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Antifungal activity of chitinase. In vitro growth inhibitory activity of chitinase against (A) Rhizoctonia solani, (B) Bipolaris sp., (C) Alternaria raphani, (D) Alternaria brassicicola. (1) Control, phosphate buffer 0.02 M; (2) cellfree media; (3) partial purified chitinase; (4) partial purified chitinase that boiled for 5 min.
Source publication
Chitinases have the ability of chitin digestion that constitutes a main compound of the cell wall in many of the phytopathogens such as fungi. In the following investigation, a novel chitinase with antifungal activity was characterized from a native Serratia marcescens B4A. Partially purified enzyme had an apparent molecular mass of 54 kDa. It indi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... 6A-D presents antifungal activity of chitinase against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani (Fig 6A), Bipolaris sp. (Fig 6B), ...
Context 2
... 6A-D presents antifungal activity of chitinase against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani (Fig 6A), Bipolaris sp. (Fig 6B), ...
Context 3
... raphani (Fig 6C), and Alternaria brassicicola ( Fig 6D). However, it had no antifungal effects on S. ...
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Citations
... Firstly, the Chitinase enzyme shows moderate antifungal properties against various phytopathogenic fungi, including Bipolaris spp., Aphanomyces raphani, Alternaria brassicicola, A. fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae and showed the highest antifungal activity with large inhibition zones (>18 mm) against A. niger, Penicillium oxysporium and A. oryzae and low inhibition activity (<12 mm) against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and Candida albicans, while they did not exhibit any activity against F. graminearum, S. sclerotiorum and T. reesei when were subjected to be tested on plates containing potato dextrose agar by agar well diffusion assay (Zarei et al., 2011), as well as, only the purified chitinase with an activity of 50 U derived from Bacillus spp. and P. aeruginosa are effective when tested for their antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacterial species demonstrating the highest inhibition (inhibition zone diameter of 14 mm) against S. aureus, followed by S. typhi and P. aeruginosa, while enzymes showed moderate activity against S. typhimurium, K. pneumoniae, Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Aeromonas hydrophila and Photobacterium damselam E. coli and S. pneumoniae and there was no observed efficacy against P. damsela (Yasir et al., 2021;Carneiro de Medeiros et al., 2018;Farag et al., 2016). ...
Enzymes are substances produced by living organisms that are used to catalyze some biological and biochemical reactions as they either catalyze some types of polysaccharides and proteins or lyse complex materials such as polymers and lipids. Microbial enzymes are defined as the enzymes that can be extracted and purified from bacterial strains such as Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Streptomyces, or fungal strains such as Aspergillus spp., these enzymes have a substantial impact on various uses in medical and pharmaceutical fields. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of these enzymes are extensively researched and recognized as their primary applications in fighting microbial infections and resistance across different fields. Numerous enzymes, including Chitinase, Lipase, and L-Asparaginase, demonstrate broad antimicrobial activity with low MIC values and large inhibition zones, while only chitinase exhibits antiparasitic activity, and Chitosanase exhibits antifungal activity. Also, the antibiofilm activity of microbial enzymes is widely reported among various types of enzymes such as Keratinase, Pectinase, and Cellulase. It was observed that the antiviral activity is still under investigation and limited to L-asparaginase and Lipase only. More studies need to be carried out to discover more biological activities of several microbial enzymes contributing to the upgrading, improvement, and advancement of the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, this review aims to determine and summarize the commonly reported microbial enzymes and their activity as antimicrobials to be used in pharmaceutical and medical applications. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first review that summarizes the most important microbial enzymes that report different antimicrobial activities.
... Chitin is also a major component of most fungal cell walls, so enzymes in the chitinolytic system play an important role in controlling fungi. The enzymatic lysis of the fungal cell wall via extracellular chitinase is implicated as a biological control mechanism by bacterial agents [64]. Thus, antifungal activity of three chitinases against F. oxysporum and F. graminearum was compared through disc-diffusion susceptibility assay and a conidial germination test. ...
