FIGURE 1 - uploaded by Xinyu Li
Content may be subject to copyright.
Antennal features of male Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758). A. Lateral view of the male head with antennae located between compound eyes. B. Posteroventral and dorsolateral surface of antennal funiculus. C. Anterodorsal and dorsolateral surface of antennal funiculus. D. Anterodorsal surface of antennal pedicel and scape. E. Posteroventral surface of antennal pedicel and scape. F. Antennal arista. G. Magnification of mechanoreceptor on antennal pedicel. (Abbreviations: Ad (anterodorsal surface); Ar (arista ); Ch (chaetic sensillum); Dl (dorsolateral surface); Fn (funiculus); Pd (pedicel); Pv (posteroventral surface); Sc (scape); SP (sensory pit). Scale bars: A. 1 mm; B-E. 100 μm; F. 250 μm; G. 100 μm.)
Source publication
Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758) is a well-established insect model species involved in numerous investigations on behavior, biology, phylogeny, genetics and evolution. The antennal sensilla of S. Stercoraria are examined via scanning electron microscopy in order to emphasize their importance on taxonomy and phylogeny. On antennal scape and...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... description of antennae on S. stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758). S. stercoraria bear a pair of aristate antennae, which is situated at the front of head, between large compound eyes ( Fig. 1A). Each antenna consists of three segments: a short proximal scape (Sc), a pedicel (Pd), and a distal flagellum comprised an elongated funiculus (Fn) (Fig. 1B-C, F) and a slender, feathered arista (Ar) in laterally (Fig. ...
Context 2
... description of antennae on S. stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758). S. stercoraria bear a pair of aristate antennae, which is situated at the front of head, between large compound eyes ( Fig. 1A). Each antenna consists of three segments: a short proximal scape (Sc), a pedicel (Pd), and a distal flagellum comprised an elongated funiculus (Fn) (Fig. 1B-C, F) and a slender, feathered arista (Ar) in laterally (Fig. ...
Context 3
... description of antennae on S. stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758). S. stercoraria bear a pair of aristate antennae, which is situated at the front of head, between large compound eyes ( Fig. 1A). Each antenna consists of three segments: a short proximal scape (Sc), a pedicel (Pd), and a distal flagellum comprised an elongated funiculus (Fn) (Fig. 1B-C, F) and a slender, feathered arista (Ar) in laterally (Fig. ...
Context 4
... sensilla on scape. Antennal scape is the shortest segment of the antenna, which is directly attached to the head capsule and densely covered with apically-acuminate microtrichiae (Figs. 1A, D-E). Only mechanoreceptors (chaetic sensilla) are detected on this segment ( Fig. 1D-E, G). They are characterized as long bristle-like structures with longitudinal grooved wall and acute tips, whose bases are fitted tightly in apparently elevated and smooth ...
Context 5
... sensilla on pedicel. Antennal pedicel is the second segment of antenna, whose surface is also densely covered with microtrichiae ( Fig. 1A, D-E). Grooved mechanoreceptors (chaetic sensilla) are also detected along outer lateral edge of pedicel (Figs. 1D-E, G, 2A). Different from mechanoreceptors on antennal scape, those on antennal pedicel are more numerous and variable in length. In S. stercoraria, 8 to 11 setiferous plaques are arranged on frontal surface of antennal pedicel ( Fig. 2A-B). Each plaque contains a bulbous seta slightly extended to an obtuse base that inserts into the socket with an elevated rim (Figs. 2B, 6). In some specimens examined, some of the bulbous setae are missing. After the separation of antennal pedicel and funiculus, the pedicellar button (campaniform sensillum), which is dorsolaterally situated at the annular ridge within the dorsal recess and near the pedicellar cleft, could be exposed (Fig. 2C). Higher magnification reveals that the campaniform sensillum consists of an almost smooth, bare area, and a circular central dome with an ecdysial pore and a slightly convex peripheral ring, among microtrichiae densely distributed field (Fig. 2D). Antennal sensilla on funiculus. Antennal funiculus is the most prominent part of the fly antenna with several types of sensilla attached to it. Cross section of antennal funiculus is roughly triangular in shape, with an anterodorsal surface (Fig. 1A), a dorsolateral surface (Fig. 1C), and a posteroventral surface (Fig. 1C). The entire surface of antennal funiculus is densely covered with microtrichiae that taper to their acute apices (Figs. 3A, 4A). Totally four morphological types of sensilla, including trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla (Fig. 3), coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla (Fig. 4), are identified amongst microtrichiae. Except for these external antennal sensilla, sensory pit with a group of basiconic sensilla is also discovered (Fig. 5). Antennal arista (Ar) is attached to the dorsolateral surface of antennal funiculus (Fig. 1B-F). It consists of two short basal segments and one long distal segment. Short microtrichiae are distributed around the terminal of the second segment and the entire surface of the third segment of antennal arista, whereas the first is nearly bare (Fig. 1A-C, F). The morphology, distribution and density of each type of antennal funiculus sensilla are described in this section. The length and basal diameter of these sensilla are summarized in Table 1, and their densities are shown in Table ...
