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Aphanotria paradoxa (H 12224, holotype) a Herbarium material with label b Leaves with endobiotic ascomata (redrawn from Döbbeler 2007) c, d Transverse section through leaf with an
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This paper provides outlines for Bionectriaceae, Calcarisporiaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Tilachlidiaceae, Ijuhyaceae, Stromatonectriaceae and Xanthonectriaceae with taxonomic treatments. We provide up-to-date DNA sequence-based phylogenies including combined gene analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 for Hypocreales and accept 17 families...
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... Our collection MFLU 18-2747 belongs to the Trichoderma harzianum species complex and is phylogenetically related to the ex-type of Trichoderma velutinum (C.P.K. 298) with high statistical support (94%MLBT, 100%BYPP, Fig. 30) (Bissett et al. 2003). DNA sequence data of MFLU 18-2747 and T. velutinum (C.P.K. 298) differ in 53 nucleotides in ITS region (10.8%, 22 gaps) and 14 nucleotides of the tef1 region (3%, 5 gaps). Cai and Druzhinina (2021) observed that ITS is polymorphic in the harzianum group. Therefore, they suggested to delineate species in ...
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... Fungorum number: IF459474, Facesoffungi number: FoF10918, Fig. 32, 33 On culms of bamboo. Sexual morph: Ascomata 250-350 µm diam., perithecial, solitary or consists of groups of 2-7, superficial, astromatic or on a sparse white hyphal subiculum, globose or depressed subglobose to subglobose, apapillate, with a flattened faintly sunken apex, intertwined hyphae often develop into triangular fasciculate ...
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... annotated that there are frutting bodies of another fungus Nectria rigidiuscula (current name Albonectria rigidiuscula) on the same substrate. We had the same observation and found the fruiting bodies of Calonectria sulcata in the holotype specimen. Here we provide illustrations of Albonectria rigidiuscula collected from Thailand (MFLU 19-0965) (Fig. 36). The fungal morphology and measurements we report here match the original description of Calonectria sulcata by Starbäck (1899) and descriptions of the Albonectria rigidiuscula provided by Rossman et al. (1999). Fusarium species with old dark purple ascomata were found closer to Albonectria rigidiuscula ascomata on MFLU 18-2728 and ...
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... to accommodate Nectria cinnamomea (Salgado-Salazar et al. 2016). The genus is characterized by typical cinnamon coloured perithecia and a cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph producing 3-septate macroconidia (Salgado-Salazar et al. 2016). Cinnamomeonectria clades within Nectriaceae closer to Corallonectria in the current phylogenetic analysis (Fig. ...
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... 'heinesii'], Hedwigia 43(4): 245 (1904) = Corallomyces heinsenii Henn., Bot. Jb. 23: 538 (1897) Index Fungorum number: IF460217, Facesoffungi number: FoF10944, Fig. 39 Saprobic on decaying wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata 300-650 µm high × 250-450 µm, associated with rhizomorphs or synnemata, arranged in small clusters, obpyriform, orange red to red, KOH + purple, papillate, ostiolate. Peridium 50-70 µm thick in vertical section, of single stratum made of orange red cells forming textura angularis, ...
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... morph: Conidiomata rhizostilbella-like, synnematous. Synnemata 250-8000 µm long × 75-375 µm diam., solitary, gregarious, densely crowded or in small clusters of 2-5, occur laterally or as terminal extensions of the rhizomorphs or directly from the substrate, cylindric-capitate, subulatecapitate, slender or robust, straight or curved, unbranched, Fig. 38 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined act, cmdA, his3, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequence data of Nectriaceae taxa. Twohundred and thirteen strains are included in the combined analyses, which comprised 8540 characters (act: 830, cmdA: 1004, his3:1195, ITS: 542, LSU: 797, rpb1: 670, rpb2: ...
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... Cosmosporella pruni clusters with C. obscura (MAFF 241484) and Cosmospora cf. flavoviridis (BBA 65542) in the phylogenetic tree, with high statistical support (93% MLBT, 100% BYPP; Fig. 43). Our collection (MFLU 17-0974) is typical of the genus Cosmosporella in having orange-red perithecia, cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci and pale brown, 1-septate ascospores ( Crous et al. 2021). Cosmosporella pruni can be distinguished from C. obscura by orange-red ascomata changing colour in 3% KOH and, smooth-walled ascospores, ...
