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Anoectochilus longilobus & A. zhejiangensis. A, B, D–F and H–L. Anoectochilus longilobus; C, G. A. zhejiangensis; A– C. Habit. D. Lip and ovary (side view). E–G. Close-up of flowers (front and side view). H. Perianthes. I. Column and calli (front view). J. Column and calli (side view). K. Operculum. L. Pollinia. (Photographs B & F by H. Jiang, C & G by Y. Liu, others by H. Z. Tian).
Source publication
Anoectochilus Blume (1825: 411; Orchidaceae) belongs to subtribe Goodyerinae (Cranichideae; Orchidoideae; Pridgeon et al. 2003). The generic name is derived from the Greek words ‘anoiktos’ (open) and ‘cheilos’ (lip), referring to the flower with prominent lip giving an open appearance (Sumathi et al. 2003, Bhattacharjee 2013). The genus consists of...
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Citations
... The genus Anoectochilus Blume (Goodyerinae, Cranichideae, Orchidaceae) consists of about 40 reported species in the world, distributed mainly from south and southeast Asia to Australia and the southwest Pacific islands (Jin et al. 2021;POWO 2023). To date, a total of 20 species (including 11 endemics) have been recorded from China (Tian and Xing 2008;Tian et al. 2014;Jin et al. 2021;POWO 2023). These Anoectochilus species, along with certain members of Goodyera and some related genera, are famous as Jewel Orchids in English (Cavestro 1994), and known as "Jin Xian Lian" in Chinese for their "golden lines" on leaves, with both medicinal and edible values. ...
... These inconsistences can be explained by the varied evolution between nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA (Clegg et al. 1994;Pérez-Escobar et al. 2020), which makes nrDNA ITS much more suitable for genetic diversity analysis due to its faster evolutionary rate and cpDNA better for genetic relationship investigation in virtue of their prolific hereditary information. Based on a series of new species (Tian and Xing 2008;Chen and Shui 2010;Tian et al. 2014;Qu et al. 2015) and new records for China (Hu et al. 2012;Wu et al. 2017;Zheng et al. 2018;Jin et al. 2019;Zheng et al. 2019;Jin et al. 2021), there are currently 21 Anoectochilus species known from China. And more distinguishable DNA molecular markers are needed to be developed to provide convincing species delimitation in the Anoectochilus genus. ...
A new species of Anoectochilus (Orchidaceae) from Guangxi, China, A. zhongshanensis , is described here, which was identified based on phylogenetic studies adopting combined plastid markers ( rbcL - matK - trnL - F ), morphological observation and chemical analysis. Molecular phylogenetic results support the systematic status of A. zhongshanensis as a new species in Anoectochilus genus. Morphologically, this new species is similar to A. zhejiangensis and A. malipoensis , but differs by its characteristic labellum and column, including the hastate or scalpel-shaped lobes of epichile, forward curved and pinnately divided cristate lobes at both sides of the mesochile and inverted triangle column wings. Furthermore, HPLC-ELSD analysis of these three species revealed the interesting chemotaxonomic difference that the principle and characteristic lactone glycoside in this new species was kinsenoside, rather than its diastereoisomer, goodyeroside A, a major glycoside in A. zhejiangensis and A. malipoensis .
... The genus contains about 40 terrestrial (in New Guinea also epiphytic) species distributed from India and the eastern Himalaya, through south and southeast Asia to Australia and the southwest Pacific islands (Zhou et al. 2016, Han 2019, WCSP 2020. So far, 19 species (including 10 endemics) are known from China (Tian et al. 2008, Chen & Shui 2010, Hu et al. 2012, Tian et al. 2014, Qu et al. 2015, Wu et al. 2017, 2019, Han 2019, Jin et al. 2019, WCSP 2020. Species delimitation in the genus is still uncertain in some cases, as shown by the example of A. calcareus Aver. ...
... Based on a series of new species (Tian et al. 2008, Chen & Shui 2010, Tian et al. 2014, Qu et al. 2015, new records for China (Hu et al. 2012, Wu et al. 2017, 2019, Jin et al. 2019) and the latest generic revision (Han 2019), there are currently 20 species of Anoectochilus known from China. The following is a tentative key for the identification of these species. ...
Based on field observations and examination of preserved specimens, Anoectochilus medogensis is described as a new species from Tibet, China. Phylogenetic evidence using combined plastid regions (matK, trnL-F and rbcL) further supports the systematic status of A. medogensis. A detailed morphological description, photographic plates and line drawings, as well as conservation assessment are also provided for this new species.
