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Antioxidant activity of Citrus nobilis peel dry extract in comparison with natural and synthetic commercially available antioxidant components. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 3); a,b: Means within the column with different lowercase superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Source publication
Currently, the potential utilization of fruits and vegetable waste as a source of micronutrients and antioxidants has increased. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrus nobilis peel extract. A modified solvent evaporation technique was employed for peel extract preparation. For e...
Citations
... This indicates low turbidity, suggesting inhibition by compounds with suspected anti-inflammatory activity in the Citrus reticulata peel extract. A study on the anti-protein denaturation effect of Citrus nobilis peel methanol extract (Malik et al., 2021) obtained an inhibition percentage of approximately 85% at the highest concentration (200 mg/mL). In this study, a % inhibition percentage of 79.8% was obtained at the highest concentration of 800 µg/mL. ...
Background: Inflammation is an initial systemic response that occurs in the body and necessitates prompt management to prevent complications and death. Natural therapies, including Citrus reticulata, rich in hesperidin, a potent anti-inflammatory flavonoid, are gaining attention due to accessibility and safety. Objective: The aims of this study were to characterise Citrus reticulata peel simplicia and extract to ensure their quality, phytochemical screening and determining its anti-inflammatory activity. Method: Simplicia characterisation involves testing water content, total ash content, and acid-insoluble ash content while the extract is tested for water and total ash content. Phytochemical screening is done using the tube method, and the anti-inflammatory activity test is conducted using the protein denaturation method. Result: The extract had water content and total ash content of 14.91% and 1.89%, respectively. The ethanol extract of Citrus reticulata peel contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, quinones, steroids, and terpenoids. It shows anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 132.13 µg/mL, with a difference of approximately 55% to achieve the same level of protein denaturation inhibition as positive control dexamethasone, with an IC50 value of 73.14 µg/mL. Conclusion: Citrus reticulata peel simplicia and ethanol extract met quality standards, contain flavonoids with anti-inflammatory properties, and inhibit inflammation by up to 50% at 132.13 µg/mL.
... Aspirin and deionized water were included as positive and negative controls, respectively. The amount of hemoglobin released into the supernatant was measured using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer by recording the absorbance at 560 nm 32 . The % of HRBC membrane stabilization was measured using Eq. ...
... The diameter of the zones of inhibition was measured using a calibrated ruler or digital caliper to assess the extent of microbial growth inhibition. Additionally, IC50 values, representing the concentration of the test sample required to inhibit microbial growth by 50%, were calculated using appropriate statistical methods 32 . ...
Oral disorders can exert systemic ramifications beyond their localized effects on dental tissues, implicating a wide array of physiological conditions. The utilization of essential oils (EOs) for protection of oral health represents a longstanding practice. Consequently, in this investigation, essential oil derived from Nigella sativa seeds (NSEO) underwent isolation via the hydro-distillation process, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antibacterial activities, and cytocompatibility. The isolated NSEO manifested as a pale-yellow substance and was found to harbor a diverse spectrum of bioactive constituents, including steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, proteins, alkaloids, tannin, sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons, monoterpenoid alcohol, and monoterpenoid ketone (thymoquinone). Notably, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of NSEO were quantified at 641.23 μg GAE/gm and 442.25 μg QE/g, respectively. Furthermore, NSEO exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, HRBC membrane stabilization, and hemolysis inhibition. Comparative analysis revealed that NSEO and chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% displayed substantial inhibition of hemolysis compared to aspirin. While NSEO and CHX 0.2% demonstrated analogous antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, NSEO showcased heightened efficacy against Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans. Additionally, NSEO exhibited pronounced effects against periodontal pathogens such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia. Importantly, no cytotoxicity was observed on human gingival fibroblast cell lines. These findings underscore the potential of NSEO as a potent antibacterial and antifungal agent in the management of oral microbial pathogens, thereby offering avenues for the development of innovative therapies targeting diverse oral inflammatory conditions. Nevertheless, further investigations are imperative to unlock its full therapeutic repertoire.
... They discovered that the oil possessed antibacterial properties and could combat harmful bacteria like Cutibacterium acnes. Citrus nobilis, another member of the Citrus genus, is a potential source of phenolic compounds such as flavonol and flavanones (MALIK et al., 2021). Unfortunately, there are few reports on extracting essential oils from Citrus nobilis, with most limited to steam distillation (AGAPIN, 2020) or methanol-assisted extraction (MALIK et al., 2021). ...