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... Scale bars: c-g = 50 µm, h, i = 20 µm ◂ Fig. 47 Fusarium sambucinum (G00266369, lectotype) a Herbarium material label b Herbarium material c Conidiomata on the host d-f Conidiophores with conidia g-m Conidia. Scale bars: c = 500 µm, d = 50 µm, e, f = 20 µm, g-m = 10 µm zealandica was transferred to Cosmospora as Cosmospora zealandica by Nirenberg and Samuels (2000) and later to new genus Geejayessia by Schroers et al. ...
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... Fungorum number: IF144029, Facesoffungi number: FoF07461, Figs. 62, 63 On dead plant parts. Sexual morph: Stromata up to 280 mm high, well-developed, erumpent through epidermis, composed of pseudoparenchymatous, cells forming textura angularis to textura prismatica, orange to bay to darker red, KOH + dark red. Ascomata 250-380 μm high × 250-375 μm diam., perithecial, superficial on stroma, solitary or ...
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... and illustrations: see Index Fungorum number: IF559638, Facesoffungi number: FoF11014, Fig. 83 Etymology: Name refers to the type locality, 'Siam' earlier name of ...
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... species: Tilachlidium brachiatum (Batsch) Petch, in Ellis, Trans. Norfolk Norw. Nat. Soc. 15: 198 (1941) Fig. 93 Tilachlidium brachiatum (CWU (Myc) AS 3302) a, b Basidiomata of Artomyces pyxidatus infected by T. brachiatum c, d Synnemata e Conidia. Scale bars: a = 25 mm, b = 75 mm, c = 3 mm, d = 25 µm Fungal Diversity 1 3 = Clavaria brachiata Batsch, Elench. fung. (Halle): 233 (1786). = Isaria brachiata (Batsch) Schumach., Enum. pl. (Kjbenhavn) ...
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... Hirsutella ramosa Mains, Mycologia 41(3): 308 (1949). Index Fungorum number: IF291402, Facesoffungi number: FoF10853, Fig. 92, 93 Entomogenous on fragments of lepidopterous larva. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Synnemata 30-100 µm wide, slender, cylindrical, wider at the base, gradually narrowing towards the apex, irregularly branched, light yellow at the base, above white, consisting of bundles of parallel, longitudinal, closely ...
Citations
... They can infect various plant species, leading to diseases that can have economic consequences, particularly for crop and ornamental plants. The diversity and wide distribution of members of this family underscore their ecological significance in various habitats (Perera et al. 2023). Members of the Bionectriaceae are less known as canker pathogens. ...
Stilbocrea banihashemiana is a recently described species of ascomycete fungi (Bionectriaceae) that causes canker and dieback diseases on fig and barberry, and dieback on loquat trees. Previous studies suggested this pathogen might affect other trees including economically important fruit crops, such as almonds, apples, and olives. This study assessed the susceptibility of 40 tree species belonging to 20 plant families, including fruit-bearing, ornamental, and edible landscape plants, to S. banihashemiana. The assessment was conducted by wound-inoculating detached shoots and one-year-old saplings with the pathogen. Based on five parameters of induced lesions, we clustered the inoculated tree species using the principal component analysis approach. The results of the approach revealed four distinct groups of tree species based on their susceptibility traits. Almond, apricot, eucalyptus, poplar, and red mulberry clustered in one group as susceptible hosts. The majority of the species examined, which included both tropical and temperate trees, were categorized as moderately susceptible. Platanus and sweet orange were identified as non-host-resistant species, while Arizona cypress, garden privet, and olive were classified as low susceptible. Moreover, our findings suggest a correlation between temperature and the aggressiveness of S. banihashemiana. This study revealed that the emerging pathogen, S. banihashemiana, could have a broader host range than currently recognized. The accidental introduction of this pathogen through the global trade of live host plants may pose a significant threat to economically important trees in temperate and subtropical regions.
... Such structures were not observed in Pronectria, which is described as having an outer layer composed of globose thick-walled cells without hyphae (Rossman et al. 1999). Also, recent studies showed that Trichonectria, together with the anamorphic genus Cylindromonium, forms a separate clade within Hypocreales, but outside of Bionectriaceae which includes Pronectria (Hou et al. 2023, Perera et al. 2023. However, the phylogenetic position of Trichonectria remains unresolved due to insufficient sampling and the absence of molecular data from the type species. ...
