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Ant visitation pattern among the three Chamaecrista species. (A) Considering all observations, the number of ants per plant and (B) the maximum number of ants per plant. (C) Number of ant workers of the dominant ant species Camponotus crassus per plant considering all observations and (D) the maximum number of C. crassus per plant. (E) Number of ant workers of the dominant ant species Pheidole sp. 1 per plant considering all observations and (F) the maximum number of Pheidole sp. 1 per plant. The midpoint represents the mean, the vertical line represents the 95% confidence interval, and the grey dots are the raw data. Different letters represent differences between the Chamaecrista species (P<0.05). Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jxb/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jxb/erad160/7146487 by guest on 07 June 2023
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Few studies have explored the phenotypic plasticity of nectar production on plant attractiveness to ants. Here, we investigate the role of EFN size on the productivity of extrafloral nectar in three sympatric legume species. We hypothesised that plant species with larger EFNs i) have higher induced nectar secretion after herbivory events, and ii) a...
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... ant species attending plants, but it was observed to feed more frequently on EFNs of C. calycioides and C. diphylla. The average number of ants observed on plants during the censuses differed among Chamaecrista species (F 2,1246 =21.3; P<0.001). Chamaecrista duckeana had three times more worker ants visiting EFNs than the other two plant species (Fig. 5A). Chamaecrista calycioides and C. diphylla did not differ in the number of ants visiting EFNs (Fig. 5A). Similarly, the maximum number of ants per plant was around twice higher in C. duckeana than in the other two species, which did not differ from each other (F 2,87 =5.70; P=0.004; Fig. ...
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... C. diphylla. The average number of ants observed on plants during the censuses differed among Chamaecrista species (F 2,1246 =21.3; P<0.001). Chamaecrista duckeana had three times more worker ants visiting EFNs than the other two plant species (Fig. 5A). Chamaecrista calycioides and C. diphylla did not differ in the number of ants visiting EFNs (Fig. 5A). Similarly, the maximum number of ants per plant was around twice higher in C. duckeana than in the other two species, which did not differ from each other (F 2,87 =5.70; P=0.004; Fig. ...
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... ants visiting EFNs than the other two plant species (Fig. 5A). Chamaecrista calycioides and C. diphylla did not differ in the number of ants visiting EFNs (Fig. 5A). Similarly, the maximum number of ants per plant was around twice higher in C. duckeana than in the other two species, which did not differ from each other (F 2,87 =5.70; P=0.004; Fig. ...
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... visitation pattern of the two dominant ant species differed among the three Chamaecrista species (Fig. 5C-F). The ant number of C. crassus differed among plant species (F 2,1247 =17.5; P<0.001), being higher in C. duckeana plants (Fig. 5C). Similarly, the maximum number of C. crassus was more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 ...
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... visitation pattern of the two dominant ant species differed among the three Chamaecrista species (Fig. 5C-F). The ant number of C. crassus differed among plant species (F 2,1247 =17.5; P<0.001), being higher in C. duckeana plants (Fig. 5C). Similarly, the maximum number of C. crassus was more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 =38.4; P<0.001), again being higher in C. duckeana (Fig. 5E). Similarly, the maximum number of Pheidole sp.1 was higher in C. duckeana ...
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... visitation pattern of the two dominant ant species differed among the three Chamaecrista species (Fig. 5C-F). The ant number of C. crassus differed among plant species (F 2,1247 =17.5; P<0.001), being higher in C. duckeana plants (Fig. 5C). Similarly, the maximum number of C. crassus was more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 =38.4; P<0.001), again being higher in C. duckeana (Fig. 5E). Similarly, the maximum number of Pheidole sp.1 was higher in C. duckeana compared with the other two species (F 2,87 =52.1; P<0.001; Fig. ...
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... among plant species (F 2,1247 =17.5; P<0.001), being higher in C. duckeana plants (Fig. 5C). Similarly, the maximum number of C. crassus was more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 =38.4; P<0.001), again being higher in C. duckeana (Fig. 5E). Similarly, the maximum number of Pheidole sp.1 was higher in C. duckeana compared with the other two species (F 2,87 =52.1; P<0.001; Fig. ...
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... more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 =38.4; P<0.001), again being higher in C. duckeana (Fig. 5E). Similarly, the maximum number of Pheidole sp.1 was higher in C. duckeana compared with the other two species (F 2,87 =52.1; P<0.001; Fig. ...
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... ant species attending plants, but it was observed to feed more frequently on EFNs of C. calycioides and C. diphylla. The average number of ants observed on plants during the censuses differed among Chamaecrista species (F 2,1246 =21.3; P<0.001). Chamaecrista duckeana had three times more worker ants visiting EFNs than the other two plant species (Fig. 5A). Chamaecrista calycioides and C. diphylla did not differ in the number of ants visiting EFNs (Fig. 5A). Similarly, the maximum number of ants per plant was around twice higher in C. duckeana than in the other two species, which did not differ from each other (F 2,87 =5.70; P=0.004; Fig. ...
