Fig 1 - uploaded by M. Teresa Aguado
Content may be subject to copyright.
Anguillosyllis capensis . Holotype. (A) Anterior end, dorsal view; (B) midbody parapodium, posterior view; (C) midbody parapodium, anterior view; and (D) midbody chaetae. Scale bars: A, 0.4 mm; B & C, 98 m m; D, 48 m m.
Source publication
Several type series of unusual and poorly known genera of Syllidae have been examined. New diagnoses for the following genera and re-descriptions of their type species are provided: Anguillosyllis, Clavisyllis, Lamellisyllis and Nuchalosyllis; Brachysyllis, previously synonymized with Dioplosyllis, is herein considered to be a valid taxon. The spec...
Contexts in source publication
Context 2
... capensis Day, 1963: 400 – 401, figure 5a –d. Day, 1967: 271, figure 12.10z– zzz. B ̈ggemann & Purschke, 2005: 222 –223, figure 1. Holotype: NHML 1963.1.29, Agulhas Bank, South Africa, 34 8 51 0 S 28 8 4 0 E, 183 m, sand. Holotype incomplete; antennae, tentacular and dorsal cirri detached, 1.5 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, with six segments. No sign of pigmentation. Prostomium oval, broader than long. Palps tapered, longer than prostomium, fused for over half of their length, one of them without distal end (Figure 1A). Eyes absent. Antennae lost (three club-shaped antennae, fide Day, 1963). Peristomium shorter than subsequent segments, with a pair of tentacular cirri, papilliform (Figure 1A). Segments becoming wider towards posterior end, more than twice as broad as long in last segments. All dorsal cirri lost (long and slender, without any sign of annulation, often twisted and coiled, fide Day, 1963). Ventral cirri digitiform, inserted distally on parapodia, not reaching parapodial lobes (Figure 1B & C). Parapodia with one long, triangular posterior lobe (Figure 1B) (retractile, fide Day, 1963) and short, papilliform anterior lobe (Figure 1C). Numerous compound, heterogomph chaetae per parapodium, with long and slender blades, unidentate, decreasing in length from dorsal (98 m m) to ventral (48 m m), with minute and fine spines on cutting edge of blades (Figure 1D). Shafts smooth. Aciculae not visible by transparency. Pharynx through four segments (with six distal papillae, fide Day, 1963). Pharyngeal tooth absent. Proventricle broad, barrel-shaped, through three segments, and about 25– 30 muscle cell-rows. B ̈ggemann & Purschke (2005) found several specimens of this species in the Angola basin and they could distinguish 1– 4 aciculae within parapodia (with pointed tips) and 9 –10 distal pharyngeal papillae. They also described a pair of smooth anal cirri similar in length and shape to dorsal cirri and one additional median anal papilla. This species has been found at depths between 183 and 5449 ...
Similar publications
SummAry Vessel lumen diameter (VLD) is one of the most important anatomical indicators for demarcating juvenile wood and mature wood in hardwoods. In several species, we previously found that the age at which VLD stabi-lizes (maturation age) and the age at which the mean annual increment in radial stem growth was maximal were approximately the same...
Documentary review of the species and its relationship with ecological restoration
Ormosia mataridek (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Sophoreae s.l., Genistoid clade) from Sierra de Lema, Bolivar state, Venezuela, is described, illustrated, and its relationships with allied species in Ormosia section Ormosia are discussed. The new species is similar to the Amazonian and Guayana Shield close species O. bolivarensis and O. nobilis; ho...
Citations
... Regardless of the combination of predictors, the Syllidae family is among the most abundant polychaete families associated with rhodolith beds in Brazil, especially in the Abrolhos bank (Berlandi et al., 2012). This is not surprising because this is one of the largest and most diverse polychaete families (>700 species, distributed in about 70 genera) and is among the most representative families in consolidated substrates (Aguado and San Martín, 2008;Jumars et al., 2015;Paresque et al., 2016). Also, this family includes taxa with wide variation in size, mobility, feeding, and reproductive strategies (Giangrande et al., 2000;Serrano et al., 2006). ...
