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Most power systems in the east of Indonesia require only small capacities which are supplied by diesel generators, especially in the area of small islands which are suitable for isolated grid. On the other hand, Indonesia has a high potential for solar energy which can be employed to supplement the power generation as well as to reduce the cost of...
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... software uses the monthly average global horizontal radiation as input parameters. The solar radiation and clearance index data for the selected site are represented in Figure 2. The annual average of solar radiation is 6.38 kWh/m 2 /day, with maximum solar radiation (7.53 kWh/m 2 /day) is obtained in October, and minimum solar radiation (5.5 kWh/m 2 /day) is obtained in June. ...
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Citations
... The combination of these generation sources to smooth out load patterns in a hybrid power generation system can be achieved by adding a battery as energy storage (Sulistyo & Far, 2020). Therefore, when there is an excess of renewable energy sources, the energy storage batteries can be charged without using a diesel generator (Azahra et al., 2020). Moreover, the development of renewable energy-based power generation systems, such as hybrid or microgrid systems with batteries or DG, can be expanded to ensure power reliability and provide 24-hour electricity supply to the frontier, outermost, and least developed (3T) areas (PT PLN, 2021). ...
Microgrid systems are part of the most reliable energy supply technologies for rural communities that do not have access to electricity but the system is generally dominated by diesel generators (DG). The implementation of de-dieselization programs to ensure efficient diesel operations requires addressing several scenarios such as the replacement of diesel completely with 100% renewable energy sources at a significant cost. The design and selection of appropriate configuration, as well as operating patterns, need to be considered in adopting economical and reliable microgrid systems. Therefore, this study aimed to design an optimal configuration and operational pattern for microgrid systems for the frontier, outermost, and least developed (3T) regions using Baron Techno Park (BTP) in Indonesia as a case study. The optimization was conducted through HOMER software combined with benefit-cost analysis and the focus was on daily load variations, selection of control algorithms, reconfiguration of the power supply system, and setting of the diesel generator operating hours. The results showed that the optimum configuration was achieved using loads of resort, 24 kWp of PV, 288 kWh of BESS, load-following (LF) as dispatch controller, and 25 kVa of DG. Moreover, the proposed microgrid system produced 12% excess energy, 36% renewable fraction (RF), 13.25 tons reduction in CO2 emissions per year, $0.28 LCOE per kWh, $250,478 NPC, and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 0.89. It also had a potential energy efficiency savings of 55.56% and a cost efficiency of 20.95% compared to existing system configurations. In conclusion, the study showed that the addition of DG to microgrid systems in 3T areas was more optimal than using only PV and batteries. An effective operating schedule for the DG was also necessary to improve RF and reduce expenses. Furthermore, other energy storage devices considered less expensive than batteries could be introduced to improve the economics of microgrid systems in the 3T region.
... The design and economic viability of microgrid directly depends on its deployment cost [12]. Many of these costs lack standardization, and can vary significantly based on the type of microgrid, its control and management mechanism and geographical factors [13]. ...
... Pada penelitian ini, digunakan strategi Cycle Charging, dimana generator beroperasi pada kapasitas penuh pada saat dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi beban bersih. Kelebihan daya yang dihasilkan oleh generator akan digunakan kemudian untuk mengisi baterai [35]. Terdapat satu alternatif konfigurasi yang sangat sesuai dengan kebutuhan Bappeda Pacitan dan daerah yang diteliti. ...
Salah satu daerah yang memiliki rasio elektrifikasi rendah terdapat di Kecamatan Tulakan, Kabupaten Pacitan, Jawa Timur. Padahal, potensi Energi Baru Terbarukan masih banyak yang dapat dimanfaatkan. Pada daerah tersebut, terdapat potensi energi surya, angin, dan biogas yang tinggi untuk dikembangkan agar penduduk sekitar mendapatkan aliran listrik yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mensimulasikan Energi Baru Terbarukan berbasis tenaga surya, tenaga angin, dan biogas yang ada di Kecamatan Tulakan, agar dapat memperoleh kombinasi terbaik. Dengan melakukan simulasi menggunakan perangkat lunak HomerPro, didapatkan kombinasi konfigurasi yang bersifat Off-grid. Konfigurasi terbaik yang telah didapatkan terdiri dari kombinasi Panel Surya, Turbin Angin, dan Biogas. Konfigurasi ini memproduksi listrik hingga 11.590 kWh/tahunnya, dimana persentase produksi energi terbesar dari Turbin Angin sebesar 65,9%, Panel Surya sebesar 25%, dan biogas sebesar 9,1%. Konfigurasi ini menghasilkan emisi CO2 dari generator biogas sebanyak 1.324 kg/tahun dan membutuhkan biaya investasi awal sebesar Rp 2.317.119.450. Penerapan dari konfigurasi ini dapat meningkatkan rasio elektrifikasi hingga 100%
... A novel system was approached by R. Muthukumar et al. [6] to get optimal renewable energy integration in a hybrid system. Azahra et al. [7] examined a techno-economic feasibility of an off-grid hybrid system. They found that this system has good economic performance. ...