... The genus Anoectochilus (Orchidaceae) comprises a total of 43 species of perennial herbs, most of which is native to China and India, through South and Southeast Asia to Australia and the southwest Pacific islands (Pridgeon, Cribb, Chase, & Rasumussen, 2003;Qu, Huang, Feng, & Hu, 2015). In China, there are 20 Anoectochilus species (nine endemic), which is distributed mostly in Fujian, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou and Taiwan Provinces (Chen & Shui, 2010;Chen, Gale, Cribb, & Ormerod, 2009;Hu, Tian, & Dong, 2012;Qu et al., 2015;Tian, Liu, Cheng, Hu, & Jiang, 2014;Wu, Tian et al., 2017;Wu, Zhang et al., 2017;Zheng et al., 2018Zheng et al., , 2019. ...
Objective
To establish multi-class bioactive constituents’ determination of ten Anoectochilus, four Goodyera and one Ludisia species, and provide reference for the improvement of their quality control.
Methods
HPLC-ELSD and phenol–sulphuric acid methods were used for the quantitative determination of lactone glycosides (kinsenoside and its diastereoisomer, goodyeroside A) and polysaccharides, respectively, while an efficient iHPLC–MS/MS method was established for rapid determination of other minor constituents in ten Anoectochilus species and five related species.
Results
The contents of kinsenoside, goodyeroside A, polysaccharides and flavonoids varied notably almost in all tested samples, including both wild plants and tissue cultures. In particular, kinsenoside was the major lactone glycoside in A. roxburghii, A. formosanus, A. xingrenensis, A. nandanensis, A. brevilabris and A. burmannicus, whereas goodyeroside A was the predominant constituent in A. lylei, A. longilobus, A. elatus, A. zhejiangensis, G. schlechtendaliana, G. biflora, G. yangmeishanensi, G. repens and Ludisia discolor.
Conclusion
Our present study suggested that A. lylei, A. longilobus, A. elatus, A. zhejiangensis, Ludisia discolor and Goodyera species cannot be used as alternatives for A. roxburghii, and goodyeroside A may be reasonably used as a diagnostic marker for distinguishing A. roxburghii from A. lylei, A. longilobus, A. elatus and A. zhejiangensis, Goodyera and Ludisia species. The established method thus could be potentially used for the quality evaluation and control of Anoectochilus and some related species.
... There are more than 15 Anoectochilus species (Orchidaceae family), widely distributed in Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, and Guangxi, from the south to the east and west of China. 1,2 Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. is the most well-known medicinal and edible species and the only officially designated origin of a valuable herb named "Jinxianlian" in the "Standards of Chinese Medicinal Materials of Fujian Province in China" (2006 Edition). ...
Endophytic fungi possess favorable effects on their host plants, including disease-resistance improvement, secondary metabolite induction, and growth promotion. It is therefore a promising and sustainable strategy to utilize endophytic fungi for the quality improvement of medicinal herbs or important crops. In our study, a collection of 277 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from Anoectochilus and Ludisia orchids. Two strains J162 and J211 can be symbiotically cocultured with the tissue culture seedlings of Anoectochilus roxburghii, a popular medicinal and edible plant in southern China. Both strains can significantly enhance the biomass of A. roxburghii and induce the biosynthesis and accumulation of its active ingredients, including flavonoids, kinsenoside, and polysaccharides. J162 and J211 were further identified as Chaetomium globosum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides based on multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Immunocytochemical staining indicated that J162 and J211 mainly colonized the intercellular gap of xylem parenchyma cells of A. roxburghii roots without obvious harm. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression of three growth-related genes, namely, uracil phosphoribosyl transferase, amino acid transmembrane transporter, and maturase K, were significantly altered in A. roxburghii plants when treated with J162 and J211. In conclusion, the two strains are highly beneficial microbial resources for the growth and accumulation of active ingredients of A. roxburghii in agricultural cultivation.
... The newly described orchids included 23 more genera (29 new genera and six combined genera) and 141 more species than FRPS. Subsequently, more than 10 combined genera and 20 new or newly recorded genera (e.g., Chen & Liu, 2010;Li et al., 2011Li et al., , 2014aLi et al., , 2015Liu et al., 2011;Huang et al., 2012;Xiang et al., 2012;Yang et al., 2013;Zhai et al., 2013Zhai et al., , 2014Zhang et al., 2013Zhang et al., , 2015aJin et al., 2014Jin et al., , 2015Tang et al., 2015a), and 60 species (e.g., Hu et al., 2013Hu et al., , 2014Jin et al., 2013;Li & Yan, 2013;Peng et al., 2013;Guan et al., 2014;Li et al., 2014b;Meng et al., 2014;Tian et al., 2014;Xu et al., 2014;Zou et al., 2014;Su et al., 2015) have been reported in recent years. The completion of the FRPS, Flora of China, and the updated taxa of orchids have contributed greatly to the understanding of Chinese orchid classification and diversification. ...
