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Antropora hastata. AN2. Hassler Box 45, MCZ 137425 A. Group of zooids. Scale bar 5 200 mm. B. Close-up of zooid with ooecium, regenerated cryptocyst, and two avicularia. Scale bar 5 100 mm. C. Autozooid and avicularia. Scale bar 5 100 mm. D. Close-up of one of the interzooecial avicularia, showing elongate and slightly curved rostrum. Scale bar 5 50 mm.
Source publication
Fifty species of bryozoans from three Brazilian stations dredged by L. Agassiz and L. F. Pourtalès during the Hassler Expedition (1871–1872) are described and illustrated here.
The U.S.S. Hassler was built in New Jersey for use by the U.S. Coast Survey off the west coast of North America. Benjamin Peirce, then superintendent of the Survey, invited...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... proximally. The ooecia are narrow caps. A distal row of pores apparent in young material zooids; most of them be- come embedded in secondary calcification in older zooids. Large avicularia with a semicircular base, complete crossbar, and an elongate rostrum that is expanded and may be tripartite at its tip to match the shape of the mandible (Fig. ...
Context 2
... avicularia with round base and spear-shaped rostra are found beside the orifice and oriented distolaterally; they are usually single but occasionally paired. Ori- fices dimorphic, those of autozooids are figure 8-shaped with an anter and poster almost equal in size, condyles down-curved, poster U-to slightly V-shaped. Orifices of ...
Citations
... The morphometric measurements (including average, observed range, standard deviation and the number of measurements) were performed with the image-processing program Image J (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij), and reported in tables. The systematic paleontology follows the interim classification compiled by Gordon (2014) and the work of Winston et al. (2014). The catalog numbers and metadata of the specimens studied are supplied in Appendix 2. ...
... The type species of this new genus closely resembles the Recent Brazilian species Marcusadorea pinheroi Almeida et al., 2017, in its overall appearance, size of the zooids and ovicells, and density and distribution of pseudopores, but differs in having avicularia. Its allocation in Marcusadorea, however, would not be justified because Marcusadorea jamaicensis Vieira, Migotto, and Winston, 2010, the type species of the genus and family Marcusadoreidae Winston, Vieira, and Woollacott, 2014, has an irregularly perforated frontal shield, marginal areolar pores are distinct from the pseudopores, and peristomial avicularia are sometimes present (Vieira et al., 2010), while Cycloavicularia parva n. gen. n. sp. has an evenly perforated frontal shield and distinctive, small, adventitious avicularia in the distolateral corners of the zooids. ...
Bryozoans are common and diverse in fossil and modern coral reefs. However, studies of bryozoans in ancient reefs are generally limited, and even less is known about fossil bryozoan faunas associated with coral reefs in the Caribbean region. This is the second contribution describing the bryozoan assemblage from the early Miocene (Aquitanian) reefs of the Siamaná Formation in the La Guajira Peninsula, southern Caribbean. Here, we describe and illustrate 17 species of ascophoran-grade cheilostomes, including one new genus and three new species, Ditaxiporina colombiana n. sp., Poricella paulae n. sp., and Cycloavicularia parva n. gen. n. sp. Of the remaining fourteen taxa left in open nomenclature, one is considered confer and three affinis to species previously described, one is identified at family level, and nine at genus level. The Siamaná bryozoan fauna differs in species and colony-form composition from those associated with other paleoenvironments from Oligocene and Miocene localities of North America, the Caribbean, and Brazil.
UUID: http://zoobank.org/043eadcf-0e39-4c1b-b207-f7628d6b5c84
... Another Brazilian congener is Turbicellepora brasiliensis Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014, characterized by having flat colonies, distinct from the spot-like colonies of T. papula n. sp. Other differences include the shape of the autozooids (rectangular and flat in T. brasiliensis and oval to polygonal, raised distally in T. papula n. sp.), frontal calcification (faintly granular in T. brasiliensis and nodular and with warts in T. papula n. sp.) and laterooral avicularia (paired and not incorporated into the peristome in T. brasiliensis but single or paired and always embedded in the peristomial rim in T. papula n. sp.) (Winston et al. 2014). ...