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, respectively, have several biological activities including insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thus, XnChi, XhChi, and PtChi, chitinases of X. nematophila, X. hominickii, and P. temperata isolated from Korean indigenous EPNs S. carpocapsae GJ1-2, S. monticolum GJ11-1, and H. megidis GJ1-2 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 to compare their biological activities. Chitinase proteins of these bacterial symbionts purified using the Ni-NTA system showed different chitobiosidase and endochitinase activities, but N-acetylglucosamidinase activities were not shown in the measuring of chitinolytic activity through N-acetyl-D-glucosarmine oligomers. In addition, the proteins showed different insecticidal and antifungal activities. XnChi showed the highest insecticidal activity against Galleria mellonella, followed by PtChi and XhChi. In antifungal activity, XhChi showed the highest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against Fusarium oxysporum with 0.031 mg/mL, followed by PtChi with 0.046 mg/mL, and XnChi with 0.072 mg/mL. XhChi also showed the highest IC50 against F. graminearum with 0.040 mg/mL, but XnChi was more toxic than PtChi with 0.055 mg/mL and 0.133 mg/mL, respectively. This study provides an innovative approach to the biological control of insect pests and fungal diseases of plants with the biological activity of symbiotic bacterial chitinases of entomopathogenic nematodes.
... S. marcescens is responsible for the vegetable yellow vine disease that induces leaf yellowing, withering, and even death [4]. Chemical drugs are adopted as the main measures for preventing and treating vegetable disease [5]. However, the extensive application of chemical drugs has led to serious drug resistance [5], and drug residues in food products also pose a threat to the environment and human health [6]. ...
... Chemical drugs are adopted as the main measures for preventing and treating vegetable disease [5]. However, the extensive application of chemical drugs has led to serious drug resistance [5], and drug residues in food products also pose a threat to the environment and human health [6]. Therefore, new approaches to defend against infections induced by S. marcescens without extensive fungicidal use are urgently needed. ...
This study investigated the antivirulence capacity and mechanism of apple-skin-derived phloretin against Serratia marcescens NJ01, a vegetable spoilage bacterium. At 0.5 to 2 mg/mL doses, phloretin considerably inhibited the secretion of acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), indicating that phloretin disrupted quorum sensing (QS) in S. marcescens NJ01. The dysfunction of QS resulted in reduced biofilms and the decreased production of protease, prodigiosin, extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), and swimming and swarming motilities. Dysfunctional QS also weakened the activity of antioxidant enzymes and improved oxidative injury. The improved oxidative injury changed the composition of the membrane, improved membrane permeability, and eventually increased the susceptibility of biofilm cells to amikacin, netilmicin, and imipenem. The disrupted QS and enhanced oxidative stress also caused disorders of amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism, and ultimately attenuated the ability of S. marcescens NJ01 to induce spoilage. Our results indicated that phloretin can act as a potent drug to defend against spoilage by S. marcescens.
... The antifungal activity of mucus components, such as lysozyme [168,169] or chitinases [170], have been demonstrated. Some studies suggest that the lysozyme may disrupt cell wall integrity by hydrolyzing the glycosidic linkages between cell wall proteins and polysaccharides [168]. ...
... Other hypotheses include that lysozyme is likely to induce apoptosis in this fungus accompanied by activation of membrane potassium channels [169]. Regarding chitinases, they catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin, a main component of the cell wall in fungi [170]. ...
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This review aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the potential of fish skin mucus as a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
... Protease activity was determined by the degradation of casein, according to Rais et al. [106]. Chitinase activity was measured according to the method described by Zarei et al. [107], with colloidal chitin as the substrate. The lytic enzyme activity was calculated following the formula described by Rais et al. [106]. ...
Fungal phytopathogens are challenging to control due to their penetration into plant tissues. Therefore, plant-colonizing bacteria could serve as an excellent weapon in fighting fungal infections. In this study, we aim to determine the biocontrol potential of the new endophytic strain Serratia quinivorans KP32, isolated from the roots of Petroselinum crispum L.; identify the related mechanisms; and understand the basis of its antagonistic interaction with taxonomically diverse fungi at the molecular level. The KP32 strain presented biological activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum dematium, Fusarium avenaceum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and its ability to inhibit the growth of the phytopathogens was found to be mediated by a broad spectrum of biocontrol features, such as the production of a number of lytic enzymes (amylases, chitinases, and proteases), siderophores, volatile organic and inorganic compounds, salicylic acid, and N-acyl-homoserine lactones. The higher expression of chitinase (chiA) and genes involved in the biosynthesis of hydrogen cyanide (hcnC), enterobactin (entB), and acetoin (budA) in bacteria exposed to fungal filtrates confirmed that these factors could act in combination, leading to a synergistic inhibitory effect of the strain against phytopathogens. We also confirm the active movement, self-aggregation, exopolysaccharide production, and biofilm formation abilities of the KP32 strain, which are essential for effective plant colonization. Its biological activity and colonization potential indicate that KP32 holds tremendous potential for use as an active biopesticide and plant growth promoter.