We estimated the molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese members of the family Orchidaceae. Within the Tree of Life for the Genera of Chinese Vascular Plants using atpB, rbcL, matK, ndhF, and matR, the currently delimited subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes are highly supported as monophyletic except for the perplexing Epidendroideae. Five genes (rbcL, matK, psaB, ycf1, and Xdh), which are more universally used in
Orchidaceae, were further analyzed to reconstruct the phylogeny of Epidendroideae. The reconstructed trees were in strong agreement and showed significant support for the tribal and subtribal clades. Based on the highly
supported circumscription and arrangement of the suprageneric levels in the Tree of Life and reconstructed trees, we have proposed a new phylogenetic classification of Chinese Orchidaceae that includes five subfamilies, 17 tribes, and 21 subtribes.
... With about 43 species, Anoectochilus is distributed in India and the east Himalayas, through south and southeast Asia to Australia and the southwest Pacifi c islands. In China, 16 species (9 endemic) have been found (Garay and Sweet 1974, Bose and Bhattacharjee 1980, Seidenfaden and Wood 1992, Chen et al. 2009, Chen and Shui 2010, Hu et al. 2012, Tian et al. 2014. ...
... In the course of a fl oristic investigation in Nandan County in 2012, we discovered a rare species belonging to the genus Anoectochilus . After consulting the national fl ora (Chen et al. 2009) and other relevant literature (Averyanov 2008, Tian et al. 2008, 2014, Chen and Shui 2010, Pedersen et al. 2011, Hu et al. 2012, as well as herbarium specimens, we propose it as a new species as described and illustrated below. ...
Anoectochilus nandanensis, a new species from northern Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to A. emeiensis K. Y. Lang in habit, but distinguished by the size of the plant, leaves and lateral sepals, as well as the flanges of the mesochile.
... 兰科植物是被子植物的最大科之一, 全世界 约有736属28,000种 (Chase et al., 2015, Dressler, 1993, 广泛分布于大部分的陆地生态系统中, 尤 其以热带地区最为丰富。兰科植物是生物学研究 的热点类群之一, 也是生物多样性保护中的"旗 舰"类群, 全世界所有的野生兰科植物均被列为 《野生动植物濒危物种国际贸易公约》(CITES) 的保护范围, 占该公约保护植物种类的90%以上。 中国是野生兰科植物最为丰富的国家之一, 《中国植物志》收录了我国兰科植物171属1,247 种(陈心启, 1999; 吉占和, 1999; 郎楷永, 1999), (Vol. 25, Chen et al., 2009)中, 收录 我国兰科植物194属1,388种; 而近期陆续有新属、 种发表(如Hu et al., 2014;Jin, 2014;Kumar et al., 2014;Tian et al., 2014;Xu et al., 2014)。 近年来, 随着分子系统学的快速发展, 兰科 植物分类系统发生了很大变化 (Cameron et al., 1999;Chase et al., 2015): 一方面, 许多类群的系 统学位置发生了很大变化, 如鸟巢兰族的系统学 位 置 由 原 来 的 鸟 巢 兰 亚 科 或 兰 亚 科 (Dressler, 1993)调整入树兰亚科 (Xiang et al., 2012a;Chase et al., 2015); 另一方面, 许多属被重新界定, 如鸟 舌兰属(Ascocentrum)等10属并入万代兰属(Vanda) (Gardiner, 2012 ...
Two new polysaccharides, AZP-1a and AZP-1d, with molecular weights of 3.41 × 10⁴ and 4568 Da, respectively, were extracted from Anoectochilus zhejiangensis and purified by column chromatography. Their structural characteristics were systematically explored and results indicated AZP-1a and AZP-1d shared a similar backbone consisted of→4)-Galp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, and →4,6)-Glcp-(1→, with a different terminal residue of Manp-(1 → and Glcp-(1→, respectively. In vivo experiments showed that the crude polysaccharide of A. zhejiangensis (AZP) exhibited significant hepatoprotective effects, decreasing the serum levels of ALT, AST and LDH in CCl4-treated mice, reducing MDA content, promoting SOD and CAT activities, and increasing GSH level in liver. Further in vitro investigation exhibited that AZP, AZP-1a and AZP-1d effectively protected liver cells against CCl4-stimulated oxidative damage, while AZP-1a and AZP-1d functioned mainly through the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that A. zhejiangensis polysaccharides can be applied as a potential resource for the development of hepatoprotective drugs.
In this study, an updated checklist of Orchidaceae for China is presented based on all recently available literature and online resources relevant to new taxa, national or regional new records, and new taxonomic papers. This checklist includes 208 genera and 1695 taxa. Additionally, two new national records for Orchidaceae from Yunnan, viz. Rhomboda lanceolata and Porpax elwesii, are reported with detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations.
