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Antioxidant properties of synthesised polymers compared to literature and commercially available antioxidant.
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In this work, we proved the efficient synthesis of a bio-based hyper-branched polyphenol from a modified lignin degradation fragment. Protocatechuic acid was readily obtained from vanillin, a lignin degradation product, via alkaline conditions, and further polymerised to yield high molecular weight hyperbranched phenol terminated polyesters. Vanill...
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... procedure is adapted from the recommendation of Kedare et al. [31] ( Figure 6). As expected, on account of the higher amount of phenol group, due to its hyperbranched structure, PA-based polymer is almost twice as efficient as VA-polymer, with an EC50 (efficient concentration) of 0.08 mg/mol (Table 2). Antioxidant bio-based polymer represents a high interest in research and for industrial application. ...Context 2
... bio-based polymer represents a high interest in research and for industrial application. By grafting an increasing amount of phenol on the polymer backbone, the antiradical efficacy can be greatly improved (Table 2). Chitosan, a linear biopolymer with no phenol group is often studied as a polymer backbone for grafting antiradical compounds to create bio-based antioxidant polymers, and was compared here to linear VA-polymer. ...Context 3
... procedure is adapted from the recommendation of Kedare et al. [31] (Figure 6). As expected, on account of the higher amount of phenol group, due to its hyperbranched structure, PA-based polymer is almost twice as efficient as VA-polymer, with an EC 50 (efficient concentration) of 0.08 mg/mol (Table 2). Antioxidant bio-based polymer represents a high interest in research and for industrial application. ...Context 4
... bio-based polymer represents a high interest in research and for industrial application. By grafting an increasing amount of phenol on the polymer backbone, the antiradical efficacy can be greatly improved (Table 2). Chitosan, a linear biopolymer with no phenol group is often studied as a polymer backbone for grafting antiradical compounds to create bio-based antioxidant polymers, and was compared here to linear VA-polymer. ...Context 5
... procedure is adapted from the recommendation of Kedare et al. [31] ( Figure 6). As expected, on account of the higher amount of phenol group, due to its hyperbranched structure, PA-based polymer is almost twice as efficient as VA-polymer, with an EC50 (efficient concentration) of 0.08 mg/mol (Table 2). Antioxidant bio-based polymer represents a high interest in research and for industrial application. ...Context 6
... bio-based polymer represents a high interest in research and for industrial application. By grafting an increasing amount of phenol on the polymer backbone, the antiradical efficacy can be greatly improved (Table 2). Chitosan, a linear biopolymer with no phenol group is often studied as a polymer backbone for grafting antiradical compounds to create bio-based antioxidant polymers, and was compared here to linear VA-polymer. ...Citations
... The smoke suppression and flame retardancy of the epoxy thermosets at low phosphorus levels were also significantly improved by the ITA-HBP [145]. [36] Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
... The study showed the need for better characterization of the PA-polymer, especially its degree of branching and mechanical and physical properties. The polymer showed antioxidant properties, due to which its potential applications can be in the field of paint, packaging, emulsions, and drug delivery [36]. ...
Environmental issues, including climate change and plastic pollution, have compelled scientists to look at alternatives to traditional polymers. Scientists are actively researching biobased hyperbranched polymers, an emerging group of highly branched polymers made from sustainable resources. They are seen as a promising alternative to petrochemical-based polymers. Hyperbranched polymers can be made using single- and double-monomer techniques. This review provides an extensive perspective of the synthesis and properties of biobased hyperbranched polymers made from a variety of renewable starting materials, including starch, lignin, vanillin, levulinic acid, furfurylamine, ferulic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, and tannic acid and various vegetable oils have been investigated till date. Most of these biobased hyperbranched polymers have been created using vegetable oil as their raw materials because numerous vegetable oil derivatives like monoglycerides, polyols, and fatty acids can be potentially used as monomers for the polymer. In the paper, specifics about modified biobased hyperbranched polymers, their composites, nanocomposites, and functionalized versions are highlighted. These materials belong to a class that combines the special characteristics of hyperbranched polymers with the reinforcing and functionalizing effects of fillers like silver, carbon, silicone, clay, etc. Lastly, the paper also discusses the various practical applications of biobased hyperbranched polymers in various industrial sectors and their prospects for the future.