Context 6
... sensilla on pedicel. Antennal pedicel is the second segment of antenna, whose surface is also densely covered with microtrichiae ( Fig. 1A, D-E). Grooved mechanoreceptors (chaetic sensilla) are also detected along outer lateral edge of pedicel (Figs. 1D-E, G, 2A). Different from mechanoreceptors on antennal scape, those on antennal pedicel are more numerous and variable in length. In S. stercoraria, 8 to 11 setiferous plaques are arranged on frontal surface of antennal pedicel ( Fig. 2A-B). Each plaque contains a bulbous seta slightly extended to an obtuse base that inserts into the socket with an elevated rim (Figs. 2B, 6). In some specimens examined, some of the bulbous setae are missing. After the separation of antennal pedicel and funiculus, the pedicellar button (campaniform sensillum), which is dorsolaterally situated at the annular ridge within the dorsal recess and near the pedicellar cleft, could be exposed (Fig. 2C). Higher magnification reveals that the campaniform sensillum consists of an almost smooth, bare area, and a circular central dome with an ecdysial pore and a slightly convex peripheral ring, among microtrichiae densely distributed field (Fig. 2D). Antennal sensilla on funiculus. Antennal funiculus is the most prominent part of the fly antenna with several types of sensilla attached to it. Cross section of antennal funiculus is roughly triangular in shape, with an anterodorsal surface (Fig. 1A), a dorsolateral surface (Fig. 1C), and a posteroventral surface (Fig. 1C). The entire surface of antennal funiculus is densely covered with microtrichiae that taper to their acute apices (Figs. 3A, 4A). Totally four morphological types of sensilla, including trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla (Fig. 3), coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla (Fig. 4), are identified amongst microtrichiae. Except for these external antennal sensilla, sensory pit with a group of basiconic sensilla is also discovered (Fig. 5). Antennal arista (Ar) is attached to the dorsolateral surface of antennal funiculus (Fig. 1B-F). It consists of two short basal segments and one long distal segment. Short microtrichiae are distributed around the terminal of the second segment and the entire surface of the third segment of antennal arista, whereas the first is nearly bare (Fig. 1A-C, F). The morphology, distribution and density of each type of antennal funiculus sensilla are described in this section. The length and basal diameter of these sensilla are summarized in Table 1, and their densities are shown in Table ...
Context 7
... sensilla on pedicel. Antennal pedicel is the second segment of antenna, whose surface is also densely covered with microtrichiae ( Fig. 1A, D-E). Grooved mechanoreceptors (chaetic sensilla) are also detected along outer lateral edge of pedicel (Figs. 1D-E, G, 2A). Different from mechanoreceptors on antennal scape, those on antennal pedicel are more numerous and variable in length. In S. stercoraria, 8 to 11 setiferous plaques are arranged on frontal surface of antennal pedicel ( Fig. 2A-B). Each plaque contains a bulbous seta slightly extended to an obtuse base that inserts into the socket with an elevated rim (Figs. 2B, 6). In some specimens examined, some of the bulbous setae are missing. After the separation of antennal pedicel and funiculus, the pedicellar button (campaniform sensillum), which is dorsolaterally situated at the annular ridge within the dorsal recess and near the pedicellar cleft, could be exposed (Fig. 2C). Higher magnification reveals that the campaniform sensillum consists of an almost smooth, bare area, and a circular central dome with an ecdysial pore and a slightly convex peripheral ring, among microtrichiae densely distributed field (Fig. 2D). Antennal sensilla on funiculus. Antennal funiculus is the most prominent part of the fly antenna with several types of sensilla attached to it. Cross section of antennal funiculus is roughly triangular in shape, with an anterodorsal surface (Fig. 1A), a dorsolateral surface (Fig. 1C), and a posteroventral surface (Fig. 1C). The entire surface of antennal funiculus is densely covered with microtrichiae that taper to their acute apices (Figs. 3A, 4A). Totally four morphological types of sensilla, including trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla (Fig. 3), coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla (Fig. 4), are identified amongst microtrichiae. Except for these external antennal sensilla, sensory pit with a group of basiconic sensilla is also discovered (Fig. 5). Antennal arista (Ar) is attached to the dorsolateral surface of antennal funiculus (Fig. 1B-F). It consists of two short basal segments and one long distal segment. Short microtrichiae are distributed around the terminal of the second segment and the entire surface of the third segment of antennal arista, whereas the first is nearly bare (Fig. 1A-C, F). The morphology, distribution and density of each type of antennal funiculus sensilla are described in this section. The length and basal diameter of these sensilla are summarized in Table 1, and their densities are shown in Table ...