... The value of A(φ) can be calculated from Equation 7. The instanton change in the mass fraction in the burned region is defined using the Wiebe function [49,50], as given in Eq. 12 below. ...
A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Diesel engine Low load operation Two-zone model Plastic-derived diesel Engine performance and emissions A B S T R A C T In recent years, hybrid (e.g. diesel-renewable) power systems have been implemented in many isolated regions (e.g. remote areas and islands) to reduce dependency on diesel generation. Nevertheless, low load (up to 30% of the maximum rated power) at variable speed operations is considered flexible and relevant for maximum renewable energy penetration because of the high cost and complexity of the conventional mode with fixed speed operation in the hybrid system. Given the increasing emphasis on fossil fuels in power generation sectors, plastic-derived diesel can be a suitable alternative. In this study, plastic-derived diesel was used for engine testing. It was produced from plastic crude oil from high-density polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene in a 1:1:1 ratio by using a vacuum distillation technique via the pyrolysis process. The pyrochemical properties of plastic-derived diesel were tested after distillation. The present work focused on validating the two-zone thermodynamic model for investigating engine performance and emissions at variable speeds (i.e. 1200, 1500, 1800 and 2100 rpm) at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% load conditions fuelled with ultra-low sulphur diesel and plastic-derived diesel blends (5, 10 and 20). The simulation and experimental results showed good agreement. The maximum variation of 17.2% was found between the experimental and simulated results at mentioned speeds and loads for all tested fuels. Compared with ultra-low sulphur diesel, plastic-derived diesel showed a significant improvement in brake power, torque, brake thermal efficiency and brake-specific fuel consumption. The maximum brake power variation was 9.85% for plastic-derived diesel (20%) at 1200 rpm at 5% load. Moreover, the minimum brake specific fuel consumption variation was 4.15% for ultra-low sulphur diesel at 1500 rpm and 25% load. Compared with the commercial ultra-low sulphur diesel, 20% of plastic-derived diesel blends exhibited maximum reductions of 4.75, 5.95, 4.45 and 4.35% in NO x , CO 2 , CO, and HC emissions, respectively, under any tested conditions. Plastic-derived diesel blends showed less particulate matter emission compared to ultra-low sulphur diesel. Therefore, up to at least 20% of the plastic-derived diesel blends tested in this study can be used as an alternative fuel for ultra-low sulphur diesel. Further study should be carried out to test more than 20% plastic-derived diesel blends and reach a conclusion.
... Some of them have addressed isolated communities, e.g., Krishan et al. [63], Murty et al. [64], Kumar et al. [65], and Garg et al. [66], who applied the HOMER software program to assess the economic feasibility of PV, wind power, and ESS for rural areas in India. Micangeli et al. [67] applied the same software program in Kenya to study its goal of achieving universal energy access, while Azahra et al. [68] studied Eastern Indonesia. A more detailed literature review is presented in the supplementary material. ...
... They conducted sensitivity analyses on the amount of GHI, wind speed, diesel price, operation and maintenance (O&M), and capital costs of the components and found that wind speed and battery's initial cost have the highest effect on COE. Azahra et al. [22] pointed out that most of Indonesia's power systems need low capacity, which diesel generators can provide. They studied a hybrid renewable system in which COE is significantly lower than a diesel power plant where the optimization strategy is cycle charging. ...
Nowadays, hybrid renewable systems can be the best solution for meeting electricity demand, especially where grid extension and environmental issues are important. This study aimed to find the best combination of the typical components used in East Java, Indonesia. In this regard, four types of photovoltaic (PV) panels, four types of wind turbines, and two types of batteries were selected, and the HOMER software simulated all possible combinations of the systems, including 32 scenarios (Sen). Then, considering the most important 15 parameters, such as pollutant emissions and economic values, the results were analyzed and sorted by the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method to find the best scenario for the case-study region. The results showed that SunPower E20-327 as PV, Eocycle EO10 10 kW as wind turbine, and Generic 1 kWh Li-Ion as the battery could be the best selection to design a hybrid renewable system for the case-study region since it can fulfill both economic and environmental needs. The cost of energy (COE) of the best-designed system and net present cost (NPC) are 0.24 ($/kWh) and 1.64 million $, respectively, where the renewable fraction (RF) is 55.1% and the scaled annual average load is 1126 kWh/day. The results of the sensitivity analysis on the best scenario’s parameters (where the capital cost of PV, battery, and wind turbine changes from 0.6 to 1.2, from 0.7 to 1.2, and from 0.7 to 1.4 of the current price, and diesel price from 0.5 to 1.1 ($/L)) showed that the RF, COE, and NPC values ranged between 51% to 93%, 0.2 to 0.3 ($/kWh), and 1.4 to 2.1 (million $), respectively.
... It was found that the best optimal operational cost is achieved by using the HES that has lithium-ion battery under combined dispatch strategy. Azahra et al. (2020) examined the technoeconomic feasibility of an off-grid PV/diesel/battery HES to supply electricity for an isolated area in Indonesia. The authors found that the using of CC strategy for the proposed HES results in better economic performance in comparison with the LF strategy. ...