... Another Brazilian congener is Turbicellepora brasiliensis Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014, characterized by having flat colonies, distinct from the spot-like colonies of T. papula n. sp. Other differences include the shape of the autozooids (rectangular and flat in T. brasiliensis and oval to polygonal, raised distally in T. papula n. sp.), frontal calcification (faintly granular in T. brasiliensis and nodular and with warts in T. papula n. sp.) and laterooral avicularia (paired and not incorporated into the peristome in T. brasiliensis but single or paired and always embedded in the peristomial rim in T. papula n. sp.) (Winston et al. 2014). ...
... Among the 16 living species of Plesiocleidochasma, P. brasiliensis n. sp. most resembles Plesiocleidochasma foliosum Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014, from Brazil, Plesiocleidochasma mediterraneum Chimenz Gusso & Soule, 2003, from the Mediterranean Sea, Plesiocleidochasma porcellaniforme (Soule, Soule & Chaney, 1991), from the Indo-Pacific, and Plesiocleidochasma porcellanum (Busk, 1860), reported in different tropical and subtropical areas (see below), all sharing small, subtriangular, latero-oral avicularia (Berning 2012;Pizzaferri & Berning 2007;Soule et al. 1991;Winston et al. 2014). These species differ from P. brasiliensis n. sp., however, in having a deeper orificial sinus (broad and shallow in P. brasiliensis n. sp.) and contrasting avicularian opesial morphology (subtriangular in P. brasiliensis n. sp.; trifoliate in P. foliosum; elliptical in P. mediterraneum and P. porcellaniforme). ...
Despite a recent increase in the number of taxonomic studies on the bryozoan fauna of northeastern Brazil, new discoveries and re-examination of museum specimens allow the continued recognition of new taxa. Here, we describe ten new cheilostome species from the northeastern continental shelf of Brazil based on different museum collections. The new species are: Thalamoporella tupinamba n. sp., Turbicellepora papula n. sp., Plesiocleidochasma brasiliensis n. sp., Plesiocleidochasma infundibulum n. sp., Rhynchozoon turgidum n. sp., Cribrilaria brasiliensis n. sp., Hippoporina titan n. sp., Crepidacantha fasciata n. sp., Crepidacantha browni n. sp., and Hippopodina inarmata n. sp. Some specimens previously reported from northeastern Brazil are here reassigned to the newly described taxa, and two new combinations, Cribrilaria caraguata (Winston & Vieira, 2013) n. comb. and Cribrilaria tuba (Winston & Vieira, 2013) n. comb., are proposed.
... Photo records of each face were analyzed using PhotoQuad software (Trygonis and Sini 2012). Sessile organisms were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible according to specialized literature (e.g., Rodrigues et al., 1998;Bertoncini et al., 2019;Winston et al., 2014), and their abundances were measured through the percentage area covered by each on every structure's four faces (i.e., 4 faces = 2 plates = 1 CAU). ...
Emerging evidence have been supporting the idea that the better known South Atlantic coral reefs (located between 18°S and 24°S) are now essentially senescent structures that have experienced little or no additional vertical reef growth over the past millennia. This has often coincided with a shift to a dominance of non-coral calcifying organisms becoming the main CaCO3 producers in these high latitude and marginal marine settings. Here, we used Calcification Accretion Units (CAUs) and census-based methods to measure non-coral rates of CaCO3 production on the geologically senescent reef and adjacent rhodolith beds within the southernmost subtropical Atlantic reef (i.e., Queimada Grande Reef, QGR). The reef habitat is currently producing CaCO3 at rates of ∼126 g m−2 yr−1. In contrast, fragments of dead corals skeletons deposited adjacent to the reef over the last ∼2000 years are now colonized by crustose coralline red algae. These form a rhodolith bed that produces CaCO3 at rates of 858 g m−2 yr−1. Our results indicate that, whilst not sufficient to promote active net framework accumulation, CaCO3 production by coralline algae and bryozoans on the QGR appears to be sufficient to at least limit net large-scale erosion of the underlying reef structure, allowing the reef structure to persist in a state close to budgetary stasis. Finally, our results are also of relevance for providing insights regarding the balance of CaCO3 production/dissolution/erosion processes in coral reefs, especially in these less understood marginal reefs.