We provide the first North American report of the lichenicolous fungus Pronectria fragmospora. Based on multigene phylogenetic analyses we found this species to be nested within the genus Trichonectria and the new combination Trichonectria fragmospora is proposed. We provide a description and photos of the North American material on Evernia prunastri and a phylogenetic tree showing its placement within the genus. We also compare this species to related species of Trichonectria and similar species of Pronectria.
... Xiao et al. (2023) recently introduced a new family Polycephalomycetaceae to Hypocreales. Perera et al. (2023) provided an updated phylogenetic analysis of combined gene analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1-α and tub2 for Hypocreales and accepted 17 families including three new families (Ijuhyaceae, Stromatonectriaceae and Xanthonectriaceae). Based on our phylogenetic analysis, the placements of a few genera, such as, Emericellopsis, Pseudoacremonium and Sedecimiella need further revisions. ...
... In addition, our phylogenetic analysis showed that two Septofusidium species (S. berolinense and S. herbarum) and Pseudoacremonium sacchari clustered within Bionectriaceae (Fig. 1). Septofusidium was previously placed within Tilachlidiaceae (Lombard et al. 2015;Hyde et al. 2020a), recently, Perera et al. (2023) transferred it to Bionectriaceae based on phylogenetic analysis. However, the taxonomy of Septofusidium needs further studies, as Septofusidium is polyphyletic (Perera et al. 2023) and the type species lacks sequence data. ...
... Septofusidium was previously placed within Tilachlidiaceae (Lombard et al. 2015;Hyde et al. 2020a), recently, Perera et al. (2023) transferred it to Bionectriaceae based on phylogenetic analysis. However, the taxonomy of Septofusidium needs further studies, as Septofusidium is polyphyletic (Perera et al. 2023) and the type species lacks sequence data. Pseudoacremonium was placed in Hypocreales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2014;Hyde et al. 2020a). ...
Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic, endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collections from China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to two orders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae, Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species are introduced and 13 new habitats and geographic records are reported. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitats in China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsis is transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis; Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae; Sedecimiella is placed in Nectriaceae; Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascales genera incertae sedis; and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as a synonym of Atractium. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora, Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae and Cornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters. Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors. The results further support those early diverging clades of this subclass, mostly comprising terrestrial taxa and freshwater and marine taxa have been secondarily derived, while the crown clade (Nectriaceae) is represented in all three habitats. The evolution of various morphological adaptations towards their habitual changes are also discussed.
... indexfungorum.org), among which 102 species are commonly accepted [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. They are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and are commonly found in soil, plant debris, and living woody or herbaceous materials, occasionally in air and water, and rarely in human tissues [2,9]. ...
... L. Lombard & Crous can produce bioactive compounds and various enzymes with industrial utilization including hydrolases and laccases [11][12][13]. On the other hand, many of them are opportunistic phytopathogens that cause cankers, stem and root rot, and cane blight of numerous plants [5,8,10,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], while a few species were reported as human pathogens [10]. Enhancing and updating our knowledge of Neocosmospora will provide useful information about the maintainable utilization of natural resources and protection against harmful species. ...
... Along with the information accumulated in phylogenetic studies, it has been indicated that the two genera are congeneric [40,47], and Neocosmospora was recommended as the preferable name according to the priority concept [2]. The taxonomic opinion became widely accepted [3,5,6,9,10,18], including the present research. ...
Species of Neocosmospora are commonly found in soil, plant debris, and living woody or herbaceous substrates and occasionally found in water and air. Some species are reported as saprobes, endophytes, opportunistic pathogens of plants and animals, or producers of bioactive natural products, cytotoxic compounds, and industrial enzymes. To reveal the species diversity of Neocosmospora, specimens from different provinces of China were investigated. Five new species, Neocosmospora anhuiensis, N. aurantia, N. dimorpha, N. galbana, and N. maoershanica, were introduced based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of combined calmodulin (CAM), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) regions. Differences between these new species and their close relatives are compared in detail.
... The order Hypocreales (Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) currently comprises around 300 genera distributed across 17 families. Their species inhabit a wide range of substrates in terrestrial and aquatic (marine and freshwater) environments, and they show a great variety of lifestyles, such as saprobic, endophytic, and pathogenic fungi in plants and animals, including humans [1,2]. Cordycipitaceae are one of the most complex families in the order due to the pathogenic behavior of most of its species, which include a wide range of invertebrate hosts, and this results in a variety of morphological features of the sexual morph, primarily associated with its ascomata (stroma and perithecia). ...