Rhodolith beds are known worldwide to host high biodiversity to several taxa. Despite their importance, few ecological data explored the influence of rhodolith features and environmental variables on associated biodiversity, a gap that has been hampering the mapping of diversity hotspots and priority areas for conservation. In this study, we investigated large-scale spatial variations of rhodolith beds and their associated fauna, using annelid polychaetes as a biological model. We aimed to identify proxies, based on rhodolith features and environmental variables, to detect biodiversity hotspots across Southwestern Atlantic beds, laying the groundwork for mapping priority areas for conservation. With this goal, we sampled a total of 136 rhodolith nodules across seven sites with beds under distinct latitudes, depths, distances from the mainland coast of Brazil, and rhodolith densities. For each nodule sampled, we measured the volume, diameter, and mass of sediment trapped, as well as the attributes of the associated polychaetes (abundance, richness, diversity, and composition). Our results revealed a complex network of collinearities and synergisms between the rhodolith features and the majority of the polychaetes attributes (i.e., abundance, diversity, and composition). Polychaete richness, in contrast, can be explained by the combination of two proxies: (1) rhodolith nodule diameter and (2) distance of the rhodolith bed from the mainland coast. Nearshore rhodolith beds and larger nodules were associated with higher values of richness. Additionally, rhodoliths with a hollow morphology were also associated with higher values of polychaete richness. These results suggest that nearshore rhodolith beds with large and hollow nodules could be priority areas for conservation. However, further multi-taxa studies using our framework are still needed to explore other regions and scales, delineating more comprehensive proxies for predicting ecological patterns of the rhodoliths associated fauna and to identify priorities for conservation across Southwestern
Atlantic beds.
... The genus was established by Knox (1957) who described a single specimen from the Banks Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand as C. alternata. This holotype was unfortunately lost later (Aguado & San Martín 2008). In 2008, Aguado & San Martín (2008) redescribed the species based on a single new specimen found in the port of New Plymouth, North Island, New Zealand in 2002. ...
... This holotype was unfortunately lost later (Aguado & San Martín 2008). In 2008, Aguado & San Martín (2008) redescribed the species based on a single new specimen found in the port of New Plymouth, North Island, New Zealand in 2002. In 2009, Watson (2009 found two other individuals of Clavisyllis in the Great Barrier Reef, Northern Queensland, Australia, and described them as a new species, C. yongei. ...
... The rest of the tRNAs has only slight modifications, e.g. one missing loop, and/or an additional small loop at the base of the acceptor stem or an arm. Remarks: None of the previous authors were able to assign the genus to any subfamily of Syllidae (Aguado & San Martín 2008;Knox 1957;Watson 2009). To date, Clavisyllis has been included in a single phylogenetic analysis based on morphological data (Aguado & San Martín 2009 Description: Holotype (NSMT-Pol H-901) 13,6 mm long, 62 chaetigers. ...
The phylogenetic relationships of Syllidae have been analyzed in several studies during the last decades, resulting in highly congruent topologies. Most of the subfamilies were found to be monophyletic, while other groups (Eusyllinae and several genera) have been reorganized attending their phylogenetic relationships. However, there are still several enigmatic genera, which could not be assigned to any of the established subgroups. These enigmatic genera usually show a combination of characters indicating relationships with several different groups, and some show morphological traits unique to Syllidae. One of the most intriguing genera, still unclassified within Syllidae is Clavisyllis Knox. Herein, we provide a complete description of a new species Clavisyllis tenjini n. sp. from Japan. We sequence the complete mitochondrial genome, compare with the available data from other syllids, and perform a phylogenetic analysis of three genes (18S, 16S, COI), traditionally used in previous studies. Clavisyllis shows a unique combination of characters within Syllidae, such as nuchal lappets and large ovoid dorsal cirri. The new species has additional anterior appendages that have not been found in any other syllid. Our results show the genus is a member of Eusyllinae, closely related to Pionosyllis Malmgren. The mitochondrial gene order agrees with the considered plesiomorphic gene order in Annelida, which is present in all members of Eusyllinae investigated so far. Clavisyllis reproduces by epigamy, the reproductive mode of members of Eusyllinae. The present study contributes to the systematics of Syllidae, a complex group with a large number of species and striking reproductive modes.
