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In this paper, two compact planar substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed antennas are proposed for wireless local area network (WLAN) at 5.5GHz and wireless body area network (WBAN) at 5.8GHz. The miniaturization is achieved with the concept of quarter-modetopology, and the size of the cavity is reduced up to one-fourth of the circular...
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... radiation pattern plots are depicted in Fig. 10 at 5.5 GHz/5.8 GHz in free space and at 5.8 GHz on the phantom. The antenna radiation patterns at E-plane and H-plane are same because both open edges consist of the same length and perpendicular to each other. In the case of antenna- 1, the maximum radiation is oriented towards φ = 3 • with the peak gain of 4.5 dBi in both of the planes. Similarly, in the case of antenna-2, the maximum radiation is oriented towards φ = 3 • with the peak gain of 4.88 dBi in both of the planes. The radiation pattern plots are similar at 5.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz because both resonant frequencies are possessed by the same mode TM 010 . In free space, the beamwidth is narrower than on-phantom at 5.85 GHz, which represents the degradation of the peak gain from 5.09 dBi to 3.55 dBi on-phantom. The phantom consists of layers of high permittivity tissues, which are responsible for generating back lobes. The simulated antenna efficiency decreases dramatically from 89.4% in free space to 57% on the phantom because the output power is observed by phantoms, and the radiations are converted into heat [1]. The performance of the proposed antenna is compared with previously existing antennas in Table 3, and it can be observed that the proposed antennas have more compact size and comparable bandwidth compared to other prototypes. ...
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... c = velocity of light in free space; Bessel's function coefficient for the mode TM 010 is K mn = 2.404; μ r and ε r represent the relative permeability and permittivity of the substrate. For r = 13.8 mm, the resonant frequency of the FMSIW circular cavity for mode TM 010 is calculated of 6.5 GHz, shown in Fig. 2. The evolution of design process from full-mode (FM) to quarter-mode (QM) is exhibited in Fig. 1, and it is explained with the help of reflection coefficient plots in Fig. 2. The mode symmetry is present along the perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) walls A-A and B-B , shown in Figs. 1(a), 1(b). The half- mode field distribution is achieved, when circular SIW cavity is bisected along the wall A-A [16], and the resonant frequency shifts downward at 6.24 GHz [3] . It can be observed from Fig. 2 that bandwidth is enhanced in half-mode compared to full-mode cavity, due to an increasement in dielectric aperture area for radiations from open edge. Therefore, fringing field increases, and quality factor decreases, which leads to miniaturization and enhancement in the bandwidth [18]. Similarly, in the next step, when HMSIW cavity is bisected along the other PMC wall B-B , QM field distribution of TM 010 mode is achieved, and the resonant frequency shifts at 5.8 GHz. The magnitudes of absolute E-field distributions of the dominant-mode resonant frequency in full-mode, half-mode and quarter-mode of circular SIW cavity are depicted in Fig. 3. In the next step for further miniaturization, an L-shaped slot of dimensions 0.2λ g × 0.14λ g is etched on the top plane of the cavity. After introducing the slot, resonant frequency of the cavity shifts downward at 5.5 GHz, and it is named as antenna-1. The slot consists of identical sides 'l slot ' parallel to the radiating edges. The slot is etched with the aim to offer miniaturization, and it offers radiation in the same phase of the dielectric apertures, hence the field distribution of TM 010 mode is not disturbed with the placement of slot. The slot adds series capacitance, which leads to shifting the operating frequency downward. In the next step, a metal strip is introduced in the middle section of slot which shifts the resonant frequency at 5.8 GHz, and it is named as antenna-2, shown in Fig. 4. The metal strip provides a direct shorting path to the current from magnetic walls to electric walls, hence the effect of slot becomes ...
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... radiation pattern plots are depicted in Fig. 10 at 5.5 GHz/5.8 GHz in free space and at 5.8 GHz on the phantom. The antenna radiation patterns at E-plane and H-plane are same because both open edges consist of the same length and perpendicular to each other. In the case of antenna- 1, the maximum radiation is oriented towards φ = 3 • with the peak gain of 4.5 dBi in both of the planes. Similarly, in the case of antenna-2, the maximum radiation is oriented towards φ = 3 • with the peak gain of 4.88 dBi in both of the planes. The radiation pattern plots are similar at 5.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz because both resonant frequencies are possessed by the same mode TM 010 . In free space, the beamwidth is narrower than on-phantom at 5.85 GHz, which represents the degradation of the peak gain from 5.09 dBi to 3.55 dBi on-phantom. The phantom consists of layers of high permittivity tissues, which are responsible for generating back lobes. The simulated antenna efficiency decreases dramatically from 89.4% in free space to 57% on the phantom because the output power is observed by phantoms, and the radiations are converted into heat [1]. The performance of the proposed antenna is compared with previously existing antennas in Table 3, and it can be observed that the proposed antennas have more compact size and comparable bandwidth compared to other prototypes. ...
