parameter values in a semi-automated fashion. The resulting root architecture analysis showed that the Geneva® rootstocks were significantly different for two architecture parameters. The length-to-width ratio analysis represented by two GiA Roots parameters (minor-to-major ellipse ratio and network width-to-depth ratio) showed that G.210 was flatter than G.890, which had a greater tendency to grow downward. Rootstocks G.214 and G.41 displayed similar growth values. The solution pH affected most root architecture parameter measurements where overall root growth was higher at pH 8 than at pH 5.5 and 6.5, which showed similar growth. In general, the average root width tended to decrease at higher pH values. While there were no significant differences in the leaf nutrient concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Zn, Cu, and Fe within the four rootstocks, the pH level of the solution had a significant effect on P, Ca, and Mn. This study is the first of its kind to investigate the effect of pH on root architecture in a soil-free (aeroponic) environment and may have implications for apple root behavior under field conditions where pH levels are different.
... The initial stages of selection for G.484 began with inoculation with fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) and a challenge with organisms that cause phytophthora crown rot in apple rootstocks where it displayed its inherited resistance to the pathogens used in the inoculation procedures. This initial selection was followed by decades long research which included multiple plantings in New York as a finished tree grafted with different scions including Gala, Fuji, Golden Delicious, and Mutsu where productivity, yield efficiency and disease resistance were examined and deemed to fall in the superior category among the rootstocks tested (Robinson et al. 2011b;Russo et al. 2007). G.484 was also evaluated for liner production in a rootstock nursery for more than 10 years in Geneva, NY and displayed acceptable rooting properties, minor production of spines and straight upright liners. ...
... of G.66 included more than 30 years of field testing that featured multiple locations/environments and scion varieties which included Empire, Gala, Fuji, Golden Delicious, and Honeycrisp (Robinson et al. 2011b;Russo et al. 2007). G.66 was consistently rated high in horticultural performance and productivity where in a trial with Fuji scion in the Hudson valley it displayed the highest cumulative production in its size category (Reig et al. 2017). ...
... (Clayton-Greene, 1993;Weber, 2001;Widmer and Krebs, 2001). 이 밖에도 병해충뿐 아니라 대목, 정지전정, 수형 등에 따 라서도 조기 결실성이 달라져 초기 생산성이 영향을 받을 수 있다 (Stiles, 1984;Brown et al., 1995;Russo et al., 2007;Hassan et al., 2010). 본 시험에서도 재식밀도는 초기 생산성에 영향을 미쳤는데( (Musacchi and Serra, 2018). ...
... Additionally, several important apple production traits were found to be highly similar when comparing across M. sieversii accessions and M. domestica cultivars, including soluble solids (°Brix), precocity date (years to bloom), firmness (kg/cm 2 ), and the percent change in acidity and firmness in storage (Davies et al. 2022). This alleviates the bottleneck to develop fire-blight-resistant cultivars by requiring fewer generations to break the linkage drag of unfavorable fruit quality alleles (Russo et al. 2007;Harshman et al. 2017). ...
Fire blight, a bacterial disease caused by Erwinia amylovora, is the most devastating disease of apples and a major threat to apple production. Most commercial apple cultivars are susceptible to fire blight, driving the need to develop fire-blight-resistant cultivars. Although several major fire blight resistance QTLs have been identified from wild species of Malus, the challenges of breeding apples due to long juvenile phase and heterozygosity greatly limit their use. M. sieversii, the primary progenitor of domesticated apples, is one of the wild Malus species that is sexually compatible with M. domestica and has some favorable fruit quality traits. In this study, we performed QTL analysis on two F1 apple populations of M. domestica cv. “Royal Gala” × M. sieversii (GMAL4591 and GMAL4592) to identify fire blight resistance QTL. Parental linkage maps were constructed for each family using marker sets of approximately 20K GBS-SNPs. Phenotype data was collected from parents and progeny through controlled fire blight inoculations in the greenhouse for two subsequent years. A significant (P < 0.0001) moderate-effect fire blight resistance QTL on linkage group 7 of GMAL4591 was identified from the paternal parent M. sieversii “KAZ 95 17-14” (Msv_FB7). Msv_FB7 explains about 48–53% of the phenotyping variance across multiple years and time points. Additionally, a significant (P < 0.001) minor effect QTL explaining 18% of the phenotypic variance was identified in population GMAL4592 on LG10 from “Royal Gala.” We developed diagnostic SSR markers flanking the Msv_FB7 QTL to use in apple breeding. These findings have the potential to accelerate the development of fire-blight-resistant cultivars.
... The resistance of G.41, G.16, and B.9 to fire blight was previously demonstrated in field surveys by grafting different cultivar scions [30,[56][57][58]. In the current study, a restrained distribution of disease was shown only for the G.41, G.16, and '62-396' fields, while the B.9 field was the most infected. ...