... HOMER assumes that the diesel generator has a linear fuel curve with the y-intercept. The following expression is used to model the fuel consumption in HOMER (Azahra et al., 2020): ...
... The battery energy storage system is the most important part of the hybrid generation system out of all the components. The battery SOC varies between any two instants t and t − 1 based on whether the battery in the charge or discharge mode (Azahra et al., 2020). The following formula is used to calculate the SOC of the battery (Xia et al., 2021): ...
The selection of an appropriate dispatch strategy is considered as a major concern when designing hybrid energy system (HES) since it has large effects on the stability, reliability, environmental and economic performance of the system. The cycle charging (CC) strategy is a default dispatch strategy in HOMER software. However, the main drawback of this strategy is that it uses the resource and load data in the current time step and has no information about the future. This paper aims to investigate the optimum design of an off-grid PV/diesel/battery HES for electrifying a rural area in Iraq. A new dispatch strategy which has 12-hour foresight for the load and solar production is developed using MATLAB Link module in HOMER software. A comparison between the proposed strategy and default cycle charging (CC) strategy in HOMER is carried out by considering the technical, economic, and environmental performance. The results show that the proposed strategy achieves better performance than CC strategy by having NPC of $4.03M, renewable fraction of 41.3% and CO2 emissions of 851377 kg/year. For the CC strategy, these values are calculated as $4.19M, 33.9% and 957477 kg, respectively. The sensitivity analysis is also performed to reduce the effect of input parameters on the optimization results and determine the critical parameters. The research findings can play a crucial role in the development of more effective energy management systems.
... The other is the control method based on artificial intelligence, conforming to the modern control theory, which has good adaptability to nonlinear problems and has good adaptability to global search. However, the development of multi-peak maximum power tracking is still restricted by multiple factors, such as the timeliness of monitoring and the correctness and effectiveness of the global search method [22,23]. ...
Distributed generation is a vital component of the national economic sustainable development strategy and environmental protection, and also the inevitable way to optimize energy structure and promote energy diversification. The power generated by renewable energy is unstable, which easily causes voltage and frequency fluctuations and power quality problems. An adaptive online adjustment particle swarm optimization (AOA-PSO) algorithm for system optimization is proposed to solve the technical issues of large-scale wind and light abandonment. Firstly, a linear adjustment factor is introduced into the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to adaptively adjust the search range of the maximum power point voltage when the environment changes. In addition, the maximum power point tracking method of the photovoltaic generator set with direct duty cycle control is put forward based on the basic PSO algorithm. Secondly, the concept of recognition is introduced. The particles with strong recognition ability directly enter the next iteration, ensuring the search accuracy and speed of the PSO algorithm in the later stage. Finally, the effectiveness of the AOA-PSO algorithm is verified by simulation and compared with the traditional control algorithm. The results demonstrate that the method is effective. The system successfully tracks the maximum power point within 0.89 s, 1.2 s faster than the traditional perturbation and observation method (TPOM), and 0.8 s faster than the incremental admittance method (IAM). The average maximum power point is 274.73 W, which is 98.87 W higher than the TPOM and 109.98 W more elevated than the IAM. Besides, the power oscillation range near the maximum power point is small, and the power loss is slight. The method reported here provides some guidance for the practical development of the system.
... The utilization of diesel generators in such areas leads to a higher generation cost compared to other areas. Other than the high diesel fuel price, the challenging transportation system significantly increases the total cost [1]. This complication of the diesel generation utilization also causes some remote areas cannot receive adequate electricity. ...
... In this research, the LF control strategy is implemented to minimize the diesel generators' operation [1]. The LF control strategy is suitable for the maximization of renewable energy resource utilization. ...
... In this strategy, the technical performance is not taken into account in finding the optimal design [36]. Azahra et al. [37] studied the feasibility of PV/diesel/battery HES to supply electrical power a small island in eastern Indonesia. HOMER software was used as a tool for the simulation. ...
HOMER software is a powerful tool for modeling and optimization of hybrid energy system (HES). The main two default control strategies in HOMER are load following (LF) and cycle charging (CC) strategies. In these strategies, the decision to use the generator or battery at each time step is made based on the lowest-cost choice. Therefore, these strategies are difficult to be implemented in practice especially in countries with continuous fuel price fluctuations. In this study, a new dispatch strategy based on HOMER-MATLAB Link Controller for an isolated wind/diesel/battery HES is proposed to overcome the limitations of the default HOMER strategies. A detailed technical, economic, and greenhouse gas emission analysis is presented for the system under LF, CC, and the proposed dispatch strategies. Besides offering more realistic optimization, the results show that the proposed strategy offers the best economic and environmental performance with a net present cost of $56473 and annual CO2 emissions of 6838 kg. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the proposed strategy is not affected by the fuel price variation, in opposite to LF, and CC strategies which is affected dramatically by this variation. The findings are of paramount importance towards more realistic and efficient energy management strategies.