Context 4
... c = velocity of light in free space; Bessel's function coefficient for the mode TM 010 is K mn = 2.404; μ r and ε r represent the relative permeability and permittivity of the substrate. For r = 13.8 mm, the resonant frequency of the FMSIW circular cavity for mode TM 010 is calculated of 6.5 GHz, shown in Fig. 2. The evolution of design process from full-mode (FM) to quarter-mode (QM) is exhibited in Fig. 1, and it is explained with the help of reflection coefficient plots in Fig. 2. The mode symmetry is present along the perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) walls A-A and B-B , shown in Figs. 1(a), 1(b). The half- mode field distribution is achieved, when circular SIW cavity is bisected along the wall A-A [16], and the resonant frequency shifts downward at 6.24 GHz [3] . It can be observed from Fig. 2 that bandwidth is enhanced in half-mode compared to full-mode cavity, due to an increasement in dielectric aperture area for radiations from open edge. Therefore, fringing field increases, and quality factor decreases, which leads to miniaturization and enhancement in the bandwidth [18]. Similarly, in the next step, when HMSIW cavity is bisected along the other PMC wall B-B , QM field distribution of TM 010 mode is achieved, and the resonant frequency shifts at 5.8 GHz. The magnitudes of absolute E-field distributions of the dominant-mode resonant frequency in full-mode, half-mode and quarter-mode of circular SIW cavity are depicted in Fig. 3. In the next step for further miniaturization, an L-shaped slot of dimensions 0.2λ g × 0.14λ g is etched on the top plane of the cavity. After introducing the slot, resonant frequency of the cavity shifts downward at 5.5 GHz, and it is named as antenna-1. The slot consists of identical sides 'l slot ' parallel to the radiating edges. The slot is etched with the aim to offer miniaturization, and it offers radiation in the same phase of the dielectric apertures, hence the field distribution of TM 010 mode is not disturbed with the placement of slot. The slot adds series capacitance, which leads to shifting the operating frequency downward. In the next step, a metal strip is introduced in the middle section of slot which shifts the resonant frequency at 5.8 GHz, and it is named as antenna-2, shown in Fig. 4. The metal strip provides a direct shorting path to the current from magnetic walls to electric walls, hence the effect of slot becomes ...
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Citations
... The authors of 13 reported a textile-SIW for WBAN applications. Similarly, the authors of [14][15][16] used Quarter-mode SIW cavities for designing SIW-based wearable antennas. In, 17 the authors used a leather substrate for developing a triple-band WBAN antenna. ...
In this paper, a low‐size and compact substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)‐based simultaneous transmit and receive antenna is developed for full‐duplex wearable telemetry applications. The antenna operates at 4.9 GHz (Wireless Local Area Network [WLAN]) and 5.8 GHz (Industrial, Scientific and Medical [ISM]) bands with acceptable gains. Keeping a proper gap between the two ports achieves an isolation of better than 29.8 dB. This antenna is kept compact (0.20 λg2, where λg is the wavelength at 4.9 GHz) by additional arc‐shaped slot in each radiator, which adds additional capacitance. The suggested antenna is simulated inside a 52 × 63 × 17 mm3 dummy wearable telemetry device and is worn on the subject's chest. Thanks to SIW technology, it has unidirectional radiation patterns, allowing a minimum beam towards the human body, and thus, offers lower specific absorption rate (SAR) at both frequency bands. The unique advantage is its capacity to receive and transmit the telemetry signals simultaneously. Its low profile, flexibility in the resonant bands, simultaneous transmission and reception, and lower SAR values make this antenna suitable for full‐duplex wearable telemetry devices.
... An SIW antenna developed on textile material for wearable applications [11] has achieved Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 0.9 W/kg. Several SIW antennas have been developed with the aid of semi-circular slot [12], circular ring slot [13], rectangular ring slot [14] to accomplish unidirectional radiation pattern. ...
