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Antibacterial susceptibility pattern of the Gram negative bacterial test strains to combination of fractions Ti (A-F).
Source publication
Six fractions, named TiA - TiF, were obtained by fractionating the crude ethanol extract of the stem bark of Tamarindus indica using column chromatographic techniques. On TLC, fraction TiB showed five bands, TiC three bands, while TiD and TiE showed two bands each. TiC, TiD and TiE were re-eluted with different solvent systems to yield two fraction...
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Context 1
... chromatographic fractionation of the ethanol extract of T. indica stem bark yielded (in order of elution) the fractions designated as TiA, TiB, TiC, TiD, TiE and TiF. TiA and TiF each showed a single band by TLC, whereas TiB, TiC, TiD and TiE showed five, three, two and two bands, respectively. On refractionation of fractions with multiple bands TiB yielded four distinct fractions and each gave a single band on TLC. These were designated B1, B2, B3 and B4, while TiC, TiD and TiE yielded two fractions each that were similarly designated C1 and C2, D1and D2, E1 and E2 respectively [10]. The phytoconstituents of all the fractions and subfractions (TiA, TiB, TiC, TiD, TiE, TiF, B1, B2, B3, B4, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1 and E2) and their individual antibacterial activity has been reported in [10]. Gram negative bacteria test strains showed susceptibility to the pairwise combinatorial use of the fractions and to each combination as follows: 100% (CE), 83.0% (DE), 66.7% (AB, AF, BC, BD, CF, DF and EF) 50% (AC and CD), 33.3% (BE and BF) and 16.7% (AD), respectively ( Figure 1). ...
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... Gram positive bacterial strain (Figure 2) test percentage susceptibilities were: 100% (EF), 80% (DE), 60% (AB, BC and CE), 40% (AC, BD, BF, CF and DF) and 20% (AE, AF, BE and CD). Similarly, use of TiB subfractions alone showed Gram negative test susceptibility as follows: 57% (B1), 42.9% (B3), 28.6% (B2), and 14.2% (B4). When used in combination the following percentage activities were recorded: 85.7% (B1B2, B1B3, B1B3 and B2B4), 71.4% (B1B4) and 57.1% (B3B4) respectively; the control (TiB) showed 71.4% activity ( Figure 3). Furthermore, assaying the same fractions singly against Gram positive bacterial test strains showed percentage susceptibilities of 60% (B2), 40% (B3), and 20% (B1 and B4), respectively, and in combinatorial use, susceptibilities were 60% (B1B2) and 40% (B1B3, B1B4, B2B3, B2B4 and B3B4) each, and 100% susceptibility to the control ( Figure 4). . Antibacterial susceptibility pattern of Gram positive bacterial test strains to fraction TiB, its refraction products singly and in combination. The spectra of activity of subfractions C1, C2, D1, D2, E1, E2 and their parent fractions (controls) tested singly and in combination against the Gram negative and Gram positive test strains are shown in Figures 5 and 6. The assay of sub-fractions singly and in combination against test Gram negative bacteria strains showed the following percentage susceptibilities: 100% (C1), 42.9% (C2), 85.7% (C1C2), 85.7% (TiC-control); 0% (D1), 71.4% (D2), 100% (D1D2), 85.7% (TiD-control); 57.1% (E1), 41.9% (E2), 85.7% (E1E2) and 57.1% (TiE-control), respectively. On the other hand, the Gram positive bacterial strains showed percentage susceptibilities of 60% (C1), 40% (C2), 20% (C1C2), 60% (TiC-control); 0% (D1), 60% (D2), 40% (D1D2), 60% (TiD-control); 40% (E1), 60% (E2) 85.7% (E1E2) and 40% (TiE-control) respectively. Figure 6. Antibacterial susceptibility pattern of Gram positive bacterial test strains to fraction TiC, TiD and TiE, refraction products singly and in combination. Pairwise use of parent fractions (Figures 1 and 2) showed inhibition zone diameter ranges of 21.0 ± 1.2 to 0.0 ± 0.0 (p = 0.05) against the Gram negative bacterial strains and 23.2 ± 2.1 to 0.0 ± 0.0 against the Gram positive bacterial test strains. Subfractions, similarly, showed inhibition zone diameter ranges of 19.50 ± 1.4 to 7.0 ± 0.25 mm (TiB and subfraction), 15.0 ± 1.2 to 8.25 ± 0.25 mm (TiC and subfraction), 19.0 ± 1.2 to 7.0 ± 0.25 mm (TiD and subfraction) and 15.0 ± 0.25 to 9.25 ± 0.25 mm (TiE and subfractions) against the Gram negative bacterial test strains, while for the Gram positive bacteria test strains, inhibition zone diameter ranged as follows: 20.5 ± 0.91 to 7.0 ± 0.25 mm (TiB and subfractions), 12.0 ± 0.5 to 8.0 ± 0.25 mm (TiC and subfractions), 15.5 ± 1.0 to 7.25 ± 0.25 mm (TiD and subfractions) and 14.25 ± 0.5 to 11.0 ± 0.25 mm (TiE and ...