Context 8
... sensilla on pedicel. Antennal pedicel is the second segment of antenna, whose surface is also densely covered with microtrichiae ( Fig. 1A, D-E). Grooved mechanoreceptors (chaetic sensilla) are also detected along outer lateral edge of pedicel (Figs. 1D-E, G, 2A). Different from mechanoreceptors on antennal scape, those on antennal pedicel are more numerous and variable in length. In S. stercoraria, 8 to 11 setiferous plaques are arranged on frontal surface of antennal pedicel ( Fig. 2A-B). Each plaque contains a bulbous seta slightly extended to an obtuse base that inserts into the socket with an elevated rim (Figs. 2B, 6). In some specimens examined, some of the bulbous setae are missing. After the separation of antennal pedicel and funiculus, the pedicellar button (campaniform sensillum), which is dorsolaterally situated at the annular ridge within the dorsal recess and near the pedicellar cleft, could be exposed (Fig. 2C). Higher magnification reveals that the campaniform sensillum consists of an almost smooth, bare area, and a circular central dome with an ecdysial pore and a slightly convex peripheral ring, among microtrichiae densely distributed field (Fig. 2D). Antennal sensilla on funiculus. Antennal funiculus is the most prominent part of the fly antenna with several types of sensilla attached to it. Cross section of antennal funiculus is roughly triangular in shape, with an anterodorsal surface (Fig. 1A), a dorsolateral surface (Fig. 1C), and a posteroventral surface (Fig. 1C). The entire surface of antennal funiculus is densely covered with microtrichiae that taper to their acute apices (Figs. 3A, 4A). Totally four morphological types of sensilla, including trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla (Fig. 3), coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla (Fig. 4), are identified amongst microtrichiae. Except for these external antennal sensilla, sensory pit with a group of basiconic sensilla is also discovered (Fig. 5). Antennal arista (Ar) is attached to the dorsolateral surface of antennal funiculus (Fig. 1B-F). It consists of two short basal segments and one long distal segment. Short microtrichiae are distributed around the terminal of the second segment and the entire surface of the third segment of antennal arista, whereas the first is nearly bare (Fig. 1A-C, F). The morphology, distribution and density of each type of antennal funiculus sensilla are described in this section. The length and basal diameter of these sensilla are summarized in Table 1, and their densities are shown in Table ...
Context 9
... sensilla on pedicel. Antennal pedicel is the second segment of antenna, whose surface is also densely covered with microtrichiae ( Fig. 1A, D-E). Grooved mechanoreceptors (chaetic sensilla) are also detected along outer lateral edge of pedicel (Figs. 1D-E, G, 2A). Different from mechanoreceptors on antennal scape, those on antennal pedicel are more numerous and variable in length. In S. stercoraria, 8 to 11 setiferous plaques are arranged on frontal surface of antennal pedicel ( Fig. 2A-B). Each plaque contains a bulbous seta slightly extended to an obtuse base that inserts into the socket with an elevated rim (Figs. 2B, 6). In some specimens examined, some of the bulbous setae are missing. After the separation of antennal pedicel and funiculus, the pedicellar button (campaniform sensillum), which is dorsolaterally situated at the annular ridge within the dorsal recess and near the pedicellar cleft, could be exposed (Fig. 2C). Higher magnification reveals that the campaniform sensillum consists of an almost smooth, bare area, and a circular central dome with an ecdysial pore and a slightly convex peripheral ring, among microtrichiae densely distributed field (Fig. 2D). Antennal sensilla on funiculus. Antennal funiculus is the most prominent part of the fly antenna with several types of sensilla attached to it. Cross section of antennal funiculus is roughly triangular in shape, with an anterodorsal surface (Fig. 1A), a dorsolateral surface (Fig. 1C), and a posteroventral surface (Fig. 1C). The entire surface of antennal funiculus is densely covered with microtrichiae that taper to their acute apices (Figs. 3A, 4A). Totally four morphological types of sensilla, including trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla (Fig. 3), coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla (Fig. 4), are identified amongst microtrichiae. Except for these external antennal sensilla, sensory pit with a group of basiconic sensilla is also discovered (Fig. 5). Antennal arista (Ar) is attached to the dorsolateral surface of antennal funiculus (Fig. 1B-F). It consists of two short basal segments and one long distal segment. Short microtrichiae are distributed around the terminal of the second segment and the entire surface of the third segment of antennal arista, whereas the first is nearly bare (Fig. 1A-C, F). The morphology, distribution and density of each type of antennal funiculus sensilla are described in this section. The length and basal diameter of these sensilla are summarized in Table 1, and their densities are shown in Table ...