... These results allowed us to recognize Amphichorda as a member of this family, despite it being the only representative genus with members producing conidia holoblastically. In the most recent review of the family, 41 genera were accepted, composed exclusively of fungi showing phialidic conidiogenous cells [2]. However, the order Hypocreales comprises members with asexual morphs, producing both enteroblastic (phialidic) and holoblastic conidiogenous cells. ...
... However, the order Hypocreales comprises members with asexual morphs, producing both enteroblastic (phialidic) and holoblastic conidiogenous cells. Although most of the families accepted in the order, such as Clavicipitaceae, Ijuhyaceae, Myrotheciomycetaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Sarocladiaceae, Stachybotriaceae, Stromatonectriaceae, Tilachlidiaceae and Xanthonectriaceae, only show phialidic conidiogenesis, other families such as Calcarisporiaceae, Cordycipitaceae and Hypocreaceae show both types of conidiogenesis [1,2,4,[43][44][45][46][47]. Only genera such as Beauveria and Calcarisporium exhibit holoblastic conidiogenous cells [2,48]. ...
The genus Amphichorda has been recently re-erected as an independent lineage from Beauveria, circumscribed within Cordycipitaceae. However, its phylogenetic relationships with other members of this family remain obscure. In our ongoing efforts to expand the knowledge on the diversity of culturable ascomycetes from the Mediterranean Sea, we isolated several specimens of Amphichorda. Preliminary sequence analyses revealed great phylogenetic distance with accepted Amphichorda species and a close relation to Onychophora coprophila. Onychophora is a monotypic genus of enteroblastic conidiogenous cells, presumably related to Acremonium (Bionectriaceae), while Amphichorda exhibits holoblastic conidiogenesis. Here, we examine representative strains of Amphichorda species to elucidate the taxonomy of the genus and the aforementioned fungi, combining morphological, ultrastructure and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, tef1, BenA). The results revealed Amphichorda as a member of the Bionectriaceae, where its asexual morphs represent a transition between enteroblastic and holoblastic conidiogenesis for this group of fungi. We also describe and illustrate Amphichorda littoralis sp. nov. and propose Amphichorda coprophila comb. nov. In addition, we establish key phenotypic features to distinguish Amphichorda species and demonstrate the higher salt tolerance degree of A. littoralis, consistent with its marine origin. This work provides a comprehensive framework for future studies in the genus.
... The monotypic genera Bullanockia (Crous et al. 2016a), Stromatonectria (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2011) and Xanthonectria were originally erected based on phylogenies established with single LSU sequences or combined ITS and LSU sequences, which placed the three genera in the Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales). According to our phylogenetic analysis based on additional loci and cultures, these three genera clustered within two different clades representing the two recently established families in the Hypocreales: Bullanockia and Xanthonectria fall within the Xanthonectriaceae, and Stromatonectriaceae was established based on Stromatonectria (Perera et al. 2023) (Fig. 1). ...
... Xanthonectria pseudopeziza produces (3-)5-7(-9)-septate ascospores, clearly unlike the members of Bionectriaceae, which commonly produce ascospores that are aseptate or 1-3(-4)-septate (Rossman et al. 1999). Recently, the family, Xanthonectriaceae, was established to accommodate this genus (Perera et al. 2023). Although Bullanockia was described based on the acremonium-like asexual morph, it is phylogenetically distant from the clade of Bionectriaceae (Fig. 1). ...
... closed, compound conidiomata in vivo, which have never been reported in Bionectriaceae. The family, Stromatonectriaceae, was established to accommodate this genus (Perera et al. 2023). In summary, both the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters suggest Bullanockia, Stromatonectria and Xanthonectria should be excluded from Bionectriaceae, which confirmed the result of Perera et al. (2023). ...