... However, the new species is generally smaller than A. erectirostra (autozooid: 500 x 240 µm; opesia: 250 x 160 µm; avicularia: 130 µm long), and has smooth cap-shaped ovicells (smaller and endozooidal in A. erectirostra). Four Antropora species are known from Brazil: A. hastata Winston et al., 2014, A. minor (Marcus, 1937), A. typica (Canu & Bassler, 1928a), and A. granulifera (Hincks, 1880) (Vieira et al. 2008;Winston et al. 2014;Almeida et al. 2015a). All of them have oval autozooids; A. minor has 8-shaped avicularia; A. hastata has interzooidal avicularia with elongate rostrum; A. granulifera has paired triangular avicularia placed distally and with converging rostral tips; and A. typica has a well-developed gymnocyst. ...
... Among cribrilinids reported from Brazil, Cribrilaria lateralis n. sp. resembles Puellina sp. of Winston et al. (2014), which based on the new classification by Rosso et al. (2018) fits better in Cribrilaria, in having five oral spines, V-shaped apertural bar with a lacuna, and flat radiating costae without midline ridges. However, Puellina sp. ...
... differs in having 14 costae without an outer, raised pelmatidium, and also lacks avicularia. The colony described by Winston et al. (2014) was poorly preserved (with broken and abraded zooids), impeding further morphological comparisons. ...
The reef system off the Amazon River mouth extends from Amapá state to Maranhão state along the Brazilian Equatorial Margin, encompassing more than 10,000 km2 of rhodolith beds and high-relief hard structures on the outer shelf and upper slope. This unique hard bottom mosaic is remarkable for being influenced by the turbid and hyposaline plume from the world’s largest river, and also for representing a connectivity corridor between the Caribbean and Brazil. Bryozoans were recently recognized as major reef builders in the Southwestern Atlantic, but their diversity off the Amazon River mouth remained unknown. Here, we report on recent collections obtained from 23 to 120 m depth in Northern Brazil. Sixty-five bryozoan taxa were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, including 57, five and three taxa of Cheilostomatida, Cyclostomatida and Ctenostomatida, respectively. Cribrilaria smitti and three genera (Cranosina, Glabrilaria and Thornelya) are new records for Brazil, and 13 new species are herein described: Antropora cruzeiro n. sp., Cranosina gilbertoi n. sp., Cribrilaria lateralis n. sp., Crisia brasiliensis n. sp., Glabrilaria antoniettae n. sp., Micropora amapaensis n. sp., Parasmittina amazonensis n. sp., Plesiocleidochasma arcuatum n. sp., Poricella bifurcata n. sp., Pourtalesella duoavicularia n. sp., Stephanollona domuspusilla n. sp., Therenia dianae n. sp., and Thornelya atlanticoensis n. sp. Our results highlight the biodiversity significance of the Amazon reefs and the need for more comprehensive sampling to clarify the role of bryozoans in modern turbid-zone reefs and rhodolith beds.
... 2D). However, the size of the opesia in these fragments is smaller than those of the Dominican specimens, as well as the syntype (MNHN-IB-2008-4546), and other specimens from different regions and ages (Cheetham, 1963(Cheetham, , 1966Winston et al., 2014;. Although Winston and Cheetham (1984) suggested that the variation in size is not significant, and proposed to consider N. tenella as a living fossil, based on the results of the statistical analyses performed on specimens ranging from the Late Cretaceous to the Recent, certain characters, which could reveal differences between localities and periods, such as ooecium morphology, have seldom been recorded. ...