... Chitinase (CHI) gene, which encodes the lytic enzyme chitinase, is an antifungal defensive gene against different pathogenic fungi. It catalyzes degradation of chitin, the main structural unit of the cell wall in fungi [22]. Up-regulation of peroxidase gene (POD), which encodes the antioxidant peroxidase enzyme, is one of the reported defense responses against many invading fungal pathogens scavenging the resultant reactive oxygen species (ROS) [23]. ...
... JERF3 regulates many defense-related genes via jasmonate and ethylene signaling pathways triggering the plant responses against different biotic and abiotic stresses [20]. CHI is a defensive gene, which catalyzes degradation of chitin, the main structural unit of the cell wall in fungi [22]. Overexpression of the antioxidant stress marker gene (POD) is one of the reported defense responses scavenging the ROS resulted in the plant tissue due to different stresses [23]. ...
Fusarium root rot, caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., represents one of the most damaging diseases of maize affecting plant growth and yield. In this study, the antagonistic potential of a non-aflatoxigenic endophytic Aspergillus flavus YRB2, isolated from Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl., was tested against F. solani in vitro. In addition, its biocontrol activity against Fusarium root rot of maize was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Its impacts on plant molecular, pathological, physiological, and growth levels were also studied. Results obtained revealed a potent antagonistic behavior for A. flavus YRB2 against F. solani in vitro, recording 80% growth inhibition. Seventeen secondary metabolites were detected in the n-hexane extract of A. flavus YRB2 filtered culture broth using GC-MS analysis. Among them, various antifungal secondary metabolites were produced, namely palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, stearic acid, 2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol, diisobutyl phthalate, and heneicosane. In contrast, HPLC analysis showed that no aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) were detected. Under greenhouse conditions, colonization of maize plants with A. flavus YRB2 exhibited a potential biocontrol activity against Fusarium root rot, recording 73.4% reduction in the disease severity. Triggering of transcriptional expression level of the defense-related genes JERF3 (7.2-fold), CHI II (8-fold), and POD (9.1-fold) was reported, indicating the inducing effect on the plant immunity. In addition, an increment in the antioxidant enzymes POD and PPO, and the total phenolic content in maize roots was also observed in response to this treatment. Moreover, a growth-promoting effect was also observed for colonization of maize plants with A. flavus YRB2. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that A. flavus YRB2 may represent a promising biocontrol and growth-promoting agent for maize plants against Fusarium root rot. Nevertheless, field evaluation is highly requested before the use recommendation.
... Guo et al. [10] also reported that S. marcescens strain SerEW01 could synthesize chitinases that degrade the cell wall of the fungal mycelium. In another study, Zarei et al. [37] reported that S. marcescens inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani, Bipolaris sp., Alternaria raphanin, and Alternaria brassicicola through the expression of a chitinase. ...
Microorganisms represent a viable option for the control of phytopathogens. From the surface of healthy mangoes, different bacteria were isolated. For all isolated bacterial strains, we determined their antimicrobial activity against a fungal strain that caused anthracnose in mangoes and against Alternaria alternata, both in the culture medium and directly on mangoes. The bacterial strains with the highest antifungal activity were identified by sequencing the 16s rRNA gene. Two species of Serratia were identified: marcescens and nematodiphila. Finally, the chitinolytic, glucanolytic, and cellulolytic activity and prodigiosin production of bacteria with antifungal activity was determined. Five fungal strains were isolated from mangoes with anthracnose. Only one strain was responsible for anthracnose in mangoes. This fungal strain was identified as Colletotrichum siamense. Against C. siamense and A. alternata in vitro and in mango selected strains of Serratia showed antifungal activity. Finally, the Serratia strains produced chitinases, glucanases, cellulases and prodigiosin, and the two S. marcescens strains did not produce hemolysins. The three Serratia strains isolated in this study can potentially be used in the biological control of anthracnose caused by C. siamense and A. alternata on mango.
... Extracellular enzyme-like cellulase, chitinase, and proteases produced by these bacteria attack the cell wall of plant pathogenic fungi, causing cell lysis and subsequent death [133]. Chitinase hydrolyzes the polysaccharide chitin, a linear homopolymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetyl-Dglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue found in the cell wall of fungi [134,135]. Antifungal protein degrading enzymes, Proteases, are known to be produced by biocontrol and PGP bacteria [136]. Several species of Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Sphingobium, Streptomyces, and Rhodococcus possess ligninolytic activity in vitro [137]. ...