Acremonium is acknowledged as a highly ubiquitous genus including saprobic, parasitic, or endophytic fungi that inhabit a variety of environments. Species of this genus are extensively exploited in industrial, commercial, pharmaceutical, and biocontrol applications, and proved to be a rich source of novel and bioactive secondary metabolites. Acremonium has been recognised as a taxonomically difficult group of ascomycetes, due to the reduced and high plasticity of morphological characters, wide ecological distribution and substrate range. Recent advances in molecular phylogenies, revealed that Acremonium is highly polyphyletic and members of Acremonium s. lat. belong to at least three distinct orders of Sordariomycetes , of which numerous orders, families and genera with acremonium-like morphs remain undefined. To infer the phylogenetic relationships and establish a natural classification for acremonium-like taxa, systematic analyses were conducted based on a large number of cultures with a global distribution and varied substrates. A total of 633 cultures with acremonium-like morphology, including 261 ex-type cultures from 89 countries and a variety of substrates including soil, plants, fungi, humans, insects, air, and water were examined. An overview phylogenetic tree based on three loci (ITS, LSU, rpb2 ) was generated to delimit the orders and families. Separate trees based on a combined analysis of four loci (ITS, LSU, rpb2 , tef-1α ) were used to delimit species at generic and family levels. Combined with the morphological features, host associations and ecological analyses, acremonium-like species evaluated in the present study are currently assigned to 63 genera, and 14 families in Cephalothecales , Glomerellales and Hypocreales , mainly in the families Bionectriaceae , Plectosphaerellaceae and Sarocladiaceae and five new hypocrealean families, namely Chrysonectriaceae , Neoacremoniaceae , Nothoacremoniaceae , Pseudoniessliaceae and Valsonectriaceae . Among them, 17 new genera and 63 new combinations are proposed, with descriptions of 65 new species. Furthermore, one epitype and one neotype are designated to stabilise the taxonomy and use of older names. Results of this study demonstrated that most species of Acremonium s. lat. grouped in genera of Bionectriaceae , including the type A. alternatum . A phylogenetic backbone tree is provided for Bionectriaceae , in which 183 species are recognised and 39 well-supported genera are resolved, including 10 new genera. Additionally, rpb2 and tef-1α are proposed as potential DNA barcodes for the identification of taxa in Bionectriaceae .
... The order Hypocreales (Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) currently comprises around 300 genera distributed across 17 families. Their species inhabit a wide range of substrates in terrestrial and aquatic (marine and freshwater) environments, and they show a great variety of lifestyles, such as saprobic, endophytic, and pathogenic fungi for plants and animals, including humans [1,2]. The Cordycipitaceae is one of the most complex families in the order due to the pathogenic behavior of most of its species, which includes a wide range of invertebrate hosts and results in a variety of morphological features of the sexual morph, primarily associated with its ascomata (stroma and perithecia). ...
... These results allow to recognize Amphichorda as a member of this family, despite it is the only representative genus with members producing conidia holoblastically. In the most recent review of the family 41 genera were accepted, composed exclusively of fungi showing phialidic conidiogenous cells [2]. However, the order Hypocreales comprises members with asexual morphs producing both enteroblastic (phialidic) and holoblastic conidiogenous cells. ...
... However, the order Hypocreales comprises members with asexual morphs producing both enteroblastic (phialidic) and holoblastic conidiogenous cells. Although most of the families accepted in the order, such as Clavicipitaceae, Ijuhyaceae, Myrotheciomycetaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Sarocladiaceae, Stachybotriaceae, Stromatonectriaceae, Tilachlidiaceae and Xanthonectriaceae only show phialidic conidiogenesis, other families like Calcarisporiaceae, Cordycipitaceae and Hypocreaceae show both types of conidiogenesis [1,2,4,[43][44][45][46][47]. Only genera like Beauveria and Calcarisporium exhibit holoblastic conidiogenous cells [2,48]. ...
The genus Amphichorda has been recently re-erected as an independent linage from Beauveria, circumscribed within Cordycipitaceae. However, its phylogenetic relationships with other members of this family remain obscure. In our on-going efforts to expand the knowledge on the diversity of culturable ascomycetes from the Mediterranean Sea, we isolated several specimens of Amphichorda. Preliminary sequence analyses revealed great phylogenetic distance with accepted Amphichorda species and a close relation to Onychophora coprophila. Onychophora is a monotypic genus of enteroblastic conidiogenous cells, presumably related to Acremonium (Bionectriaceae); while Amphichorda exhibits holoblastic conidiogenesis. Here, we examine representative strains of Amphichorda species to resolve the taxonomy of the genus and the above-mentioned fungi combining morphological, ultrastructure and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, tef1, BenA). The results revealed Amphichorda as a member of the Bionectriaceae, where its asexual morphs represent a transition between enteroblastic and holoblastic conidiogenesis for this group of fungi. We also describe and illustrate Amphichorda littoralis sp. nov., and propose the new combination Amphichorda coprophila. In addition, we stablish key phenotypic features to distinguish Amphichorda species and demonstrate the higher salt tolerance degree of A. littoralis, consistent with its marine origin. This work provides a comprehensive framework for future studies in the genus.