... Citrus nobilis, another member of the Citrus genus, is a potential source of phenolic compounds such as flavonol and flavanones (MALIK et al., 2021). Unfortunately, there are few reports on extracting essential oils from Citrus nobilis, with most limited to steam distillation (AGAPIN, 2020) or methanol-assisted extraction (MALIK et al., 2021). ...
This study determined the extraction conditions, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Citrus nobilis. The results illustrated that soaking in the 9% (w/v) NaCl solution for 2 h with a sample and solvent ratio of 1:3 (w/v) and a subsequent extraction time of 45 min yielded the highest extraction efficiency, reaching 3.66% (w/w). The main chemical components of the essential oils were limonene (90.42%), β-myrcene (4.7%), and α-pinene (1.22%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the density of 5x104, 5x105, and 5x106 cells/mL of Escherichia coli were 100, 125, and 125 mg/mL, respectively; for Staphylococcus aureus were 75, 100, and 125 mg/mL, respectively; and for Bacillus cereus were 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at densities of 5x104, 5x105, 5x106 cells/mL of E. coli were 175, 225, 225 mg/mL, S. aureus were 150, 200, 225 mg/mL, and B. cereus were 125, 175, 200 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activities of Aspergillus flavus of orange essential oils according to the agar dilution method at concentrations of 0.025-0.1%) on the 5th day were 8.84-30.61%.
... The high Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content observed in Citrus maxima in the present study corroborate Abirami's findings, suggesting a broad spectrum of health benefits across different extracts of the same fruit (20,21). Similarly, Malik's 2021 research on the peel extract of C. nobilis emphasizes its strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiinflammatory properties (22). This complements the findings of the current study, where Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa exhibited significant antioxidant activity. ...
Background: The pharmacological properties of citrus fruits have long been recognized in traditional medicine, with recent scientific studies corroborating their potential as sources of natural bioactive compounds. Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, in particular, have garnered attention for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. Prior research has highlighted these species' capabilities, with various studies reporting on their significant health benefits. Objective: This study aims to evaluate and compare the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from the peels of Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, thereby contributing to the understanding of their potential therapeutic applications. Methods: Essential oils were extracted from the peels of the three citrus species using hydro distillation. The antioxidant activity was assessed through Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. Antiglycation potential and alpha-amylase inhibition were evaluated for antidiabetic properties, while antimicrobial activity was determined using the Agar Well Diffusion Method. Results: Citrus limettarisso showed the highest TPC (301.4474 ± 2.930402 mg GAE/100g) and significant antioxidant activity (68.26347% DPPH scavenging). Citrus maxima exhibited a high TFC (143.8727 ± 5.454545 mg CE/100g) but lower TPC (115.8333 ± 3.553444 mg GAE/100g). Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa demonstrated considerable TPC (244.1667 ± 5.862774 mg GAE/100g) and TFC (50.17576 ± 0.457566 mg CE/100g). Antiglycation and alpha-amylase inhibition assays revealed Citrus limettarisso as the most potent antidiabetic agent with the highest inhibition percentages. All three species showed significant antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: The study confirms the substantial pharmacological potential of Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, particularly in terms of their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Citrus limettarisso emerged as the most potent in most assays, underscoring its potential for therapeutic use. These findings support the use of these citrus species as natural sources of bioactive compounds for health and medical applications. It carries special importance for public health advancements.
... On the other hand, the significant inhibitory activity was observed in diclofenac treated rats (Fig. 4). However, the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts of various plants such as Mollugo cerviana, Citrus nobilis, Palicourea crocea, Callicarpa arborea Roxb have been demonstrated previously (Antony et al. 2022;Malik et al. 2021;Formagio et al. 2019;Ema et al. 2023). Furthermore, The exhibited anti-inflammatory properties may be attributed to the presence of bio active compounds in plant extract. ...
... Furthermore, The exhibited anti-inflammatory properties may be attributed to the presence of bio active compounds in plant extract. In addition, the bioactive components within the extract may play a role in stabilizing membranes by potentially suppressing the release of lysosomal constituents from neutrophils at sites of inflammation (Malik et al. 2021). ...