Clonal rootstocks of apple trees are one of the main components of intensive horticulture, and they play an important role in regulating tree growth, yield, fruit quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the two-year monitoring survey reported here, eleven rootstocks mainly used for cultivar grafting in Kazakhstan were assessed for fire blight resistance, taking genetic background into consideration. The loci FB_F7 on LG7 and FB_MR5 and RLP1 on LG3 were analyzed on the basis of SCAR and SNP markers. The rootstocks 'Geneva 41', '62-396', and 'Geneva16', bearing resistant alleles for five markers (AH0JFXM, AH21B92, AH4AAGA, AH5I8MI, and AH6R6SQ), four markers (AH0JFXM, AH21B92, AH4AAGA, and AH5I8MI), and one (AH4AAGA) SNP marker, respectively, were not infected during the monitoring period despite weather conditions in 2022 being favorable for the development and spread of Erwinia amylovora. No connection was identified between the presence of a resistant allele for the AE10-375 marker and fire blight resistance responses. This is the first study to evaluate the fire blight resistance of foreign and local rootstocks grown in the Kazakhstan southern region.
... Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), one of the most commercially important horticultural crops worldwide, is usually produced in the form of a rootstock grafted scion [1]. In modern apple orchard production systems, particularly in high-density systems, appropriate rootstock selection is as critical as the choice of scion cultivar to ensure success and economic viability of the operation [2,3]. Rootstocks have been reported to have important effects on a number of horticultural attributes, including precocity, productivity, winter hardiness, tree vigor, pest and disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient uptake, cropping efficiency, as well as fruit maturity and quality [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... Rootstock genotypes have also been reported to have an influence on fruit weight, but this influence may differ from site to site and between scion cultivars [40]. Nevertheless, and consistent with our results, several studies conducted in different locations showed that there were significant effects of rootstock on 'Gala' fruit weight [2,11,27,33]. Previous work showed that 'Gala' fruit grown on G.41 displayed larger fruit than on M.26 [14], in agreement with this study, suggesting that dwarfing rootstocks, with lower yield, increase fruit weight. ...
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is usually produced in the form of a rootstock grafted scion. Rootstocks have important effects on several horticultural attributes. However, the results are not consistent regarding sites and scion–rootstock combinations. The aim of this research was to characterize the horticultural performance of ‘Buckeye Gala’ apple scion grafted onto ten rootstocks grown in Western Maryland during two harvest seasons. Our results demonstrated that, on average, tree size and yield in G.935, M.26 and G.969 rootstocks were 5–40% higher, but weight per fruit was 2–15% lower than in all other rootstocks. Fruit maturity was significantly delayed with increasingly vigorous rootstocks. There were no crop load differences. Overall, the assessed rootstocks were discriminated into seven significantly distinct clusters characterized by marked differences in vigor, yield, and fruit maturity. Moreover, significant correlations were obtained amongst all assessed variables. Rootstock impact must be considered when making management decisions in ‘Buckeye Gala’ fruit grown under Western Maryland conditions as they are critical in modulating fruit maturity and quality.
... High-density systems are mainly based on the highly productive dwarfing rootstock (Russo et al., 2007). This allows trees with less vigor to be planted at a high tree density, resulting in a faster full production and higher mature yields per hectare (Gallardo and Garming, 2017). ...
... Trees on dwarfing rootstocks are also easier to prune, thin and harvest (U.S. International Trade Commission, 2010), however, they often require a greater capital investment (like trellis system to help support the canopy) and labor (with more trees to manage per unit of production basis). Rootstocks also affect winter hardiness, fruit size, precocity, productivity, tree vigor, and disease resistance (Cummins and Aldwinckle, 1983;Momol et al., 1998;Russo et al., 2007;Westwood, 1988). The joint apple rootstock breeding and evaluation program of Cornell University and U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research has developed new rootstock cultivars, designated as Geneva® rootstocks, with an emphasis on productivity, yield efficiency, ease of nursery propagation, fire blight resistance, extreme temperature tolerance, resistance to the soil disease of the sub-temperate regions of the U.S., and tolerance to apple replanting disorder (Fazio and Robinson, 2018;Robinson et al., 2008a). ...
Planting a new orchard requires a complex management strategy that involves many factors including cultivar, rootstock, planting density, training system, tree type, climate, and economic conditions that affect orchard profitability. To evaluate the relative importance of each factor, data from long-term field studies is required to analyze their impact on lifetime profitability. Here, we conducted two long-term field studies at two locations in New York State (Dressel farm in Southeastern and VandeWalle farm in Western New York State). The trials were planted in 2006 at a planting density of 3,262 tree/ha and the trees were trained as Tall Spindles. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of tree type (newly bench-grafted trees and large 2-year feathered trees) and rootstock (B.9, M.9, G.11, G.16, G.41) on long-term profitability of three apple cultivars ('Fuji', 'Gala', and 'Honeycrisp'). There were important differences in profitability between cultivars, with a higher Net Present Value (NPV) for 'Honeycrisp', followed by 'Gala' and, finally, for 'Fuji'. For all the cultivars, the NPV of the feathered trees was substantially higher compared to bench-grafted trees. Furthermore, the highest cumulative NPV's for 'Honeycrisp' were on B.9, G.11 and G.16, whereas with 'Fuji' the highest NPV's were on G.16, G.11 and M.9 and with 'Gala' the highest NPV's were on G.16, G.41 and M.9. The break-even year of a positive NPV for each rootstock, tree type, and cultivar, showed that the fastest investment pay offs were achieved with 'Honeycrisp', followed by 'Gala' and 'Fuji'. Feathered trees showed a faster break-even year of a positive NPV compared to bench grafted trees in all cultivars. Our results showed that the key variables that influence orchard profitability were, in descending order, fruit price and yield, followed by discount rate, labor cost, and finally tree price and land cost.