Context 10
... sensilla on pedicel. Antennal pedicel is the second segment of antenna, whose surface is also densely covered with microtrichiae ( Fig. 1A, D-E). Grooved mechanoreceptors (chaetic sensilla) are also detected along outer lateral edge of pedicel (Figs. 1D-E, G, 2A). Different from mechanoreceptors on antennal scape, those on antennal pedicel are more numerous and variable in length. In S. stercoraria, 8 to 11 setiferous plaques are arranged on frontal surface of antennal pedicel ( Fig. 2A-B). Each plaque contains a bulbous seta slightly extended to an obtuse base that inserts into the socket with an elevated rim (Figs. 2B, 6). In some specimens examined, some of the bulbous setae are missing. After the separation of antennal pedicel and funiculus, the pedicellar button (campaniform sensillum), which is dorsolaterally situated at the annular ridge within the dorsal recess and near the pedicellar cleft, could be exposed (Fig. 2C). Higher magnification reveals that the campaniform sensillum consists of an almost smooth, bare area, and a circular central dome with an ecdysial pore and a slightly convex peripheral ring, among microtrichiae densely distributed field (Fig. 2D). Antennal sensilla on funiculus. Antennal funiculus is the most prominent part of the fly antenna with several types of sensilla attached to it. Cross section of antennal funiculus is roughly triangular in shape, with an anterodorsal surface (Fig. 1A), a dorsolateral surface (Fig. 1C), and a posteroventral surface (Fig. 1C). The entire surface of antennal funiculus is densely covered with microtrichiae that taper to their acute apices (Figs. 3A, 4A). Totally four morphological types of sensilla, including trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla (Fig. 3), coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla (Fig. 4), are identified amongst microtrichiae. Except for these external antennal sensilla, sensory pit with a group of basiconic sensilla is also discovered (Fig. 5). Antennal arista (Ar) is attached to the dorsolateral surface of antennal funiculus (Fig. 1B-F). It consists of two short basal segments and one long distal segment. Short microtrichiae are distributed around the terminal of the second segment and the entire surface of the third segment of antennal arista, whereas the first is nearly bare (Fig. 1A-C, F). The morphology, distribution and density of each type of antennal funiculus sensilla are described in this section. The length and basal diameter of these sensilla are summarized in Table 1, and their densities are shown in Table ...
Context 11
... distribution, types, size and ultrastructure of various antennal sensilla and sensory organs of adult S. stercoraria are described in this study, and no obvious sexual dimorphism occur according to the classification and measurements (Table 1, 2). The antennal sensilla observed in these dung flies are highly consistent with those mentioned in other calyptrate species in many aspects ( Sukonstason et al. 2004;Sukonstason et al. 2007;Setzu et al. 2011;Liu et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2013a, b, c;Wang et al. 2014a, b), although several variable shapes of antennal sensilla are also detected in some other species, such as branched trichoid sensilla and basiconic sensilla in Portschinskia magnifica (Oestridae) ( Zhang et al. 2012a) and numerous subtypes of coeloconic sensilla in Cochliomyia hominivorax (Calliphoridae) ( Fernandes et al. 2004). The ultrastructural similarity and diversity of antennal sensilla are valuable information sources for taxonomy and phylogeny, which have contributed, at some degree, to systematics of Diptera, such as providing taxonomic information for Muscidae taxa, or implying antennal sensilla evolutionary trends from phylogenetic relationships in Stratiomyidae and Ceratopogonidae (Faucheux & Mason 2000a, b, c;Urbanek et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2014b). Setiferous plaques are firstly identified and defined by Greenberg (1970), which are existent on anterolateral surface of antennal pedicel among most calyptrate families, comprising Fanniidae, Muscidae, Anthomyiidae, Scathophagidae Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Greenberg 1970;Greenberg & Ash 1972;Sukontason et al. 2004;Zhang et al. 2013a), but vanish in Hippoboscidae ( Zhang et al. 2015) and Oestridae ( Rahal et al. 1996;Poddighe et al. 2010;Zhang et al. 2012b). Setiferous plaques, found under three morphological types, have evolved twice in the Calyptratae clade, which can be clearly recognized based on the phylogenetic tree by Kutty et al. (2010), (Hippoboscidae + (Fanniidae + (Muscidae + ((Anthomyiidae + Scathophagidae) + (Oestridae + (Sarcophagidae + (Calliphoridae + Tachinidae))))))) (Fig. 6). The plaques having relatively long and tapered setae are present in Fanniidae and Muscidae (Greenberg & Ash 1972). Along evolutionary history, this state has been preserved in Tachinidae (Greenberg & Ash 1972) and some Calliphoridae species (Greenberg & Ash 1972;Sukontason et al. 2004), whereas in Scathophagidae and Anthomyiidae (Ross 1992;Wang et al. 2014a), the setae of plaques have been transformed into short and apically-obtuse form. In other calliphorid species (Greenberg & Ash 1972;Zhang et al. 2013b) and Sarcophagidae (unpublished data), the plaques have evolved to possess a short seta with sharply abrupt tip. According to the phylogenetic relationships of Calyptratae based on Kutty et al. (2010), these families with morphologically similar plaques are also closely related by molecular evidence (Fig. 6). Therefore, the morphology of setiferous plaques is particularly relevant to understanding the systematic relationships of calyptrate taxa, implying the potential phylogenetic importance of this ...