... Hence, it becomes a tough job to design a simple and compact frequency-agile antenna diplexer. Size of the SIW cavity structures can be reduced to the size of 25-50% of the original by the use of half-mode (HM) or quarter-mode (QM) structures as suggested in [18][19][20][21][22][23]. ...
Hybrid half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) diplex antenna is proposed for on-body transceiver applications. The antenna comprises of two quarter-mode SIW cavities specifically a circular cavity and a rectangular cavity. Both resonators are excited individually with dedicated microstrip lines to yield two distinct resonant frequencies at 4 GHz and 4.79 GHz. High isolation (> 25 dB) between the two resonator cavities is ensured by etching a rectangular slot at the cavity junction. The proposed antenna is also simulated near a human head model and a body voxel model and validated for acceptable specific absorption rate (SAR) values for the antenna to be used for on-body transceiver applications. The radiation from the antenna is mostly unidirectional, thus contributing to low SAR values.
... In [4], a WBAN antenna using textile SIW is designed at 5.8 GHz ISM band. In [5]- [7], QMSIW resonators are used for WBAN antennas. The authors in [8] reported a triple band SIW antenna on a leather substrate. ...
This letter proposes a low profile substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity backed self-quadruplexing antenna for wearable devices. The full-mode circular SIW cavity is split to four unequal quarter-mode SIW (QMSIW) cavities by using two diagonal slots on upper layer of the cavity. The proposed antenna uses C-shaped slot in combination with arc-shaped slots of different dimensions in each QMSIW cavity resonator to resonate at wireless local area network (WLAN) bands (3.5, 4.9, 5.4 and 5.8 GHz). The measured gains are 4.4, 5.07, 5.40 and 5.7 dBi at 3.5, 4.9, 5.4 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The antenna is simulated and optimized inside a
${48\times 76\times 21\ mm^{3}}$
rectangular device and by keeping the device on chest of the realistic human model. The proposed antenna has uni-directional radiation pattern in all four operating bands with low backward radiations and thus has low specific absorption rate (SAR) at all four operating bands.
... Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antennas are suitable for the millimeter-wave applications as they have simple structures and low loss, and they can be easily integrated with the circuitry [20], [21]. To realize compact size, half-mode or quarter-mode SIWs (QMSIW) can be employed by introducing virtual magnetic walls for passive components [22]- [25] and antenna designs [26]- [32]. However, most of them can only operate at a single band. ...
A compact linearly-polarized quarter-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (QMSIW) dual-frequency millimeter-wave antenna is presented in this letter. The antenna has two unequal-sized quarter-mode parts of two square SIW cavities for two operating bands. Each quarter can be tuned independently. The two quarters are realized within one layer of substrate laminate, and are placed in a back-to-back configuration, sharing a same row of metalized vias, which makes the structure very simple and compact. For demonstration, a QMSIW dual-frequency antenna simultaneously operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands was designed for 5G applications. Compared with a traditional full-mode SIW slot antenna, our element design merits in an antenna footprint miniaturization of 53.5%. A 4-element corporated-fed antenna array was also designed, fabricated, and measured. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results is obtained. Measured peak antenna gains of 9.5 dBi and 11.0 dBi are obtained for the lower and upper bands, respectively.
... A phased slot array antenna with wide angle scanning has been demonstrated with decreased gain fluctuation in the microwave operating band [10] [11]. Two QMSIW antennas have been proposed for WLAN and WBAN applications [12] and performance of the antennas are successfully tested on a human body. The design of HMSIW based dual-band antennas are demonstrated in [13 -15], which has good antenna performance characteristics. ...
A two element array of circular shaped cavity backed substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based antenna is proposed in this work. The elements are backed by a dielectric cavity of FR4 epoxy and fed by SIW slot coupling mechanism. Keeping the advantages of the conventional waveguides, the bandwidth of the radiation can be increased by choosing proper dimensions to the slots and circular patches. The two element array configuration in the design contributed to the comfortable uplift of the gain. The impedance matching is achieved by inserting a two arm power divider with pre-calculated dimensions. The accurate formulation of the electromagnetic problem of analyzing the SIW antenna is achieved by using integral equation based methods which can be solved numerically. The designed top layer of the antenna is analyzed with well known Method of Moments (MoM) and the results are compared. The functioning of the antenna is compared in terms of Return losses, radiation pattern and gain. The antenna exhibits 72% of bandwidth with peak gain of 4.2dB in the range of 4.4GHz to9.9GHz with the resonating frequency of 7.54GHz and well suited for C-band microwave communication applications.