... Syllidae is a complex family including large genera, such as Syllis [502,506] that is currently considered paraphyletic [500], together with very small taxa, with only few known species, or even only one [507,508]. The family includes species with a large diversity of morphologies (Figures 24a-e and 25a-c), from meiofaunal organisms with few chaetigers and less than 1 mm like in Neopetita San Martín, 2003 [479] and Erinaceusyllis San Martín, 2003 [479], to relatively large animals like in Trypanosyllis Claparède, 1864 [509], which may reach impressive lengths of 15 cm and hundreds of segments, or the even longer Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879 [510] and Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby, Schroeder and Aguado, 2012 [499], which also show an unusual branched body pattern (Figure 25b,c). ...
Phyllodocida is a clade of errantiate annelids characterized by having ventral sensory palps, anterior enlarged cirri, axial muscular proboscis, compound chaetae (if present) with a single ligament, and of lacking dorsolateral folds. Members of most families date back to the Carboniferous, although the earliest fossil was dated from the Devonian. Phyllodocida holds 27 well-established and morphologically homogenous clades ranked as families, gathering more than 4600 currently accepted nominal species. Among them, Syllidae and Polynoidae are the most specious polychaete groups. Species of Phyllodocida are mainly found in the marine benthos, although a few inhabit freshwater, terrestrial and planktonic environments, and occur from intertidal to deep waters in all oceans. In this review, we (1) explore the current knowledge on species diversity trends (based on traditional species concept and molecular data), phylogeny, ecology, and geographic distribution for the whole group, (2) try to identify the main knowledge gaps, and (3) focus on selected families: Alciopidae, Goniadidae, Glyceridae, Iospilidae, Lopadorrhynchidae, Polynoidae, Pontodoridae, Nephtyidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, Tomopteridae, Typhloscolecidae, and Yndolaciidae. The highest species richness is concentrated in European, North American, and Australian continental shelves (reflecting a strong sampling bias). While most data come from shallow coastal and surface environments most world oceans are clearly under-studied. The overall trends indicate that new descriptions are constantly added through time and that less than 10% of the known species have molecular barcode information available.
... Syllidae is a complex family including large genera, such as Syllis [502,506] that is currently considered paraphyletic [500], together with very small taxa, with only few known species, or even only one [507,508]. The family includes species with a large diversity of morphologies (Figures 24a-e and 25a-c), from meiofaunal organisms with few chaetigers and less than 1 mm like in Neopetita San Martín, 2003 [479] and Erinaceusyllis San Martín, 2003 [479], to relatively large animals like in Trypanosyllis Claparède, 1864 [509], which may reach impressive lengths of 15 cm and hundreds of segments, or the even longer Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879 [510] and Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby, Schroeder and Aguado, 2012 [499], which also show an unusual branched body pattern (Figure 25b,c). ...
Phyllodocida is a clade of errantiate annelids characterized by having ventral sensory palps, anterior enlarged cirri, axial muscular proboscis, compound chaetae (if present) with a single ligament, and of lacking dorsolateral folds. Members of most families date back to the Carboniferous, although the earliest fossil was dated from the Devonian. Phyllodocida holds 27 well-established and morphologically homogenous clades ranked as families, gathering more than 4600 currently accepted nominal species. Among them, Syllidae and Polynoidae are the most specious polychaete groups. Species of Phyllodocida are mainly found in the marine benthos, although a few inhabit freshwater, terrestrial and planktonic environments, and occur from intertidal to deep waters in all oceans. In this review, we (1) explore the current knowledge on species diversity trends (based on traditional species concept and molecular data), phylogeny, ecology, and geographic distribution for the whole group, (2) try to identify the main knowledge gaps, and (3) focus on selected families: Alciopidae, Goniadidae, Glyceridae, Iospilidae, Lopadorrhynchidae, Polynoidae, Pontodoridae, Nephtyidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, Tomopteridae, Typhloscolecidae, and Yndolaciidae. The highest species richness is concentrated in European, North American, and Australian continental shelves (reflecting a strong sampling bias). While most data come from shallow coastal and surface environments most world oceans are clearly under-studied. The overall trends indicate that new descriptions are constantly added through time and that less than 10% of the known species have molecular barcode information available. Citation: Martin, D.; Aguado, M.T.; Fernández Álamo, M.A.; Britayev, T.A.; Böggemann, M.; Capa, M.; Faulwetter, S.; Fukuda, M.V.; Helm, C.; Petti, M.A.V.; et al. On the Diversity of Phyllodocida (Annelida: Errantia), with a Focus on Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Nephtyi-dae, Polynoidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae and the Holoplanktonic Families. Diversity 2021, 13, 131.