Context 12
... sensilla. In adult S. stercoraria, basiconic sensilla (Ba) are blunt-tipped and shorter in length than microtrichiae (Figs. 3A, C-D, 4A-B). Multiporous basiconic sensilla can be divided into two subtypes by their shape and size in this species. The basiconic sensilla I (Ba I) (Fig. 3C, 4B) and basiconic sensilla II (Ba II) (Figs. 3D, 4A) are morphologically similar, while Ba I is a relatively more slender peg and Ba II are shorter and broader (Table 1). Ba are present throughout the antennal funiculus surface, except for the most proximal part. A much higher density of these sensilla on the median region was observed in both sexes on antennal funiculus surface (Table 2). Coeloconic sensilla. Coeloconic sensilla (Co) are characterized as short pegs with distinct longitudinal ridges on cuticular walls that protend from the shallow depressions on antennal funicular surface (Fig. 4A, C). Same as the distribution of Ba, these relatively small sensilla are scattered over the entire surface of antennal funiculus excluding the proximal region (Table 2). Unlike the other sensilla, Co are obscured by a densely covered microtrichiae, thus they are hard to be discovered. Clavate sensilla. Clavate sensilla (Cl) are club-like and characterized by distal dilatations. Every Cl locates in a superficial cavity with wall pierced by numerous pores (Fig. 4B, D-E). Cl are larger and denser on female antenna than males and observed only on the most proximal regions of antennal funiculus (Tables 1, 2). Sensory pit. Only one type of sensory pit (SP) is identified both in male and female S. stercoraria (Fig. 5A). Basiconic sensilla III (Ba III), which are gathered in the sensory pit, morphologically resemble the basiconic sensilla on external surface of antennal funiculus (Fig. 5B-D), whereas Ba III are smaller than Ba I but larger than Ba II in size (Table ...
Similar publications
The FoxP family of transcription factors is necessary for operant self-learning, an evolutionary conserved form of motor learning. The expression pattern, molecular function and mechanisms of action of the Drosophila FoxP orthologue remain to be elucidated. By editing the genomic locus of FoxP with CRISPR/Cas9, we find that the three different FoxP...
Citations
... The knowledge available indicates that tachinids mostly rely on chemical cues from infested host plants or from host and host plant interactions (Roth et al., 1982;Kainoh et al., 1999;Stireman et al., 2006) and, once in close proximity, close range chemical cues, such as host odors, secretions or excretions, can be vitally important, in addition to visual contact (Stireman et al., 2006). Previous studies of antennal sensilla of phytophagous, scatophagous, saprophagous and predaceous dipteran species have already revealed some taxonomic value, as well as phylogenetic and evolutionary trends (Ross, 1992;Sukontason et al., 2004;Liu et al., 2013Liu et al., , 2016Zhang et al., 2012aZhang et al., , b, 2013aZhang et al., , b, 2016Wang et al., 2012Wang et al., , 2014a. In Tachinidae, antennal sensilla could provide crucial features for further studies on taxonomy, character evolution, phylogenies, and host-parasitoid coevolution. ...
Tachinidae are one of the most diverse clades of Diptera. All tachinids are parasitoids of insects and other arthropods, and thus are considered an important source of biological pest control. Antennae are the most important olfactory organs of Tachinidae playing key roles in their lives, especially in locating hosts, and details of antennal ultrastructure could provide useful features for phylogenetic studies and understanding their adaptive evolution. Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance of antennae, the current knowledge of antennal ultrastructure is scarce for Tachinidae. Our study examined antennal sensilla of thirteen species belonging to thirteen genera within eleven tribes of all the four subfamilies (Phasiinae, Dexiinae, Tachininae, and Exoristinae): Beskia aelops Walker, Trichodura sp., Voria ruralis (Fallén), Zelia sp., Cylindromyia carinata Townsend, Phasia xenos Townsend, Neomintho sp., Genea australis (Townsend), Copecrypta sp., Hystricia sp., Belvosia sp., Leschenaultia sp., and Winthemia pinguis (Fabricius). Types, length and distribution of antennal sensilla were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our comparative analysis summarized 29 variable characters and we evaluated their phylogenetic signal for subfamilial, tribal and generic/specific levels, showing that antennal ultrastructure could be a reliable source of characters for phylogenetic analysis. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable diversity of the antennal ultrastructure of Tachinidae.
... In this study, we provide a comprehensive micromorphology of the antenna for nine species, including all three subfamilies of Sarcophagidae. Their morphological traits and sensilla types are generally similar to those of other Calyptratae species [30,45,46,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. A total of eight types of antennal sensilla (chaetic sensilla, setiferous plaques, pedicellar buttons, trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, clavate sensilla, bottleshaped sensilla) and sensory pits are found in both sexes of the examined species. ...