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... C. diphylla. The average number of ants observed on plants during the censuses differed among Chamaecrista species (F 2,1246 =21.3; P<0.001). Chamaecrista duckeana had three times more worker ants visiting EFNs than the other two plant species (Fig. 5A). Chamaecrista calycioides and C. diphylla did not differ in the number of ants visiting EFNs (Fig. 5A). Similarly, the maximum number of ants per plant was around twice higher in C. duckeana than in the other two species, which did not differ from each other (F 2,87 =5.70; P=0.004; Fig. ...
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... ants visiting EFNs than the other two plant species (Fig. 5A). Chamaecrista calycioides and C. diphylla did not differ in the number of ants visiting EFNs (Fig. 5A). Similarly, the maximum number of ants per plant was around twice higher in C. duckeana than in the other two species, which did not differ from each other (F 2,87 =5.70; P=0.004; Fig. ...
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... visitation pattern of the two dominant ant species differed among the three Chamaecrista species (Fig. 5C-F). The ant number of C. crassus differed among plant species (F 2,1247 =17.5; P<0.001), being higher in C. duckeana plants (Fig. 5C). Similarly, the maximum number of C. crassus was more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 ...
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... visitation pattern of the two dominant ant species differed among the three Chamaecrista species (Fig. 5C-F). The ant number of C. crassus differed among plant species (F 2,1247 =17.5; P<0.001), being higher in C. duckeana plants (Fig. 5C). Similarly, the maximum number of C. crassus was more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 =38.4; P<0.001), again being higher in C. duckeana (Fig. 5E). Similarly, the maximum number of Pheidole sp.1 was higher in C. duckeana ...
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... visitation pattern of the two dominant ant species differed among the three Chamaecrista species (Fig. 5C-F). The ant number of C. crassus differed among plant species (F 2,1247 =17.5; P<0.001), being higher in C. duckeana plants (Fig. 5C). Similarly, the maximum number of C. crassus was more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 =38.4; P<0.001), again being higher in C. duckeana (Fig. 5E). Similarly, the maximum number of Pheidole sp.1 was higher in C. duckeana compared with the other two species (F 2,87 =52.1; P<0.001; Fig. ...
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... among plant species (F 2,1247 =17.5; P<0.001), being higher in C. duckeana plants (Fig. 5C). Similarly, the maximum number of C. crassus was more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 =38.4; P<0.001), again being higher in C. duckeana (Fig. 5E). Similarly, the maximum number of Pheidole sp.1 was higher in C. duckeana compared with the other two species (F 2,87 =52.1; P<0.001; Fig. ...
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... more elevated in C. duckeana (F 2,87 =12.6; P<0.001; Fig. 5D). The ant number of Pheidole sp.1 also differed among the species of Chamaecrista (F 2,1247 =38.4; P<0.001), again being higher in C. duckeana (Fig. 5E). Similarly, the maximum number of Pheidole sp.1 was higher in C. duckeana compared with the other two species (F 2,87 =52.1; P<0.001; Fig. ...
Citations
... However, we found no difference in nectar concentration between day and night in both plant structures. This could be explained by the Optimal Defense Theory, which suggests that investment in defense should be higher in structures where the probability of predation is very high, or in those where the cost of herbivory could negatively affect plant fitness (McKey 1974;Delgado et al. 2017;Calixto et al. 2021), what leads the plant to produce better quality nectar when necessary interacting with the best partner ants (Alencar et al. 2023). According to this hypothesis, damage to Canavalia inflorescences could be very costly for their fitness, such that investment in this type of nectar-secreting structure would be necessary for an efficient biotic defense (Rico-Gray and Thien 1989;Del-Claro and Marquis 2015). ...
In response to herbivory, plants employ several inducible
defenses to mitigate herbivore damage. These plant-induced
responses can trigger subtle changes in plant metabolite
composition, altering the profiles of plant-produced exudates
such as (extra-) floral nectar and plant guttation. Natural
enemies consume these plant-produced exudates, which serve
as consistent and nutrient-dense food sources. There is
mounting evidence that natural enemies’ access to plant-produced exudates impacts their fitness, performance, and life
history traits. Nonetheless, the role of induced plant defense on
plant-produced exudates and the subsequent effect on natural
enemies remains under-researched. This review, thus,
highlights the potential role of induced plant defense on the
profiles of plant-produced exudates, with a particular emphasis
on altered metabolic changes affecting resource nutritional
value and consequently the fitness and performance of natural
enemies. Future directions and potential implications in
biological control practices are also highlighted.
