13. Anu district, Phase E of Uruk III. Sumerian city Uruk. Photo: Project SAHI-Tell Jokha; Drahoslav Hulínek, 2017.

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... high and 1.3m wide, with reliefs carved on both sides. They show different scenes and have therefore been interpreted as mythological (Fig 4.11) and historical side ( Fig. 4.9; ...

Context 2

... reconstructed stele (Fig. 4.9-4.13) is still on display in the Louvre. Originally, it ...

Context 3

... extensive archaeological site can be most likely associated with the important Sumerian royal city of Umma (Fig. 4.1 2015;Hulínek 2014a;2014b;2017b;Hulínek/Hulínková Ťuchová 2016;Invernizzi 1985, 269-271;McMahon 2006, ...

Context 4

... al-Aqarib( Fig. 4 Similar situation was in neighbour region -kingdom, where the similar role of twin cities played Lagash and Girsu. Both city-pairs are 20km away from each other. Significant role ...

Context 5

... under the rule of Sargon of Akkad, this area became part of Akkad-Sumerian Empire for a short period of time. For the first time, Lugalzagesi is called the "shepherd of the people." In one of his inscriptions he presented his will to lead the country like a shepherd. His country would provide safety for his people that should be "as numerous as herbs" in the field. In the inscriptions on the fragments of magnificent stone vessels from the sacred city of Nippur, Lugalzagesi has many secular and religious titles, such as ruler of Umma, king of Uruk ( Fig. 4 Hulínek 2014a;2017c;Klíma 1988, 84, 85;Powell 1978;Pecha 2013, 44-47). Thanks to these victories, Sargon gained control over whole Sumer and founded the ...

Context 6

... can almost certainly say that Tell Jokha (Tell Džocha/Ǧōḫa) can be identified with the most significant Sumerian city in the region -Umma (with 400 ha of the area of the city identified so far), which was one of the main settlements of the kingdom of Umma (Fig. 4.1). It was also the administrative centre of the province of the same name from the times of the Akkadian Empire and the period of reign of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Tell Jokha, however, was in competition with other important cities in the region. It is mainly Umm al-Aqarib ( Fig. 4.2; 4.3) (6.5 km southeast of Tell Jokha), which identifies itself with another major Sumerian centre in this region, with the city of Giš(š)a (archaic version of the name is ĝeš(.eš8)KUŠU2ki). There are even attempts to link this site to Umma and Tell Jokha itself. However, the researchers came to conclusion, that Tell Jokha was almost certainly Umma and Giš(š)a can be associated ...

Context 7

... can almost certainly say that Tell Jokha (Tell Džocha/Ǧōḫa) can be identified with the most significant Sumerian city in the region -Umma (with 400 ha of the area of the city identified so far), which was one of the main settlements of the kingdom of Umma (Fig. 4.1). It was also the administrative centre of the province of the same name from the times of the Akkadian Empire and the period of reign of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Tell Jokha, however, was in competition with other important cities in the region. It is mainly Umm al-Aqarib ( Fig. 4.2; 4.3) (6.5 km southeast of Tell Jokha), which identifies itself with another major Sumerian centre in this region, with the city of Giš(š)a (archaic version of the name is ĝeš(.eš8)KUŠU2ki). There are even attempts to link this site to Umma and Tell Jokha itself. However, the researchers came to conclusion, that Tell Jokha was almost certainly Umma and Giš(š)a can be associated ...

Context 8

... important city in this region was the city of Zabalan (modern-day Tell Ibzeikh), which was at least for a certain period of time a part of the city-state of Umma. Zabalan (also known as Zabala) was most likely similar to centre of city-state in the Jemdet Nasr period (29 th century BC). During the Early Dynastic period this city was for some time under the control of Uruk In case of the kingdom of Lagash, the situation between both cities, Lagash and Girsu ( Fig. 3.2; 4.5; 4.6; 4.7), was more balanced. Lagash itself can be identified with Iraqi archaeological site Tell al-Hiba (Fig.4.6) (400-600 ha of city area identified) and Girsu ( city-state goes back to the Ubaid period (5 th -4 th millennium BC at site Telloh (Tell Telloh); 4 th millennium BC at site Tell al-Hiba) (see also Huh 2008). Lagash kingdom led battles also against Uruk, in addition to drawn out conflict with Umma. The questions about the beginning of settlement of the city of Umma can only be answered with archaeological research. Current ...

Context 9

... ordered the creation of the Stele of the Vultures (Fig. 4.9-4.13) because it was another 23 big attempt to finally stop military clashes between these two cities. King Eannatum came victorious from this conflict, so the scripture from the stele describes this important event from his point of view. According to the rulers of Lagash, the enemy used the riches of the city of god Ningirsu, who was a patron of Lagash kingdom. After Eannatum's victory, the peace agreement was confirmed by an oath in front of the gods. Based on this agreement, new borders were set up. This peace agreement was also written on the Stele of the Vultures and was formulated in favour of the victor, the city-state of Lagash and its centres, Lagash and Girsu. The vassal position of Umma against its "eternal" enemy was described there (Amiet 1977, 369, fig. 238;Bauer 1998, 456-466;Braun-Holzinger 2007, 72 FD 9;2013, 13, 18, 24, 75-81, 145, 154, 170, Taf. 9-10;Cooper 1983;Hulínek 2017b;Huot 1989, 222-224;Parrot 1948;Sarzec 1884Sarzec -1912Sollberger/Kupper ...

Context 10

... first attempt in peace solution of this conflict is recorded during Early Dynastic II represents god Ištaran (whose symbol was a snake). This deity had its temple, aside from other places, also in the city of Der, where it was the main deity. Mesilim is missing from the Sumerian kings list. Although he probably didn't have permanent residency in the city of Kish, his title of the king of the Kish could provide some power and prestige. So far, we don't know how far his power in direction towards southern Sumerian city-states reached. There is extensive evidence that he helped greatly with establishing peace and mutual agreement between the two rivals. It was god Ištaran who was supposed to help him, being considered to be a god of solving conflicts between Umma and Lagash. It is also known that Mesilim slightly favoured Lagash over Umma (Black/Green 1999, 97;Gordon 1953;Pecha 2013, 36-39;Zamarovský 2017, 148, 149; see also Umma. This is proven by an exceptional and well preserved contemporary source known as the Stele of the Vultures (Fig. 4.7-4.13). These remains of a stone plate with scripture were commissioned by victorious Eannatum, Sumerian King of the city of Lagash. This stone plate with its contemporary text is one of the oldest historical documents about the political agreement and description of the course of the conflict between the two city-states. Boundary line between those two kingdoms was renewed, also with the neutral territory -land of no one. ...

Context 11

... discovered fragments of the Stele of the Vultures (Fig. 4 named after the vultures that can be seen in one of these scenes ( Fig. 4.9; 4.10). The stele was originally carved from a single piece of limestone, but only seven fragments are known ...

Context 12

... discovered fragments of the Stele of the Vultures (Fig. 4 named after the vultures that can be seen in one of these scenes ( Fig. 4.9; 4.10). The stele was originally carved from a single piece of limestone, but only seven fragments are known ...