... The arrangement and number of the setiferous plaques are similar to those reported for other sarcophagid species [30,39]. Different from the long and tapered setae of plaques in Fanniidae and Muscidae [42] and the short and apically obtuse setae of plaques in Scathophagidae [55] and Anthomyiidae [57], the plaques of all the examined flesh flies possess a short seta with a sharply abrupt tip. In some of the specimens examined, some of the bulbous setae were missing. ...
The antennae are the main olfactory organ of flies, playing key roles in their survival and the success of all life stages. Antennal ultrastructural morphology has been well described in the representative species of most calyptrate families, yet only a few studies have focused on Sarcophagidae species, those with ecological and medical relevance. Antennal morphology and the types, shapes, distribution, and density of the antennal sensilla of nine Sarcophagidae species are studied in detail with scanning electron microscopy, including Miltogramminae: Metopia campestris (Fallén) and Mesomelena mesomelaena (Loew), Paramacronychiinae: Agria mihalyii (Rohdendorf & Verves), Wohlfahrtia bella (Macquart), and W. magnifica (Schiner); Sarcophaginae: Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) albiceps Meigen, S. (Bercaea) africa (Wiedemann), S. (Boettcherisca) peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), and S. (Liosarcophaga) portschinskyi (Rohdendorf), covering all three subfamilies of this family. The morphology of the three segments of the antennae has been described. The scape has only one type of chaetic sensilla, while three subtypes of chaetic sensilla were detected on the pedicel. The postpedicel has four types of sensilla: trichoid sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, clavate sensilla, and three subtypes of basiconic sensilla. Bottle-shaped sensilla were observed in sensory pits on the postpedicel in all nine species. These sensilla have not been discovered in other calyptrate species, suggesting that they are a potential sarcophagid synapomorphy.
... This sensory vesicle opens out by way of a short neck and is lined with bulb-shaped chemosensilla for detecting odors, such as carbon dioxide (Adler et al., 2004). So far, much research has been reported on the ultrastructure of sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palpi of insects, for example, mosquitoes (Khalifa et al., 2013;Hempolchom et al., 2017;Taai et al., 2017Taai et al., , 2019Jatuwattana et al., 2020), various other flies (Sukontason et al., 2004(Sukontason et al., , 2007Zhang et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2014;Liu et al., 2015Liu et al., , 2016, including biting midges (Isberg et al., 2013). Jatuwattana et al. (2020) observed five types of sensilla on the antennae of Anopheles kochi females: ampullacea, basiconica, coeloconica, chaetica, and trichodea. ...
... They were mounted on aluminum stubs with double-sided carbon adhesive tape and sputter-coated with gold (Jatuwattana et al., 2020), and observed and photographed using a JEOL-JSM6610LV scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Japan). Sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palpi were classified according to the nomenclature used in previous studies (Mercer and McIver, 1973a,b;Shipp et al., 1988;Sukontason et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2014;Liu et al., 2016). ...
Antennae and maxillary palpi are the most important sensory organs involved in the behaviors of black flies. The ultrastructure of sensilla on these sensory appendages of two human-biting black fly species, Similium nigrogilvum and Simulium umphangense, was studied for the first time. Wild adult females of both species were collected in Umphang District, Tak Province, western Thailand. The morphology and distribution of sensilla were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Overall, the morphology of the antennae and maxillary palpi and distribution of sensilla are similar in the two species. Four major types of sensilla were found on the antennae of both species: sensilla basiconica (three subtypes), coeloconica, chaetica (four subtypes), and trichodea. However, sensilla basiconica subtype IV are only present on the antennal surface of S. nigrogilvum. Sensilla trichodea are the most abundant among the four types of sensilla that occur on the antennae of both species. Significant differences in the length of the antennae (scape and flagellomere IX), length of the maxillary palpi (whole and palpal segments I, III, IV and V), and the length and basal width of four sensilla types (trichodea, chaetica, basiconica, and coeloconica) were found. In addition, two types of sensilla were observed on the maxillary palpi: sensilla chaetica (three subtypes) and bulb-shaped sensilla. Differences were observed in the numbers of bulb-shaped sensilla in the sensory vesicles of S. nigrogilvum and S. umphangense. The findings are compared with the sensilla of other insects, and the probable functions of each sensillum type are discussed. The anatomical data on sensory organs derived from this study will help to better understand black fly behavior.
... Coeloconic sensilla are common on antennal postpedicel in most other fly species 8,19,25,26,47,48 , but are relatively sparse on antennal postpedicel of these three Lispe species, even completely missing in L. neimongola 9 . Beside chemosensory function, Coeloconic sensilla have been also proved to be sensitive to temperature and/ or humidity signals 49,50 . ...