Ottonia anisum ( O. anisum ), belonging to the family Piperaceae, is renowned for its medicinal properties. The plant is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids with recorded bioactivities. The stems, roots, and leaves, of the O. anisum have been extensively used in the folk medicine. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the pharmacological activities of O. anisum root extract. Methanolic root extract of O. anisum was assessed for local anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and HCl-induced acute lung injury activities in animal models. Local anesthetic activity assessed in frog and guinea pigs through foot withdrawal reflex and intradermal wheal method, respectively, revealed the dose-dependent onset time of anesthesia response. In the case of HCl-induced ALI, the mice group orally administered with O. anisum extract were assessed for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLF) contents, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory molecules. The analysis revealed the reduction in inflammatory molecules, neutrophils, and oxidative stress in the extract treated mice group. In addition, the redox homeostasis, reduced GSH and the catalase activity was found to be restored in the treated groups. Intriguingly, the genes associated with the NFkB expression was found to be downregulated in O. anisum extract treated groups. Moreover, the extract unveiled the significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Overall, the findings emphasize the clinical applicability of O. anisum extract in the treatment of ALI as well as the potential usage in local anesthetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents during the treatments.
Graphical Abstract
... Due to its aromatic flavour and smell, it has many applications in food products (candy, ice cream, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, gelatin), cosmetic (perfumes, body care products) products, household products (soaps, detergents, air fresheners) and drugs (Geraci et al., 2017;Singh et al., 2021). Active compounds (monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes) in essential oils have been reported to have antimicrobial activities against many microorganisms such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton alba, some gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli DH5α and Citrobacter freundii) and some gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) (Bendaha and Salhi, 2016;Djenane, 2015;Khan et al., 2013;Malik et al., 2021;Moosavy et al., 2017). Strong free radical scavenging activity of the essential oils were also verified by several in vitro measurements such as ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assays (Di Vaio et al., 2010;Khan et al., 2013;Lin et al., 2019;Sarrou et al., 2013). ...
... These concerns have prompted researchers to look for natural sources of antioxidants to improve food shelf life. Natural products, including herbs and spices, contain a high concentration of bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids, which give them antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (Malik et al., 2021). Several antioxidants from plants such as clove powder (Mohamed Ahmed et al., 2022), Argel leaf (Al-Juhaimi et al., 2018a,b), Moringa , pistachio seed hull extracts (Al-Juhaimi et al., 2017), Acacia nilotica seed extract (Babiker et al., 2019), and mulberry fruit powder (Huang et al., 2022) have been demonstrated to have high-quality properties and extend the oxidative stability of processed meats. ...
... In addition, Malik et al. stated that secondary metabolites from plants would disperse in methanol and lead methanol molecules to escape from the bonds quickly after collecting enough kinetic energy from its exchange with neighbor molecules. It resulted in methanol quickly leaving the mass of liquids to join the air as a vapor 78 . Therefore, methanol is a good option for choosing an organic solvent to extract wood matters in flavonoid, phenolic, furanoid, and saccharide components. ...
Gonystylus bancanus wood or ramin wood has been generally known as a source of agarwood (gaharu) bouya, a kind of agarwood inferior type, or under the exported trading name of aetoxylon oil. The massive exploitation of ramin wood is causing this plant's extinction and putting it on Appendix II CITES and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. To date, no scientific publication concerns the chemical exploration of G. bancanus wood and preserving this germplasm through its metabolite profiling. Therefore, research focused on chemical components profiling of G. bancanus is promised. This research is aimed to explore metabolomics and analyze the influence of solvent polarities on the partitioning of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. A range of solvents in different polarities was applied to provide comprehensive extraction of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. Moreover, a hydrodistillation was also carried out to extract the volatile compounds despite the non-volatile ones. LCMS and GCMS analyses were performed to identify volatile and non-volatile components in the extracts and essential oil. Multivariate data analysis was processed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. 142 metabolites were identified by LCMS analysis, while 89 metabolites were identified by GCMS analysis. Terpenoids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, and saccharides are some major compound classes available from LCMS data. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, especially 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and β-eudesmol, are the major volatile components identified from GCMS analysis. PCA of LCMS analysis demonstrated that PC1 discriminated two clusters: essential oil, dichloromethane, and n- hexane extracts were in the positive quadrant, while methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were in the negative quadrant. Three-dimensional analysis of GCMS data revealed that n- hexane extract was in the superior quadrant, and its composition can be significantly distinguished from other extracts and essential oil. G. bancanus wood comprises valuable metabolites, i.e., terpenoids, which benefit the essential oil industry. Comprehensive extraction by performing solvents in different polarities on G. bancanus wood could allow exploration of fully extracted metabolites, supported by the exhibition of identified metabolites from LCMS and GCMS analysis.