... Anguillosyllis Day, 1963 is a deep-water genus, with representatives most commonly found below ∼200 m depth. The genus is composed of four species and is distributed worldwide, but its reproductive mode, a class of information considered useful in classification schemes of the family, has been considered unknown (Aguado & San Martín, 2008;Aguado et al., 2012). ...
The syllid genus Anguillosyllis is relatively rare and mainly restricted to deep waters. The phylogenetic position of the genus was only recently inferred, while its reproductive mode, an important trait in the classification of the Syllidae, remains unknown. We describe herein our finding of one specimen of Anguillosyllis lanai with fragile egg capsules dorsally attached to some parapodial lobes, the first observation to date providing information about reproductive aspects of animals of the genus, and discuss possible evolutionary and phylogenetic implications of this finding.
... Amblyosyllis is a morphologically homogeneous group, easy to identify due to its distinct and exclusive morphological characteristics such as: long and coiled dorsal cirri, trapezoidal segments, a long, thin and coiled pharynx armed with a ring of anterior denticles called trepan, supposedly used to pierce pieces of food, and external nuchal appendices for chemoreception named nuchal lappets [15]. However, the features that probably make it unique within the Syllidae are the reduced and constant number of chaetigers (13), and the presence of an achaetous segment anterior to the pygidium [15]. These features are only shared by members of Brachysyllis (which in addition is distinguished from Amblyosyllis by the presence of cylindrical segments, a straight pharynx, a middorsal pharyngeal tooth and the lack of nuchal lappets). ...
... These features are only shared by members of Brachysyllis (which in addition is distinguished from Amblyosyllis by the presence of cylindrical segments, a straight pharynx, a middorsal pharyngeal tooth and the lack of nuchal lappets). The rest of syllids do not show a specific and invariable number of segments [13], and many are supposed to grow during their postembrionary development by adding posterior segments through the action of a segment addition zone, located just in front of the pygidium [16]. Members of Amblyosyllis are able to regenerate posteriorly, but the number of newly formed segments never exceeds the original [17]. ...
... from any other congeners described previously. It is similar to members of Brachysyllis in general body shape, in the absence of nuchal lappets and in the shape of anterior segments, which are not distinctly trapezoidal [13]. However, this species shows a trepan with pentacuspid teeth (they are conical in (Fig 9A and 9B), colour pattern less distinct in more posterior segments. ...
Amblyosyllis is a worldwide distributed group of annelids mainly found in coastal environments. It is well known among the polychaete specialists mostly because of its notable beauty, showing bright colourful patterns and outstanding long and coiled appendices. Amblyosyllis is a monophyletic genus easy to identify due to its distinct diagnostic features; however, the species and their boundaries are, in most cases, not well defined. Herein, we provide an extensive sample of Amblyosyllis material (115 specimens) from several world geographic areas. We have studied the morphological features of each specimen and photographed them alive. Two mitochondrial DNA markers (COI and 16S) and one nuclear gene fragment (28S, D1 region) were sequenced. We performed phylogenetic analyses based on each DNA partition, as well as the combined data sets, obtaining congruent results. Species delimitation methods such as distance analyses, statistical parsimony networks and multi-rate Poisson tree processes were also applied. The combined results obtained from different methodologies and data sets are used to differentiate between, at least, 19 lineages compatible with the separately evolving meta-populations species concept. Four of these lineages are identified as nominal species, including the type species of Amblyosyllis, A. rhombeata. For three other lineages previously synonymized names are recovered, and seven lineages are described as new species. All of these species are described and supported by appropriate iconography. We recognize several morphological characters useful to identify species of Amblyosyllis, which in some cases should also be combined with molecular methods for species delineation. The genetic divergence in the genus is high, contrary to the morphological homogeneity observed. Two species show a wide geographical distribution, while the rest have a more restricted distribution. There are several examples of species with overlapping distribution patterns.
... Pharyngeral tooth absent. Reproduction unknown (Aguado & San Martín 2008). ...