Antennae and maxillary palps are the most important chemical reception organs of flies. So far, the morphology of antennae and maxillary palps of flies of most feeding habits have been well described, except for that of relatively rare aquatic predatory species. This study describes sensilla on antennae and maxillary palps of three aquatic predatory Lispe species: Lispe longicollis, L. orientalis and L. pygmaea. Types, distribution, and density of sensilla are characterised via light and scanning electron microscopy. One type of mechanoreceptors is found on antennal scape. Mechanoreceptors (two subtypes) and one single pedicellar button (in L. pygmaea) are located on antennal pedicel. Four types of sensilla are discovered on antennal postpedicel: trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla (three subtypes), coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla. A unique character of these Lispe species is that the coeloconic sensilla are distributed sparsely on antennal postpedicel. Mechanoreceptors and basiconic sensilla are observed on the surface of maxillary palps in all three species. We demonstrated clear sexual dimorphism of the maxillary palps in some of the Lispe species, unlike most other Muscidae species, are larger in males than females. This, along with their courtship dance behaviour, suggest their function as both chemical signal receiver and visual signal conveyer, which is among the few records of a chemical reception organ act as a signal conveyer in insects.
... Sensilla trichodea are the most abundant sensilla on the antennae of An. dirus and An. cracens, which is also true of other insects, such as muscid flies (Diptera: Muscidae) (Wang et al., 2014), yellow dung flies (Diptera: Scathophagidae) (Liu et al., 2016) and other mosquitoes (Pitts and Zwiebel, 2006;Hill et al., 2009;Seenivasagan et al., 2009;Schultze et al., 2014). Onagbola and Fadamiro (2008) noted that sensilla trichodea are putative mechanoreceptors. ...
Some species of the Anopheles dirus species complex are considered to be highly competent malaria vectors in Southeast Asia. Anopheles dirus is the primary vector of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax while An. cracens is the main vector of P. knowlesi. However, these two species are difficult to distinguish and identify based on morphological characters. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of antennal sensilla to distinguish them. Large sensilla coeloconica borne on the antennae of adult females were counted under a compound light microscope and the different types of antennal sensilla were examined in a scanning electron microscope. The antennae of both species bear five types of sensilla: ampullacea, basiconica, chaetica, coeloconica and trichodea. Observations revealed that the mean numbers of large sensilla coeloconica on antennal flagellomeres 2, 3, 7, 10 and 12 on both antennae of both species were significantly different. This study is the first to describe the types of antennal sensilla and to discover the usefulness of the large coeloconic sensilla for distinguishing the two species. The discovery provides a simple, reliable and inexpensive method for distinguishing them.
... Those of H. pandazisi are similar to those described in S. arcticum and Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (White and Bay 1980;Shipp et al. 1988), and are classified as basiconic sensilla in S. arcticum (Shipp et al. 1988). Clavate sensilla are common in non-haematophagous Diptera and have been previously described in Anthomyiidae (Honda et al. 1983;Ross 1992), Calliphoridae (Fernandes et al. 2004;Zhang et al. 2014), Fanniidae Zhang et al. 2013b), Muscidae (Been et al. 1988;Smallegange et al. 2008;Zhang et al. 2013a;Wang et al. 2014), Oestridae (Hunter and Adserballe 1996;Zhang et al. 2012;Liu et al. 2015), Sarcophagidae (Khedre 1997;Pezzi et al. 2016), Scathophagidae (Liu et al. 2016), and Tephritidae (Giannakakis and Fletcher 1985;Levinson et al. 1987;Mayo et al. 1987;Lee et al. 1994;Arzuffi et al. 2008;Castrejón-Gómez and Rojas 2009;Bisotto-de-Oliveira et al. 2011). Sensilla of this type are located in the proximal region of the first flagellomere in H. pandazisi and scattered at the base of the other flagellomeres. ...
The haematophagous females of the cleg fly Haematopota pandazisi (Kröber) (Diptera: Tabanidae) are a common pest in areas inhabited by wild and domestic ungulates in southern Europe, North Africa and Anatolia. A morphological investigation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out for the first time on the antennae of females of H. pandazisi, with special attention to the type and distribution of sensilla and microtrichia. The typical brachyceran antenna is divided into three regions: the scape, the pedicel and the flagellum, which is the longest of the three and is composed of four flagellomeres. The scape and pedicel are characterized by only one type of microtrichium and chaetic sensillum, whereas five types of microtrichia and sensilla were identified on the flagellum and classified according to shape and distribution. The sensilla are of the chaetic, clavate, basiconic, trichoid and coeloconic types; the latter with either a basiconic or grooved peg inside. The results obtained in this study were compared to those found in other species in the family Tabanidae and other Diptera, with special attention to haematophagous species.
... In the antennal segments, these details are the short microtrichia associated to the second and third types of chaetic sensilla and to the setiferous plaques of the pedicel. The morphology of the microtrichia is similar to that of other Sarcophagidae (Khedre 1997, Sukontason et al. 2004, Abouzied 2008) and of many Calyptratae (Bay and Pitts 1976;White and Bay 1980;Been et al. 1988;Ross 1992;de Fernandes et al. 2002de Fernandes et al. , 2004Sukontason et al. 2004Sukontason et al. , 2007Smallegange et al. 2008;Setzu et al. 2011;Wang et al. 2012;Liu et al. 2013Liu et al. , 2016Zhang et al. 2013aZhang et al. ,b,c, 2014Isaac et al. 2015). Microtrichia are present on all antennal segments with a variable distribution: the highest number is on the postpedicel where they are distributed in a thick layer, making it difficult to identify the sensilla among them. ...