Citations
... Antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antifungal, antiviral, antinematodal activity: Nwodo et al., 2011 [21] reported in vitro potential antimicrobial activity against Gram negative and positive strains (TiB subfractions) respectively, in crude ethanol extract of the stem bark of Tamarindus indica using agar well diffusion technique [21] . Djeussi [22][23][24] . ...
... Hasil dari fraksinasi pada prinsipnya dapat memaksimalkan potensi dan aktivitas spektrumnya menjadi luas (Nwodo et al., 2011). ...
Diabetes melitus adalah salah satu penyakit metabolik yang ditandai dengan meingkatnya kadar glukosa darah. Peningkatan kadar glukosa darah disebabkan karena adanya gangguan sekresi insulin, sensitifitas insulin, atau keduanya. Target terapi dari pengobatan diabetes militus adalah kadar glukosa darah yang terkontrol, sehingga pengobatan dilakukan secara terus menerus dan jangka waktu yang lama. Efek samping obat sintetik pada diabetes militus menyebabkan gangguan fungsi ginjal, dan juga hipoglikemia. Salah satu alternatif terapi yang memiliki efek samping lebih sedikit dan aman ialah pengobatan dengan bahan alam. Bunga telang mengandung senyawa polar seperti flavonoid antosianin yang mempunyai aktivitas antidiabetes. Untuk dapat memisahkan senyawa berdasarkan tingkat kepolaran perlu dilakukan fraksinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat ada tidaknya efek hipoglikemi pada fraksi n-heksan, etil asetat dan air ekstrak etanol bunga telang pada hewan uji yang diinduksi Streptozotocin-Nicotinamid. Digunakan tikus jantan galur wistar 30 tikus terbagi dalam 6 kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas kelompok normal, positif, negatif, kelompok sediaan uji fraksi n-heksana, fraksi etil asetat dan kelompok fraksi air. Metode GOD-PAP digunakan untuk mengukur sampel glukosa darah. Data glukosa darah yang didapat dianalisa menggunakan uji One way ANOVA. Penelitian ini menunjukkan seluruh kelompok perlakuan fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air dengan dosis 400mg/KgBB memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes pada hewan uji yang diinduksi Streptozotocin-Nicotinamid dengan rata-rata kadar glukosa pada fraksi n-heksan 113.89 mg/dL, fraksi etil asetat 109.72 mg/dL, dan fraksi air 135.41 mg/dL. Berdasarkan analisa uji lanjut Post-Hoc LSD pada hari ke-14, kelompok fraksi n-heksan dan kelompok etil asetat dosis 400 mg/KgBB tidak memiliki perbedaan signifikan terhadap kontrol positif.
... Fractionation can increase or decrease the biological activity of herbal extracts, depending on the interaction of the polyphenol content on the extract when used in combination. 12 The purpose of this study was to analyse the antibicrobial of various solvents combinations for phytochemical fraction derived from Uncaria gambier extract against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). ...
Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is often found in root canal infections and can cause failure in root canal treatment. Uncaria gambier is an herbal medicine that is known to be rich in polyphenol compounds that have antibacterial properties. Because of the polyphenol content and antibacterial properties of Uncaria gambier, it can be an alternative as an antibacterial solution for root canal treatment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the antimicrobial of various solvents combinations for phytochemical fraction derived from Uncaria gambier extract against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). Methods: This study is descriptive explorative research Uncaria gambier was extracted using a combination of three different fractions, ethyl acetate-water, hexane-water and hexane-ethyl acetate. We determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) using the serial microdilution method and by add test samples to the Mueller Hinton agar medium from each fraction Results: Combination ethyl acetate-water has MIC value at 0.195 mg/ml, combination hexane-water at 0.049 mg/ml and combination hexane-ethyl acetate have the MIC value at 1.563 mg/ml. The MBC value in combination ethyl acetate-water at 25 mg/ml, combination hexane-ethyl acetate and hexane-water MBC value at 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml. Based on optical density measurement using ELISA reader and bacterial growth on the media used, the fraction combinations increase the antibacterial effect of Uncaria gambier against E. faecalis ATCC 29212. Conclusion: The combination of various Uncaria gambier solvents has been shown to inhibit and kill E. faecalis (ATCC 29212). The combination of ethyl acetate-water fraction is the best combination to against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212). It means that the combination of various Uncaria gambier solvents can be developed as alternative root canal irrigation.
... Moreover, the F3 fraction demonstrated the best anticancer activity against the four cancer cell lines tested (Table 4; Supplementary material, Figure S6). The fractionation of plant extracts may result in improved or loss of activity (Nwodo, Iroegbu, Ngene, Chigor, & Okoh, 2011). An increase in F3 activity was noticed when compared to the crude extracts (Table 4). ...
Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths and health debts worldwide. Novel plant extracts with anticancer properties can alleviate this disease burden. The aim of this study was to screen for new therapeutic agents with anticancer properties against a panel of four cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity screening of aqueous and methanolic extracts from bark, fruits and leaves of Bersama engleriana was carried out on A546 cell line and the best fractions from the methanolic extract of fruits (BEfr: methanolic extracts of fruits) were performed on four cancer cell lines. Methanolic extracts from the root of Bersama engleriana gave the highest yield (21.55%). Phytochemical analysis showed that the tested methanolic extracts
contained polyphenols. The F3, a fraction from the methanolic extract of fruits exhibited potent antiproliferative activities with IC50 values of 60 ± 0.91, 53.73 ± 0.79, 50.91 ± 0.46 μg/ml on U-87MG, MG-63 and MIAPaCa-2 cells, respectively. The F3 fraction also caused death to 50% (CC50) of normal HFF cells, i.e. at 527.4 ± 0.81 μg/ml. Selectivity indexes (SI = CC50/IC50) of 10.52, 8.79, 9.81 and 10.25 were obtained for A549, U-87MG, MG-63 and MIAPaCa-2 cells, respectively. These
results confirmed the anticancer potential of Bersama engleriana.
... Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, fraksi aqua destilata dan fraksi etil asetat dari maserat Zibethinus folium mempuyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli. Hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa fraksinasi dari maserat tumbuhan atau pemurnian zat aktif pada prinsipnya mampu mengoptimalkan potensi dan memperluas spektrum aktivitas maserat tumbuhan (Nwodo et al., 2011). ...
Durian leaf (Zibethinus folium) is part of the plant that has antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Zibethinusfoliumfraction against Escherichia coliATCC 25922 in vitro. The research method used is experimental. Leaf samples were extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol and purified by fractionation methods using aqua distilled, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. Positive controlisclindamycin gel and negative controlis5% DMSO. Statistical analysis was performed with One-Way Anova. Phytochemical screening results show that macerateZibethinus folium contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids. The test results of antibacterial activity aqua distilled fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of macerateZibethinus foliumshows antibacterial activity against Escherichia coliATCC 25922, while the n-hexane fraction of macerateZibethinus foliumshowed no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coliATCC 25922. aqua distilled fraction of 40% showed a response the most well barriers with zone of inhibition 8.33 ± 0.76 mm, meaning that aqua distilled fraction of 40% including medium category.
... Medicinal plants are preferred by people because of their easy tolerability. T. indica is a potential antimicrobial agent [11] . ...
Tamarindus [Tamarindus indica L. (T. indica)], belongs to the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae), commonly known as Tamarind tree, is one of the fruit tree species that is used as traditional medicine. The aim of this article is to review the current literatue on health related effect of T. indica. Literature review about this plant was conducted between 2003 and 2014 through Pubmed and Google. The keywords Tamarind, T. indica were used for search. Only the health related articles selected. Tamarind tree is found especially in the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria and most of the tropical countries. It is preferred to be used for abdominal pain, diarrhea and dysentery, some bacterial infections and parasitic infestations, wound healing, constipation and inflammation. It is a rich source of most of the essential amino acids and phytochemicals, and hence the plant is reported to possess antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antivenomic, antioxidant, antimalarial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, laxative and anti-hyperlipidemic activity. T. indica has ameliorative effects on many diseases. It can also be preferred as a nutritious support for malnourished patients as it is cheap and easy to access. Those effects should be clarified with further research.