... A co-axial fed QMSIW triangular antenna [6] with compact slot using TE 101 mode is presented to radiate at 2.54 GHz frequency. A compact QMSIW antenna with L-shaped slot using TM 101 mode [7] is proposed. Shunt metallic via loaded QMSIW antenna [8] is proposed for WBAN applications. ...
... A QMSIW textile antenna with two rectangular slits [9] is proposed. Antennas proposed [7][8][9] are excited by co-axial feeding technique and QMSIW is realized from circular cavity resonators. In order to reduce the number of antennas in a hand-held device, dual-band antennas are the highest demand. ...
... The peak gain has slightly deviated from the boresight direction in QMSIW antennas which were discussed in [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] as most of the energy is coupled from the dielectric aperture. ...
A miniaturized quadrant slot antenna backed by the
cavity using QMSIW technique is developed for dual-frequency
applications. The design process is begun with FMSIW circular
cavity which has been cut along magnetic wall twice to get
quadrant sector of a circular cavity that is said to be a QMSIW
cavity. The QMSIW cavity excited in TM210 and TM020 modes is
loaded by quadrant slot which helps to decrease the resonant
frequencies. The CST microwave studio is used to study the
operating mechanism of various modes in the cavity. The antenna
has been fabricated and measured the S11 and principle pattern
and also compared with simulated results. The experimental
results prove that the antenna S11 in dB is low at dual-frequency.
One of the resonant frequencies is at 8.05 GHz and other 9.95
GHz with peak gains are around 6.25 dBi and 6.45 dBi
respectively.
... By using metallic via-holes connecting the top and bottom metal plates, SIW cavity realizes waveguide-based component in planar substrate while maintaining comparable performance. In [13], a quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide topology was implemented for coaxial-fed antenna to achieve miniaturization. To further reduce the size of the antenna, a L-shaped slot was etched on the top plane of the cavity. ...
... The other is that different from the former with additional radiating slots, the latter possess opened apertures by their nature. Many excellent antennas have been developed for compactsize [8], frequency-tunable [9], multi-band [10], circular-polarized [11], and high-gain [12] applications. However, SIW cavities with hybrid boundaries have been rarely investigated for designing multipleinputmultiple-output (MIMO) antennas. ...
A substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) cavity multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna using hybrid boundaries and anti-symmetric U-shaped slots is proposed. Unlike conventional SIW cavities completely shorted by metallic vias, the proposed two cavities possess opened edges. Since shorted and opened cavity edges can be regarded as electrically and magnetically conducting boundaries, respectively, hybrid resonating boundaries are achieved. Excited by coaxial ports, antenna elements can radiate cavity energy through the opened edges. Moreover, antenna isolation can be significantly enhanced by introducing a pair of anti-symmetric U-shaped slots on the top and bottom planes. This design has been validated by experiments. With the overall size of 0.44λ 0 × 0.44λ 0 × 0.04λ 0 , the fabricated MIMO antenna exhibits operating frequency of 3.51 GHz, high isolation of 20.18 dB, peak gain of 3.15 dBi, and low envelope correlation coefficient of 0.12, which has potential applications for wireless systems.
... By using half mode SIW technique miniaturization is attained in antennas. [12][13][14][15] From the above literature, it is observed that the simultaneous achievement of size reduction, better gain, and improved FTBR with good radiation efficiency is the research issue. This article proposes a compact double line substrate integrated waveguide (DLSIW) cavity backed antenna using half mode SIW technology for WLAN applications. ...
A compact double line substrate integrated waveguide (DLSIW) cavity backed antenna is realized using half mode SIW technology for WLAN applications. The existing single line SIW antennas for WLAN applications have low gain and less efficiency. To overcome this limitation, DLSIW structure is proposed. The new DLSIW structure simultaneously achieves better gain, radiation efficiency, and good front to back ratio (FTBR) with compact size. To improve the FTBR, ground extension is made. The size reduction of the proposed design is implemented with half mode SIW topology. The gain and efficiency improved new DLSIW antenna is fabricated using FR4 material and it resonates at 5.27GHz WLAN frequency. The size of antenna is 44 mm × 18.75 mm × 1.6 mm and it has the gain of 5.824 dB. The radiation efficiency and FTBR of the antenna are 69.13% and 13.65 dB, respectively. The design is experimentally tested and compared with earlier WLAN antennas. There is a better accordance between simulated and measured results.