... Remarks. Anguillosyllis was recently redefined by Aguado & San Martín (2008), who recognized Braniella Hartman, 1965 as a junior-synonym and redescribed 2 of the 3 known species, all restricted to the deep sea. Aguado & San Martín (2008) considered three valid species in this genus, A. pupa (Hartman, 1956), A. palpata and A. capensis. ...
... Anguillosyllis was recently redefined by Aguado & San Martín (2008), who recognized Braniella Hartman, 1965 as a junior-synonym and redescribed 2 of the 3 known species, all restricted to the deep sea. Aguado & San Martín (2008) considered three valid species in this genus, A. pupa (Hartman, 1956), A. palpata and A. capensis. We describe herein an additional species, A. lanai sp. ...
We describe herein ten species of Syllidae from the Southern Brazil continental slope (700–2000 m deep), belonging to the genera Anguillosyllis, Exogone, Parexogone, Prosphaerosyllis, Sphaerosyllis and Syllis. Out of those, three species are new to science and six are formally reported for Brazil for the first time. Some synonymies are proposed and a taxonomic key for all described species of the genus Anguillosyllis is provided.
... The two species of Exogonoides can be distinguished mainly by head features. Exogonoides antennata presents globose, rounded to ovate palps and antennae, which may appear as 'anterior lobes' (Aguado & San Martín 2008), but are clearly homologous to the structures found in other syllids. On the other hand, E. joaoi sp. ...
... The type of E. antennata was the only specimen of this genus available for examination, and, considering the absence of the pharynx and proventricle in that material since those were dissected (Day 1963) and, apparently, not preserved, Aguado & San Martín (2008) considered this taxon as 'Nomina dubia'. However, the morphological information provided by the examination of the holotype of E. joaoi sp. ...
The genus Exogonoides Day, 1963, was described probably based on a single specimen, broken into two pieces (Aguado & San Martín 2008) and no other specimens of the type species, E. antennata Day, 1963, were ever found, which characterizes this species and, until now, the very genus Exogonoides, as ‘singletons’ (Lim et al. 2012). Although described as a member of the Syllidae Grube, 1850, the positioning of the genus in the family was recently questioned (Aguado & San Martín 2008), since the pharynx of the holotype was dissected for the original description and not preserved with the specimen, resulting that the presence of the proventricle, considered the main synapomorphy of the family, could not be confirmed. In one recent effort to enhance the knowledge on the fauna occurring in the Campos Basin (Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil), one complete, well preserved specimen of Exogonoides was found. The new species is herein described as E. joaoi sp. nov., the second known specimen ever found of this rare genus.
... Pharyngeral tooth absent. Reproduction unknown (Aguado & San Martín 2008). Remarks. ...
... Remarks. Anguillosyllis was recently redefined by Aguado & San Martín (2008), who recognized Braniella Hartman, 1965 as a junior-synonym and redescribed 2 of the 3 known species, all restricted to the deep sea. Aguado & San Martín (2008) considered three valid species in this genus, A. pupa (Hartman, 1956), A. palpata and A. capensis. ...
... Anguillosyllis was recently redefined by Aguado & San Martín (2008), who recognized Braniella Hartman, 1965 as a junior-synonym and redescribed 2 of the 3 known species, all restricted to the deep sea. Aguado & San Martín (2008) considered three valid species in this genus, A. pupa (Hartman, 1956), A. palpata and A. capensis. We describe herein an additional species, A. lanai sp. ...
We describe herein ten species of Syllidae from the Southern Brazil continental slope (700–2000 m deep), belonging to the genera Anguillosyllis, Exogone, Parexogone, Prosphaerosyllis, Sphaerosyllis and Syllis. Out of those, three species are new to science and six are formally reported for Brazil for the first time. Some synonymies are proposed and a taxonomic key for all described species of the genus Anguillosyllis is provided.
... They are abundant and ecologically important (Glasby et al., 2000) and their assemblage structure is influenced by the heterogeneity of the habitat (Del-Pilar-Ruso et al., 2011). Among polychaetes, Syllidae is considered a complex and diverse family (Aguado and San Martín, 2008;Fauchald and Rouse, 1997;San Martín, 2003) and also constitutes one of the most widely distributed polychaete families worldwide, in both soft and hard bottoms, especially in shallow waters (Granados-Barba et al., 2003). In the Western Mediterranean, the Spanish sector is the one with the highest numbers of species and endemic forms described . ...