... Americans are increasingly turning to natural product treatments of hypercholesterolemia, yet research to develop natural products as pharmaceuticals has declined in recent years [1], [2], [3]. This is due in part to the emphasis in modern drug discovery on single molecule treatments; when plant material is fractionated to the molecular level, the beneficial effects of the plant are often lost [4]–[][6], [2]. However, plant material extracts present an exceedingly large number of natural products to test. ...
The zebrafish is becoming an increasingly popular model system for both automated drug discovery and investigating hypercholesterolemia. Here we combine these aspects and for the first time develop an automated high-content confocal assay for treatments of hypercholesterolemia. We also create two algorithms for automated analysis of cardiodynamic data acquired by high-speed confocal microscopy. The first algorithm computes cardiac parameters solely from the frequency-domain representation of cardiodynamic data while the second uses both frequency- and time-domain data. The combined approach resulted in smaller differences relative to manual measurements. The methods are implemented to test the ability of a methanolic extract of the hawthorn plant (Crataegus laevigata) to treat hypercholesterolemia and its peripheral cardiovascular effects. Results demonstrate the utility of these methods and suggest the extract has both antihypercholesterolemic and postitively inotropic properties.
... The powdered seeds are made into a paste for drawing boils and, with or without cumin seeds and palm sugar, are prescribed for chronic diarrhoea and dysentery [11,13,14]. T. indica has been empirically shown to have antibacterial activity [15,16]. ...
... These were designated B1, B2, B3 and B4, while TiC, TiD and TiE yielded two fractions each, that were similarly designated C1 and C2, D1 and D2, E1 and E2, respectively (Table 1). We have previously reported the phytoconstituents of fractions TiA-TiF, sub-fractions B1-B4; C1, C2; D1, D2; E1 and E2, and their antibacterial activities [15,16]. ...
Tamarindus indica is widely used as a food and beverage and in traditional medicine. The apparent lack of dose standardization in herbal medicine necessitates the evaluation of the lethality T. indica on Artemia salina nauplii and chicken embryos via in vitro and in vivo techniques. Furthermore, hepatotoxicokinetics of the crude extract and fractions on Wister rats was also assessed. At concentrations of 200, 20 and 2 µg/mL, crude extract and fractions showed brine shrimp death percentages ranging from 86.70% to 3.30% and the sub-fractions showed death percentage ranges of 46.70% to 3.30%. Calculated LD₅₀ values ranged from 832 µg/mL to 5,019 µg/mL. Dosing Wister rats with 25% and 50% concentration of LD₅₀ determined for crude extract and fractions on chicken embryos showed an elevation in the ALT and AST levels in the serum. Brine shrimps and chicken embryos showed a positive correlation, with R² values of 0.541 and 0.588 (P ≤ 0.05) for fractions and subfractions, respectively, as media for the lethality assay. Dose standardization in folk herbal medicine is imperative as T. indica used as food and medicine has been shown to be toxic at high doses. Brine shrimp and chicken embryos may be comparably used as medium for toxicity assay.
Objectives
Previous study have shown that the seeds of the tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) have anti-diabetic properties without any evidence on the processing method. This present study was carried out to investigate the effect of fermentation on antioxidant as well as anti-diabetic properties of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seeds.
Methods
The sample was pulverized after five days of typical fermentation alongside raw sample and examined for its antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. Antioxidant assays such as FRAP, ABTS, NO, and DPPH were carried out to determine the in-vitro inhibitory effects on diabetes-related enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while amino acids, proximate and minerals content were carried out.
Results
The findings revealed that fermentation changed the antioxidant properties of the seed powder. While total phenols and flavonoids decreased, inhibition was observed with α-amylase and α-glucosidase, although raw has higher results. Interestingly, the analysis of 18 amino acids on raw and fermented samples indicated an increase value with fermentation. Moreover, there were elevations in Zn, Mn, K, and vitamins C, D, E, and B1.
Conclusion
In summary, the study indicates that tamarind fermented seed powder holds promise for exerting anti-diabetic effects, likely due to its rich content of amino acids and vitamins endowed with antioxidant properties.