This is the first of two comprehensive taxonomic works on the early Miocene (ca. 23–20 Ma) bryozoan fauna associated with coral reefs from the Siamaná Formation, in the remote region of Cocinetas Basin in the La Guajira Peninsula, northern Colombia, southern Caribbean. Fifteen bryozoan species in 11 families are described, comprising two cyclostomes and 13 cheilostomes. Two cheilostome genera and seven species are new: Antropora guajirensis n. sp., Calpensia caribensis n. sp., Atoichos magnus n. gen. n. sp., Gymnophorella hadra n. gen. n. sp., Cribrilaria multicostata n. sp., Cribrilaria nixor n. sp., and Figularia bragai n. sp. Eight species are identified only at genus level and remain in open nomenclature. Of the species found, 27% have erect colonies and 73% encrusting colonies. Both types contributed to the reef framework and produced sediment. The observed bryozoan diversity was higher in the barrier reefs than in the lagoonal patch reefs.
UUID: http://zoobank.org/5c8468ef-31b0-4e7e-ba93-60a2e2f30b76 .
... pulcherrima Tilbrook, Hayward andGordon, 2001-having costate ooecia (see also Ostrovsky, 2002). Winston et al. (2014) remarked that the occurrence of costate ooecia in F. pulcherrima possibly suggests a better allocation of this species in a distinct genus. Inclusion of costae in the Journal of Paleontology 95(2):268-290 construction of the ooecium has also been observed in Figularia hilli (Osburn, 1950), with two small costae similar to those of the frontal shield added proximally to the larger ooecial halves (see Table 3). ...
Cribrilinid bryozoans originating from Pleistocene deep-water sediments from two localities near Messina (Sicily, Italy)—Capo Milazzo (Gelasian) and Scoppo (Calabrian)—were examined. Five cribrilinid species were found, three in each locality and time interval, with only one species shared. Three species, Cribrilaria profunda n. sp., Glabrilaria transversocarinata n. sp., and Figularia spectabilis n. sp., are new to science. Of the two remaining species, Figularia figularis was already known from local fossil associations, whereas Glabrilaria pedunculata , a present-day Mediterranean species, is recorded for the first time as a fossil. New combinations are suggested for two species previously assigned to Puellina , Cribrilaria saldanhai (Harmelin, 2001) n. comb. and Cribrilaria mikelae (Harmelin, 2006) n. comb. The diagnosis of the genus Figularia was amended to include an erect growth morphology in addition to the encrusting form, and the occurrence of ooecia formed by the distal kenozooid. Following a literature revision of all species currently assigned to Figularia , the new combinations Vitrimurella capitifera (Canu and Bassler, 1929) n. comb. and Hayamiellina quaylei (Powell, 1967a) n. comb. are suggested, and problematic species are listed and briefly discussed.
UUID: http://zoobank.org/b7b36152-bf7b-4e00-b6ec-2614b2a58f1b
... In Brazil, eight species of free-living Cupuladriidae have been reported to date-Cupuladria biporosa Canu & Bassler, 1923(Tommasi et al. 1972Buge 1975); Cupuladria canariensis (Busk, 1859) (Waters 1888;Barbosa 1971;Braga 1967;Marcus & Marcus 1962); Cupuladria monotrema (Busk, 1884) (Busk 1884;Cook 1965a;Buge 1975;Cook & Chimonides 1994;Almeida et al. 2015a;; Discoporella conica (Canu & Bassler, 1930) (also reported as Discoporella umbellata var. conica; Marcus & Marcus 1962;Braga 1967;Migotto et al. 2011); Discoporella depressa (Conrad, 1841) (Cook 1965a;Buge 1975); Discoporella gemmulifera ; Discoporella salvadorensis Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014(Winston et al. 2014; and Discoporella umbellata (Defrance, 1923) (Marcus & Marcus 1962;Tommasi 1967;Tommasi et al. 1972;Winston & Migotto 2005;Migotto et al. 2011;Almeida et al. 2015a;. ...