... Antimicrobial activity of essential oil The extracted essential oil was examined for the antimicrobial activity [13] against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram + ve) and Escherichia coli (Gram -ve) by employing agar well diffusion assay. To perform the assay, Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plates were prepared and inoculated with 1 X 10 8 cells/ml of each microbial strain using the spread plate technique. ...
... The antimicrobial activity of essential oil could be due to its compounds like limonene, α-pinene, Myrcene, Camphene etc. These compounds will diffuse into the cell membrane leads to the leakage of cell wall material [13]. Our results were in accordance with the work done by [13,28] who observed the antimicrobial properties of Citrus nobilis and orange peel. ...
... These compounds will diffuse into the cell membrane leads to the leakage of cell wall material [13]. Our results were in accordance with the work done by [13,28] who observed the antimicrobial properties of Citrus nobilis and orange peel. ...
Purpose
The extraction of essential oil from citrus fruit peel is an innovative way to make use of a valuable component that is often considered waste. This research focused on extracting essential oil from three different galgal cultivars (Punjab Galgal; PBG, Haryana Galgal; HRG, and Himachal Galgal; HPG) using various methods. The extracted oils were tested for bioactive components, which were subsequently investigated for antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
Method
The peel obtained from various fruit cultivars were examined for physicochemical and phytochemical properties. The essential oils were then extracted from peel by employing different techniques and the yield was calculated to adopt best possible method. The characterization of bioactive components in essential oils was done using gas chromatography mass spectrometry method. Finally, the essential oils were studied for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
Results
The pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, moisture, color, proteins, fat, fibers, total carotenoids, chlorophyll, and ash content of fruit peel varied across different fruit varieties. Among the methods tested for essential oil extraction, the Clevenger method demonstrated superior performance compared to supercritical fluid, steam distillation, microwave-assisted, and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The essential oils extracted from the fruit peels contained varying amounts of D-limonene, a-ocimene, a-myrcene, and a-pinene, with variations observed among different cultivars. Furthermore, all essential oils exhibited good antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Conclusion
The utilization of essential oils as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in foods is an effective strategy for fruit industry waste valorization, and it could also best serve as a substitute for various chemical preservatives.
... Interestingly, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by the ACCF is consistent with its antioxidant potential. Previous findings demonstrated that natural extracts with antioxidant activity also display remarkable membrane stabilization properties concentration-dependent [49]. ...
Allolobophora caliginosa, an indigenous earthworm of Egypt, has been widely utilized in the pharmaceutical industry because it has many therapeutic properties. These therapeutic properties may be attributed to the earthworm's coelomic fluid being a promising reservoir of bioactive secondary metabolites. Hence, the current study was intended to identify the bioactive constituents and the biological activities of Allolobophora caliginosa coelomic fluid (ACCF). The active constituents, total protein content, and amino acid profile of ACCF were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, the Biuret method, and an amino acid analyzer. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity activities of ACCF were evaluated using in vitro assays. The analgesic effect was evaluated using the writhing and hot plate assays. The antipyretic potency was determined using Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia assay. Various active phenolic and flavonoid constituents and a considerable amount of essential and non-essential amino acids, were found in ACCF. The current study clarified that ACCF exhibited dose-dependent radical scavenging and potent anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, the proliferation of HepG2 could be inhibited by ACCF with the IC50 value of 145.99 µg/ml. The present findings revealed that ACCF showed amazing peripherally and centrally analgesic and antipyretic potencies. ACCF has various secondary metabolites that were likely to act synergistically to produce the observed biological activities. Thus, it can be served as a promising alternative natural compound for the prophylaxis or treatment of infectious disorders.