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... The reaction of pure vanillin to vanillic acid in highly alkaline media is already known. [71] The reaction occurs within 45 min at 150 °C in potassium hydroxide solution (8.25 g L −1 ). Since 40 wt% NaOH has shown to be ideally suited for efficient ferrate electro-generation, the same concentration was used for lignin degradation under the assumption that formed vanillin is directly overoxidized to the corresponding acid in a single step. ...
A new method is presented using electrochemically generated ferrate to degrade the technically relevant bio‐based side‐stream products, lignin and lignosulfonate. An exclusive degradation to vanillic acid is found, which was previously a reported by‐product. As a natural resource, lignin can be utilized to substitute fossil‐based chemicals in the industry to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and positively impact climate change. Ferrate is generated from grey cast iron sacrificial anodes in 40 wt% NaOH with a current efficiency of over 22% at a current density of up to 100 mA cm⁻². Vanillic acid is obtained as the sole product after optimizing the reaction parameters, temperature, time, and ferrate concentration for the lignosulfonate degradation via the design of experiments. As a result, yields of 7.2 wt% of the flavoring agent and antioxidant vanillic acid are achieved. The presented two‐step degradation provides an inexpensive path for the production of vanillic acid on a laboratory scale from a highly abundant bio‐based side‐stream.
... In the devised synthetic strategy, vanillin (3) was used as the sole starting material for preparation of all aglycons and acylating agents for late-stage functionalization of vanilloloside (Fig. 2, top). Vanillin was converted to vanillic acid (4, 80%) by fusion with lye [35]. The free phenolic hydroxy group in 4 was then acetylated (5, 88%) in order to avoid self-condensation upon subsequent preparation of acyl chloride 6 (>95%). ...
The first total synthesis of vanilloloside, calleryanin, and a series of naturally occurring ω-esters of vanilloloside was realized through direct glycosylation of vanillin-based aglycones or late-stage derivatization of vanilloloside. All aglycones and their fragments were synthesized from vanillin as the sole aromatic precursor. Subsequently, these intermediates were used to construct various vanillin-derived glucoside ω-esters using a mild acidic deacetylation as the key synthetic step, providing the final products in the total yields of 10–50% and general purity of >95%. Additionally, the first operationally simple and sustainable synthesis of litseafoloside B was realized on large scale, avoiding the use of toxic solvents and reagents, providing an attractive alternative to isolation of this and other similar compounds from plant sources.
... Vanillin was converted to vanillic acid (4, 80%) by fusion with lye. [35] The free phenolic hydroxy group in 4 was then acetylated (5, 88%) in order to avoid self-condensation upon subsequent preparation of acyl chloride 6 (>95%). Ferulic acid (7) was obtained from vanillin through treatment with malonic acid and a pyridine/piperidine mixture, [36] providing the desired product in 92% yield. ...
... Thus, the relative configuration of the aglycone could be the same as those structures, and compound 1 was newly identified as (3S*,5R*,6R*,9R*)-6,9epoxy-3,5-megastigmanediol 3-O-rutinoside. Structures of 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6-hepten-3-one (2), 3,5,7,4′tetramethoxyflavone (3), 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (4), indole-3-carboxaldehyde (5) and vanillic acid (6) were elucidated by comparing their NMR data to those of previous studies [16][17][18][19][20]. ...
... Other compounds, such as methylglyoxal [13] and glyoxylic acid [14], may provide functional groups in the derivation of PPs to promote the succession of PPs. In addition, hydroxylation, methylation, and methoxylation also have an important impact on the succession of PPs [15,16]. Food processing often causes changes in a variety of environmental factors that affect the accumulation of PPs, which makes the formation mechanism of PPs complicated and difficult to regulate. ...