... In Brazil, eight species of free-living Cupuladriidae have been reported to date-Cupuladria biporosa Canu & Bassler, 1923(Tommasi et al. 1972Buge 1975); Cupuladria canariensis (Busk, 1859) (Waters 1888;Barbosa 1971;Braga 1967;Marcus & Marcus 1962); Cupuladria monotrema (Busk, 1884) (Busk 1884;Cook 1965a;Buge 1975;Cook & Chimonides 1994;Almeida et al. 2015a;; Discoporella conica (Canu & Bassler, 1930) (also reported as Discoporella umbellata var. conica; Marcus & Marcus 1962;Braga 1967;Migotto et al. 2011); Discoporella depressa (Conrad, 1841) (Cook 1965a;Buge 1975); Discoporella gemmulifera ; Discoporella salvadorensis Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014(Winston et al. 2014; and Discoporella umbellata (Defrance, 1923) (Marcus & Marcus 1962;Tommasi 1967;Tommasi et al. 1972;Winston & Migotto 2005;Migotto et al. 2011;Almeida et al. 2015a;. ...
... Only a few additional studies on the ecology of cupuladriids were subsequently published (Braga 1967;Buge 1975). Only three papers have provided full descriptions based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of specimens collected in Brazil (Cook & Chimonides 1994;Winston et al. 2014). Most historical records are currently regarded as belonging to species complexes represented by Cupuladria biporosa, Cupuladria canariensis and Discoporella umbellata (Cadée 1975(Cadée , 1979Cook 1965a;Cook & Chimonides 1994;Herrera-Cubilla et al. 2006Vieira et al. 2008), but many of these records have not been subsequently reviewed or compared with type specimens. ...
Free-living bryozoans, unlike most cheilostomes, live unattached from the substratum on or within soft sedimentary bottoms. Bryozoans of the family Cupuladriidae Lagaaij, 1952 are probably the best-studied free-living representatives. In Brazil, eight species of cupuladriids have been reported to date, including some regarded as species complexes. This paper documents cupuladriid taxa from northeastern and northern Brazil based on the examination of 1236 colonies. Three species previously reported from Brazil are described: Cupuladria monotrema (Busk, 1884), Discoporella gemmulifera Winston & Vieira, 2013 and Discoporella salvadorensis Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014. A new species, Cupuladria minuta n. sp., is erected; it differs from its congeners in having small, flat discoid colonies, with the central area up to the fifth astogenetic generation composed of vicarious avicularia with an auriform opesia, and quadrangular to rectangular basal sectors with 1–6 small openings per sector. Our results suggest that four species previously recorded from Brazil are doubtful—Cupuladria canariensis (Busk, 1859), Cupuladria biporosa Canu & Bassler, 1923, Discoporella umbellata (Defrance, 1923) and Discoporella depressa (Conrad, 1841). Some Brazilian specimens previously assigned to Discoporella umbellata var. conica are re-assigned to D. salvadorensis. The species studied here frequently co-occur on mainly sandy and muddy bottoms at 8–130 m depth, as it is typical of most living populations of cupuladriids. The sedimentation rate, and thus the bottom composition, likely influence the distribution of cupuladriids in Brazil, with Cupuladria species being more common in stabler and coarser sea bottoms than Discoporella species, which tend to be more broadly distributed.
... According to them, Figularia should include taxa with a well-developed lateral gymnocyst and an ooecium that is typically bifenestrate or with ectooecial pseudopores but suggested that the latter character needs reexamination; species with pseudoporous ooecia might not be congeneric. As redefined by Rosso et al. (2020) These now belong to Vitrimurella Winston, Vieira, and Woollacott, 2014, in its own family Vitrimurellidae Winston, Vieira, and Woollacott, 2014. Vitrimurella was erected for Gemellipora lata Smitt, 1873 and includes species with a dimorphic orifice, small costal field, pseudoporous gymnocyst, and pseudoporous ectooecium that were previously assigned to both Figularia and Tremoschizodina Duvergier, 1921. ...
... When introducing Vitrimurellidae, Winston et al. (2014) declined to include it in a specific superfamily, noting similarities with both Trypostegidae (Hippothooidea) and Figularia (Cribrilinoidea), thus leaving the family incertae sedis. Currently, Trypostegidae is regarded as having evolved from a pliophloean ancestor (Voigt and Hillmer, 1983) and is placed within Hippothooidea. ...