... As reported by Russo et al. (2007), in the last 10 years planting of high-density apple orchards in the U.S. still continues to strongly depend on the widely available M.9 rootstock. M.26 rootstock was also used in high-density systems but is mostly reserved for less vigorous cultivars. ...
A devastating outcome of fire blight in apple trees is the infection of rootstock, which leads to canker development. Fire blight cankers are infected zones of dead bark on perennial branches, trunk, or rootstock that develop after fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora invades wood. Cankers can girdle the trunk, branches and rootstock leading to tree death and production losses, especially significant in high-density orchards. An accurate diagnosis of trunk and rootstock blight is a top challenge for apple growers because fire blight cankers can be visually misdiagnosed with cankers caused by less frequent Oomycete and fungal pathogens (e.g., Phytophthora spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, B. obtusa, Valsa mali). In addition, detecting E. amylovora in apple rootstocks is essential because this pathogen also causes asymptomatic infections. Accurate fire blight diagnosis is necessary to inform the complete removal of infected trees from the orchard and help replanting efforts while preventing further pathogen dissemination. To determine apple tree losses caused by fire blight rootstock infections, PCR was used to detect E. amylovora in symptomatic and asymptomatic rootstocks for two years. Rootstock canker incidence and tree death were rated in selected infection foci on seven commercial apple orchards in New York. Each infection focus consisted of central rootstock-blighted tree and the nearest surrounding edge trees showing no rootstock blight. E. amylovora strains collected from these seven orchards and other orchards in New York were characterized. In the first year, most of the orchards showed E. amylovora detection rates of 10.7 – 45.3% in asymptomatic rootstocks on the edge trees immediately surrounding visibly infected i.e. rootstock-blighted central trees. One year later, 20.8 – 56.3% cankered rootstocks were detected on the edge trees and from zero to 35.4% dead edge trees were recorded. However, the PCR from sampled edge rootstocks one year later showed no pathogen detections. E. amylovora rootstock strains showed slight variability in enzymatic activity, copper sensitivity, virulence, and exopolysaccharide production. These results elucidate the role and importance of rootstock infections for apple tree survival, the presence of latent fire blight infections, and the valuable utility of molecular detection methods to assist apple tree removal after epidemics.
... One of the most intriguing aspects of grafting is that the physiological state of a scion is modulated by the rootstock (Warschefsky et al., 2015;Lazare et al., 2021). Rootstocks control the growth, size and morphology of the grafted scion (Sorce et al., 2002;Hooijdonk et al., 2011;Tworkoski and Fazio, 2016), determine aboveground resistance to foliar bacterial and fungal diseases (Russo et al., 2007;Jensen et al., 2012;Chitarra et al., 2017;Flores-León et al., 2021) and modulate tolerance to drought (Camisón et al., 2021;López-Hinojosa et al., 2021). Conversely, the physiological state of a rootstock can also be influenced by the grafted scion (Gautier et al., 2020;Camisón et al., 2021). ...
Ink disease caused by the root-rot pathogen P. cinnamomi (Pc) threatens European sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) orchards, and growers increasingly graft susceptible C. sativa traditional varieties on Pc-resistant hybrid commercial rootstocks. The influence of the scion, the rootstock, and grafting per se on the vegetative budburst, growth, susceptibility to Pc and defence-related hormone profile of Castanea spp. are unknown. In a greenhouse experiment, these effects were evaluated by reciprocally grafting two Pc resistant C. crenata x C. sativa clones and two Pc susceptible C. sativa clones. Resistance to Pc and the hormone content of leaves and roots were rootstock-dependent, and survival rates of susceptible chestnuts strongly increased when grafted on resistant rootstocks. The scion had no effect on the resistance to Pc and the hormone profile of leaves and roots of grafted trees, but influenced vegetative budburst and primary growth. Grafting per se increased susceptibility to Pc and altered the defence-related phytohormone content of trees, especially in resistant rootstocks, but did not influence budburst and growth of trees. Grafting-induced alteration of the constitutive defense-related hormone profile could explain the increased susceptibility of resistant rootstocks to Pc. Nine days after infection, a dynamic hormonal response consisting of decreased jasmonates (JA and JA-Ile) in leaves and increased ABA and JA-Ile in roots was observed in resistant chestnuts. This is the first study addressing the role of grafting in modulating resistance to the soil-borne pathogen Pc in chestnut trees.
... Resistance or tolerance of apple rootstock to disease pressure from soilborne pathogens was traditionally tested under field conditions [49] [50]. In those ex-periments, the available plant materials were stool-bed propagated one-year-old rootstock "sticks" or bare-root trees from commercial nurseries [51] [52] [53]. ...