Chickpea wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, is a disease that decreases chickpea productivity and quality and can reduce its yield by as much as 15%. A newly isolated, moss rhizoid-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain A7, demonstrated strong inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris growth. An in vitro antimicrobial assay revealed A7 to suppress the growth of several fungal and bacterial plant pathogens by secreting secondary metabolites and by producing volatile compounds. In an in vivo pot experiment with Fusarium wilt infection in chickpea, the antagonist A7 exhibited a disease reduction by 77 ± 1.5%, and significantly reduced the disease incidence and severity indexes. Furthermore, A7 promoted chickpea growth in terms of root and shoot length and dry biomass during pot assay. The strain exhibited several traits associated with plant growth promotion, extracellular enzymatic production, and stress tolerance. Under aluminum stress conditions, in vitro growth of chickpea plants by A7 resulted in a significant increase in root length and plant biomass production. Additionally, hallmark genes for antibiotics production were identified in A7. The methanol extract of strain A7 demonstrated antimicrobial activity, leading to the identification of various antimicrobial compounds based on retention time and molecular weight. These findings strongly suggest that the strain’s significant biocontrol potential and plant growth enhancement could be a potential environmentally friendly process in agricultural crop production.
... Among these microbes, Serratia species as gram-negative bacteria was widely distributed in soil [15]. They were well known for the degradation of chitin by releasing of chitinase [16], as well as soilborne pathogens control activity [17]. Additionally, Serratia marcescens CTM50650, NBRI1213 and GPS-5 showed active P-solubilizing activity in medium and liquid suspension [7,18,19]. ...
Background
Soil fertility decline and pathogen infection are severe issues for crop production all over the world. Microbes as inherent factors in soil were effective in alleviating fertility decrease, promoting plant growth and controlling plant pathogens et al. Thus, screening microbes with fertility improving and pathogen controlling properties is of great importance to humans.
Results
Bacteria Pt-3 isolated from tea rhizosphere showed multiple functions in solubilizing insoluble phosphate, promoting plant growth, producing abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inhibiting the growth of important fungal pathogens in vitro. According to the 16S rRNA phylogenetic and biochemical analysis, Pt-3 was identified to be Serratia marcescens . The solubilizing zone of Pt-3 in the medium of lecithin and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 was 2.1 cm and 1.8 cm respectively. In liquid medium and soil, the concentration of soluble phosphorus reached 343.9 mg.L − 1 , and 3.98 mg.kg − 1 , and significantly promoted the growth of maize seedling, respectively. Moreover, Pt-3 produced abundant volatiles and greatly inhibited the growth of seven important phytopathogens. The inhibition rate ranged from 75.51 to 100% respectively. Solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry proved that the antifungal volatile was dimethyl disulfide. Dimethyl disulfide can inhibit the germination of Aspergillus flavus , and severely destroy the cell structures under scanning electron microscopy.
Conclusions
S. marcescens Pt-3 with multiple functions will provide novel agent for the production of bioactive fertilizer with P-solubilizing and fungal pathogens control activity.
... Similar results in context to Fe 2+ , Ag and contrary in context to Na + were reported by [31] in the Trichoderma genus. These findings could be attributed to a change in electrostatic bonding that changed the tertiary structure of enzymes and hence their activity [47]. The inhibition of chitinases by Zn 2+ and Hg 2+ could be related to the residues of aspartic and glutamic acid in chitinases [31]. ...
Trichoderma is the most commonly used fungal biocontrol agent throughout the world. In the present study, various Trichoderma isolates were isolated from different vegetable fields. In the isolated microflora, the colony edges varied from wavy to smooth. The mycelial forms were predominantly floccose with hyaline color and conidiophores among all the strains were highly branched. Based on morphological attributes, all the isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum. The molecular identification using multilocus sequencing ITS, rpb2 and tef1α, genes further confirmed the morphological identification. The average chitinase activity varied from 1.13 units/mL to 3.38 units/mL among the various isolates, which increased linearly with temperature from 15 to 30 °C. There was an amplified production in the chitinase production in the presence of Mg+ and Ca2+ and Na+ metal ions, but the presence of certain ions was found to cause the down-regulated chitinase activity, i.e., Zn2+, Hg2+, Fe2+, Ag+ and K+. All the chitinase producing Trichoderma isolates inhibited the growth of tested pathogens viz., Dematophora necatrix, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum at 25% culture-free filtrate concentration under in vitro conditions. Also, under in vivo conditions, the lowest wilt incidence and highest disease control on Fusarium oxysporum was observed in isolate BT4 with mean wilt incidence and disease control of 21% and 48%, respectively. The Trichoderma harzianum identified in this study will be further used in formulation development for the management of diseases under field conditions.