... For example, the isomerization reaction of catechins [25] and the reaction of malonic acid and PP 1 to PP 3 [30]. Thirdly, the hydroxyl and aldehyde groups in PPs may be oxidized to carboxyl groups at high temperatures, thereby promoting the occurrence of oxidation reactions [15,31]. For example, the aldehyde group in PP 1 is oxidized to produce PP 2 [32], and induce the conversion between PP 8 and PP 7. In addition, (PP 5) 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and (PP 4) 4-hydroxycinnamic acid are the precursors for the synthesis of other hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid phenolic acids, respectively. ...
Polyphenols (PPs) are the main contributors to the health functions of Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV) and are mainly produced during the smoking process. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of regulating the accumulation of total water-soluble PPs (TWSP) by changing environmental factors based on the distribution of PPs. A total of eleven PPs, such as vanillin, vanillic acid, and (e)-ferulic acid, were detected during the smoking process. During the smoking process, the content of TWSP gradually increased and was accompanied by changes in environmental factors. Spearman correlation analysis and verification experiments showed that temperature, amino acids, and reducing sugars, as the main influencing factors, promoted the accumulation of TWSP. The in situ regulation strategy of changing environmental factors significantly increased the accumulation of TWSP by 12.24%.
... Moreover, they are usually endowed with a range of antioxidant properties which further add to the potential of this material [30]. Remarkable examples include, among others, polymerized flavonoids [31,32], lignin-inspired polymers [33], sinapic acid-derived polymers [34], catechol and gallol-type polymers [35]. ...
Phenolic polymers produced by enzymatic oxidation under biomimetic and eco-friendly reaction conditions are usually endowed with potent antioxidant properties. These properties, coupled with the higher biocompatibility, stability and processability compared to low-molecular weight phenolic compounds, open important perspectives for various applications. Herein, we report the marked boosting effect of acid treatment on the antioxidant properties of a series of polymers obtained by peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of natural phenolic compounds. Both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays indicated a remarkable increase in the antioxidant properties for most phenolic polymers further to the acid treatment. In particular, up to a ca. 60% decrease in the EC50 value in the DPPH assay and a 5-fold increase in the Trolox equivalents were observed. Nitric oxide- and superoxide-scavenging assays also indicated highly specific boosting effects of the acid treatment. Spectroscopic evidence suggested, in most cases, that the occurrence of structural modifications induced by the acid treatment led to more extended π-electron-conjugated species endowed with more efficient electron transfer properties. These results open new perspectives toward the design of new bioinspired antioxidants for application in food, biomedicine and material sciences.
The paper provides an introduction to biomaterials covered and their available types, such as metal, ceramic, polymer, and composites. Biomaterials are structures, devices, or materials that may repair or implant tissue. Biomaterials are biocompatible that have high mechanical strength, and need a long time to break down. A biomaterial is any natural or synthetic material that regularly touches the human body or is utilized to replace or restore biological tissue—metallic systems in the body and numerous ceramic and polymeric implant materials and systems. Polymers as biomaterials have had a significant impact on medical technology development. Furthermore, features of biomaterials such as mechanical, physical, and chemical qualities have been detailed to assist users in selecting the best biomaterial for their needs based on these properties. While these materials do not replace human tissues’ function, they have good physical and mechanical qualities that allow them to be used as body tissue substitutes. Apart from this, biomaterials are applied in various fields, including medicine and pharmacy. Biodegradable polymeric biomaterials, in particular, offer the advantage of being able to be broken down and removed once their purpose is completed. The most common biomaterials are used in tissue engineering, medicine delivery systems, orthopedic, orthodontic, wound healing, and cardiovascular applications. The conclusion summarizes that biomaterials are the most advantageous in medical science. Biomaterial and cellular biology researchers have been working to make biomanufacturing technologies more broadly available for a long time. The main area of focus is medicine, where technology is critical in studying and preventing uncommon diseases.