Bryozoans with calcified frontal shields formed by the fusion of costae, collectively constituting a spinocyst, are traditionally assigned to the family Cribrilinidae. Today, this family is regarded as nonmonophyletic. In the Argentine Cenozoic, cribrilinids were until recently represented by only two fossil species from the Paleocene of Patagonia. This study describes the first fossil representatives of Jolietina and Parafigularia : J. victoria n. sp. and P. pigafettai n. sp., respectively. A fossil species of Figularia , F. elcanoi n. sp., is also described. The material comes from the early Miocene of the Monte León and Chenque formations (Patagonia, Argentina). For comparison, we also provide redescriptions of the remaining extant species of Jolietina : J. latimarginata (Busk, 1884) and J. pulchra Canu and Bassler, 1928a. The systematic position of some species previously assigned to Figularia is here discussed. Costafigularia n. gen. is erected, with Figularia pulcherrima Tilbrook, Hayward, and Gordon, 2001 as type species. Two species previously assigned to Figularia are here transferred to Costafigularia , resulting in C. jucunda n. comb. and C. tahitiensis n. comb. One species of Figularia is reassigned to Vitrimurella , resulting in V. ampla n. comb. The family Vitrimurellidae is here reassigned to the superfamily Cribrilinoidea. The subgenus Juxtacribrilina is elevated to genus rank. Inferusia is regarded as a subjective synonym of Parafigularia . Parafigularia darwini Moyano, 2011 is synonymized with I. taylori Kuklinski and Barnes, 2009, resulting in Parafigularia taylori n. comb. Morphological data suggest that these genera comprise different lineages, and a discussion on the disparities among cribrilinid (sensu lato) spinocysts is provided.
UUID: http://zoobank.org/215957d3-064b-47e2-9090-d0309f6c9cd8
... Bahia State, in northeastern Brazil, is home to the richest coral reef area along the Brazilian coast (Leão et al. 2008), hosting overlooked and cryptic bryozoan diversity (e.g., Winston et al. 2014;Almeida et al. 2015aAlmeida et al. ,b, 2018aAlmeida et al. , 2018bRamalho et al. 2018), including both cryptogenic and exotic species (Almeida et al. 2015b(Almeida et al. , 2018a(Almeida et al. , 2018bMiranda et al. 2018). Until now, 11 species of the Smittinidae have been recorded in the area (Almeida et al. 2015a(Almeida et al. , 2018aRamalho et al. 2018), typically associated with corals and biogenic substrata (Almeida et al. 2015a(Almeida et al. , 2018a. ...
Here, we present the taxonomy of five little-known cheilostome smittinid species of Bahia State, northeast Brazil, assigned to Hemismittoidea Soule & Soule, 1973, Smittina Norman, 1903, and Smittoidea Osburn, 1952. Specimens of four species previ- ously reported in the studied area were reassessed: Hemismittoidea asymmetrica Ramalho et al., 2018, Smittina affinis (Hincks, 1862), Smittoidea evelinae (Marcus, 1937), and Smittoidea reticulata (MacGillivray, 1842). Hemismittoidea asymmetrica here is considered a junior synonym of Hemismittoidea corallinea Soule & Soule, 1973. The last three species here are assigned to Smittina smittiella Osburn, 1947, Smittoidea numma (Marcus, 1949) comb. nov., and Smittoidea complexa sp. nov., respectively. An additional species, Smittoidea pacifica Soule & Soule, 1973, is recorded for the first time in Brazil. Diagnostic characters of Smittinidae genera and species are discussed, and new combinations are proposed. Most of the taxa reported here were collected from natural substrata, mainly from coral reefs and rhodoliths, and also from artificial structures such as experimental plates, which can provide evidence regarding the passive dispersal ability of these animals (e.g., as hull fouling) and their potential for bioinvasion along the Brazilian coast.