Mushrooms are important organisms because of their human nutritional and medicinal value. With the expansion of the cultivation of edible mushrooms, fungal diseases have become a major problem in limiting their production. Numerous fungi can cause mushroom deformation or rots. In this publication we report on fungal diseases found during Morchella cultivation in China, with emphasis on morphology and phylogeny to characterise species. The key findings include 1) establishment of a new family Albomorchellophilaceae in Hypocreales, and a novel monotypic genus Albomorchellophila with the type species A. morchellae. Divergence time estimates indicate that Albomorchellophilaceae diverged from its sister family Calcarisporiaceae at ca. 105 (92–120) MYA; 2) the phylogeny and morphology of the family Pseudodiploosporeaceae (Hypocreales) is revised. The family contains a single genus Pseudodiploospora. Intraspecific genetic analyses of Pseudodiploospora longispora reveals significant base differences within strains, especially in the regions of protein-coding genes RPB 2 and TEF; 3) four fungicolous taxa, i.e., Cylindrodendrum alicantinum, Hypomyces aurantius, Hypomyces rosellus, and Trichothecium roseum, are reported as putative pathogens on cultivated morels for the first time. In addition, the previously reported pathogens of morels, Clonostachys rosea, Clonostachys solani, Hypomyces odoratus, and Pseudodiploospora longispora are also detailed in their symptoms and morphology; 4) the phylogeny and morphology of “Zelopaecilomyces” previously placed within Pseudodiploosporeaceae are re-assessed. “Zelopaecilomyces” is proved to be introduced through a chimerism of gene fragments sourced from two distinct organisms. Consequently, it is recommended that “Zelopaecilomyces” should not be recognised due to the mixed up molecular data in phylogeny and a lack of support from morphological evidence. Furthermore, this study discusses the voucher specimen Paecilomyces penicillatus (CBS 448.69), which may contain two mixed taxa, i.e., Pseudodiploospora longispora and a member of Penicillium. Publications on pathogenic fungi of cultivated mushrooms is sporadically, which leads to a lack of understanding of causal agents. As a follow up to the diseases of morel cultivation, we also review the fungal diseases of cultivated mushrooms reported over the last four decades. More than 130 pathogens affect the growth and development of the main cultivated mushrooms. The taxonomic diversity of these pathogens is high, distributed in 58 genera, 40 families, 20 orders, 12 classes and six phyla. The host infected are from Ascomycota to Basidiomycota, mainly being reported from Agaricus bisporus, Cordyceps militaris, Morchella spp., and Pleurotus spp. This study not only enriches our current knowledge on the diversity of pathogens of cultivated mushrooms, especially morels, but also recognizes the importance of some taxa as potential pathogens. Taxonomic investigation and accurate identification are initial and key steps to understanding pathogen-mushroom interactions, and will result in better disease management strategies in the mushroom industry.
Monocotyledons are one of the important groups of flowering plants that include
approximately 60,000 species with economically important crops including coconut (Cocos nuciferanucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus comosus), and rice (Oryza sativa sativa). Studies on these hosts are mainly focused on pathogenic fungi; only a f ew saprobic species have been reported. This study investigated the saprobic ascomycetes associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice in southern China and northern Thailand. Approximately 200 specimens were collected, and 100 fungal strains were isolated and identified to 77 species based on phylogenetic approaches and morphological characteristics. Among the 77 species, 29, 38, and 12 were found on coconut, pineapple, and rice, respectively, distributed in Dothideomycetes (41), Eurotiomycetes (one), and S ordariomycetes (35). Pseudomycoleptodiscus , Pseudosaprodesmium Pseudosetoseptoria, Pseudostriatosphaeria and
Pseudoteichospora are introduced as new genera and Anthostomella cocois, Apiospora ananas, Chromolaenicola ananasi, Epicoccum yunnanensis, Exserohi lum ananas, Hypoxylon cocois, Lasiodiplodia ananasi, Muyocopron chiangraiense, Myrmecridium yunnanense, Occultitheca ananasi, Periconia chiangraiensis, Placidiopsis ananasi, Pseudomycoleptodiscus ananas, Pseudosaprodesmium cocois, Pseudosetoseptoria oryzae, Pseudostriatosphaeria chiangraiensis,
Pseudoteichospora thailandensis, Savoryella chiangraiensis, Savoryella cocois, and Tetraploa oryzae are introduced as novel species. In addition, 51 species are reported as new hosts or geographical records, and six species are reported as new collections. Pseudopithomyces pandanicola and P. palmicola are synonymized under P. chartarum, P. diversisporus synonymized under P. atro olivaceus based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics.