... The morphology of the longitudinal grooves and acute tip of the chaetic sensilla of the scape and the pedicel of S. tibialis is similar to that of structures identified in other Sarcophagidae (Khedre 1997, Abouzied 2008) and other calyptrate families, such as Anthomyiidae (Ross 1992), Fanniidae Zhang et al. 2013c), Muscidae (Been et al. 1988;Sukontason et al. 2004Sukontason et al. , 2007Smallegange et al. 2008;Zhang et al. 2013a), Scathophagidae (Liu et al. 2016), Calliphoridae (Sukontason et al. 2004;Zhang et al. 2013b;de Fernandes et al. 2004), Oestridae (Hunter and Adserballe 1996, de Fernandes et al. 2002, Tachinidae (Rahal et al. 1996, Liu et al. 2013, Glossinidae (Isaac et al. 2015), and Hippoboscidae (Zhang et al. 2015). Chaetic sensilla are thought to have a mechano-tactile role in Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera: Muscidae) (Been et al. 1988). ...
A scanning electron microscopy investigation of the antenna and maxillary palp of the adult of Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a species of medical, veterinary, and forensic relevance, is presented for the first time. Adults of both sexes used in this study were obtained from larvae collected in a case of traumatic myiasis in a domestic cat in northern Italy. The antenna of S. tibialis is that typical of cyclorrhaphan Diptera, consisting of three segments: the scape, the pedicel, and the postpedicel, bearing the arista. The scape is covered by microtrichia and has a row of long chaetic sensilla. The pedicel is also covered by microtrichia and has three types of chaetic sensilla and a cluster of setiferous plaques. Trichoid, styloconic, clavate, and basiconic sensilla are distributed among the microtrichia on the postpedicel. Invaginated basiconic-like sensilla and olfactory pits are also present, the latter ones more numerous in the female. Our results are compared with those obtained for other calyptrate flies, mainly in the family Sarcophagidae. The data obtained may represent a basis for electrophysiological studies on the sensorial activity of the species related to the search for food sources, mates, and suitable larviposition sites, and for comparative morphological studies with other Diptera.
Abstract—This study presents the first scanning electron microscopy investigation of the antenna of adult Bahamiola orbitalis, a species of potential forensic relevance. The specimens used in the analysis were obtained from traps baited with decomposing chicken in Jamaica, and 16 males were used in the morphometric analysis of the species. The antennae of B. orbitalis exhibit the typical characteristics of cyclorrhaphan Diptera, with the scape, the pedicel, and the postpedicel that bears the arista. The distribution, number, and location of sensilla on the antennae are described. Five types of sensilla were observed. The scape and pedicel have only chaetic sensilla, the postpedicel bears trichoid, basiconic, coeloconic sensilla, and clavate sensilla. Basiconic sensilla were the most numerous sensilla found on the antennae. Coeloconic sensilla are short-pegged and located in sunken depressions. The ventral surface of the postpedicel bears one sensory pit. This study provides additional information about the structure of the antennae in Sarcophagidae. This can be used to compare evolutionary relationships and identify shared characteristics.
The olfactory sensing system of the syrphid fly Eupeodes corollae is essential in pollination and prey localization, but little is known about the ultrastructural organization of their olfactory organs. In this study, the morphology, distribution, and ultrastructural organization of antennal sensilla of E. corollae in both sexes were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Neuronal responses of a subtype of sensilla basiconica to floral scent compounds were recorded by single sensillum recording (SSR). Ten morphological types, including Böhm bristles, sensilla chaetica, microtrichiae, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla clavate, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla placodea, and sensory pit, were identified. Except for Böhm bristles and sensilla chaetica, which were distributed on the scape and pedicel of E. corollae antennae, innervated sensilla were densely distributed on the flagellum, a vital sensory organ. Further, observing ultrastructural organization showed that the sensilla trichodea, basiconica, and clavate are single-walled with multiple nanoscale pores perforating the cuticle. Sensilla coeloconica are double-walled and have no wall pores, but instead, have longitudinal grooves along with the pegs. Sensilla chaetica, Böhm bristles, and microtrichiae did not have wall pores on the cuticle or sensory cells at the base. The SSR results indicated that neuron B housed in the subtype of sensilla basiconica I (SBI) mainly responded to methyl eugenol and other aromatic compounds. Overall, our results provide valuable information to understand the morphology and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla from E. corollae . These findings are beneficial for the studies of the neuronal function map of olfactory sensilla and for determining evolutionary relationships in Diptera.