... The genus Stylopoma comprises 34 living and eight fossils species (Bock & Gordon 2020), some recently described (Di Martino et al. 2017). Stylopoma species are common in shallow and warm waters, especially on hard bottoms such as coral reefs and rocky shores, and associated with other benthic organisms including sponges (Tilbrook 2001;Winston et al. 2014;Almeida et al. 2017a). Seven species of Stylopoma have been reported from the Brazilian coast, namely S. aurantiacum Canu & Bassler, 1928a(Canu & Bassler 1928aMigotto et al. 2011;Winston et al. 2014;Almeida et al. 2017a), S. carioca Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014(Winston et al. 2014Almeida et al. 2015a), S. hastata Ramalho et al., 2018, S. rotundum Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014(Winston et al. 2014, S. smitti Winston, 2005(Almeida et al. 2015a, S. spongites (Pallas, 1766) (Canu & Bassler 1928a;Marcus 1937Marcus , 1955Braga 1968) and S. variabilis Ramalho et al., 2018). ...
... Stylopoma species are common in shallow and warm waters, especially on hard bottoms such as coral reefs and rocky shores, and associated with other benthic organisms including sponges (Tilbrook 2001;Winston et al. 2014;Almeida et al. 2017a). Seven species of Stylopoma have been reported from the Brazilian coast, namely S. aurantiacum Canu & Bassler, 1928a(Canu & Bassler 1928aMigotto et al. 2011;Winston et al. 2014;Almeida et al. 2017a), S. carioca Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014(Winston et al. 2014Almeida et al. 2015a), S. hastata Ramalho et al., 2018, S. rotundum Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014(Winston et al. 2014, S. smitti Winston, 2005(Almeida et al. 2015a, S. spongites (Pallas, 1766) (Canu & Bassler 1928a;Marcus 1937Marcus , 1955Braga 1968) and S. variabilis Ramalho et al., 2018). Among these, only two species, S. carioca and S. rotundum, were not recorded from Bahia State (Vieira et al. 2008;Almeida et al. 2015aAlmeida et al. , 2017aRamalho et al. 2018). ...
... Stylopoma species are common in shallow and warm waters, especially on hard bottoms such as coral reefs and rocky shores, and associated with other benthic organisms including sponges (Tilbrook 2001;Winston et al. 2014;Almeida et al. 2017a). Seven species of Stylopoma have been reported from the Brazilian coast, namely S. aurantiacum Canu & Bassler, 1928a(Canu & Bassler 1928aMigotto et al. 2011;Winston et al. 2014;Almeida et al. 2017a), S. carioca Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014(Winston et al. 2014Almeida et al. 2015a), S. hastata Ramalho et al., 2018, S. rotundum Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014(Winston et al. 2014, S. smitti Winston, 2005(Almeida et al. 2015a, S. spongites (Pallas, 1766) (Canu & Bassler 1928a;Marcus 1937Marcus , 1955Braga 1968) and S. variabilis Ramalho et al., 2018). Among these, only two species, S. carioca and S. rotundum, were not recorded from Bahia State (Vieira et al. 2008;Almeida et al. 2015aAlmeida et al. , 2017aRamalho et al. 2018). ...
At date, seven species of Stylopoma Levinsen, 1909 are reported from the Brazilian coast, five of which are known from Bahia State in the northeastern region. Here we describe four new species of Stylopoma, all from Bahia State: Stylopoma corallinum n. sp., Stylopoma faceluciae n. sp., Stylopoma multiavicularia n. sp. and Stylopoma sinuata n. sp. Unlike the Caribbean species of Stylopoma, that mainly have rounded primary orifice and slit-like sinus, the morphology of the primary orifice of Brazilian taxa, including the new species presented here, is quite variable. In the newly described taxa, the sinus is drop-shaped in S. corallinum n. sp. and S. faceluciae n. sp., U-shaped in S. multiavicularia n. sp. and V-shaped in S. sinuata n. sp. Like congeners from the Caribe, S. corallinum n. sp., S. faceluciae n. sp. and S. multiavicularia n. sp. have avicularia on the surface of the ooecia. Remarks on the morphological characters currently used in Stylopoma taxonomy are provided, including a comparative table of all living species worldwide.