Moreover, comprehensive checklists of fungi associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice are also provided.
As the continuation of Fungal Diversity Notes series, the current paper is the 16th contribution to this series. A total of 103 taxa from seven classes in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are included here. Of these 101 taxa, four new genera, 89 new species, one new combination, one new name and six new records are described in detail along with information of hosts and geographic distributions. The four genera newly introduced are Ascoglobospora, Atheliella, Rufoboletus and Tenuimyces. Newly described species are Akanthomyces xixiuensis, Agaricus agharkarii, A. albostipitatus, Amphisphaeria guttulata, Ascoglobospora marina, Astrothelium peudostraminicolor, Athelia naviculispora, Atheliella conifericola, Athelopsis subglaucina, Aureoboletus minimus, A. nanlingensis, Autophagomyces incertus, Beltrania liliiferae, Beltraniella jiangxiensis, Botryobasidium coniferarum, Calocybella sribuabanensis, Calonarius caesiofulvus, C. nobilis, C. pacificus, C. pulcher, C. subcorrosus, Cortinarius flaureifolius, C. floridaensis, C. subiodes, Crustomyces juniperi, C. scytinostromoides, Cystostereum subsirmaurense, Dimorphomyces seemanii, Fulvoderma microporum, Ginnsia laricicola, Gomphus zamorinorum, Halobyssothecium sichuanense, Hemileccinum duriusculum, Henningsomyces hengduanensis, Hygronarius californicus, Kneiffiella pseudoabdita, K. pseudoalutacea, Laboulbenia bifida, L. tschirnhausii, L. tuberculata, Lambertella dipterocarpacearum, Laxitextum subrubrum, Lyomyces austro-occidentalis, L. crystallina, L. guttulatus, L. niveus, L. tasmanicus, Marasmius centrocinnamomeus, M. ferrugineodiscus, Megasporoporia tamilnaduensis, Meruliopsis crystallina, Metuloidea imbricata, Moniliophthora atlantica, Mystinarius ochrobrunneus, Neomycoleptodiscus alishanense, Nigrograna kunmingensis, Paracremonium aquaticum, Parahelicomyces dictyosporus, Peniophorella sidera, P. subreticulata, Phlegmacium fennicum, P. pallidocaeruleum, Pholiota betulicola, P. subcaespitosa, Pleurotheciella hyalospora, Pleurothecium aseptatum, Resupinatus porrigens, Russula chlorina, R. chrysea, R. cruenta, R. haematina, R. luteocarpa, R. sanguinolenta, Synnemellisia punensis, Tenuimyces bambusicola, Thaxterogaster americanoporphyropus, T. obscurovibratilis, Thermoascus endophyticus, Trechispora alba, T. perminispora, T. subfarinacea, T. tuberculata, Tremella sairandhriana, Tropicoporus natarajaniae, T. subramaniae, Usnea kriegeriana, Wolfiporiella macrospora and Xylodon muchuanensis. Rufoboletus hainanensis is newly transferred from Butyriboletus, while a new name Russula albocarpa is proposed for Russula leucocarpa G.J. Li & Chun Y. Deng an illegitimate later homonym of Russula leucocarpa (T. Lebel) T. Lebel. The new geographic distribution regions are recorded for Agaricus bambusetorum, Bipolaris heliconiae, Crinipellis trichialis, Leucocoprinus cretaceus, Halobyssothecium cangshanense and Parasola setulosa. Corresponding to morphological characters, phylogenetic evidence is also utilized to place the above-mentioned taxa in appropriate taxonomic positions. The current morphological and phylogenetic data is helpful for further clarification of species diversity and exploration of evolutionary relationships in the related fungal groups.
