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Angelica glauca Edgew., a high value medicinal, aromatic and edible plant species, is native and endemic to the Himalaya region. Due to unsustainable in-situ harvesting, human excessive interference, habitat loss and fragmentation and grazing pressure, the natural populations of the species are at high risk of extinction. The present article gives...
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... have been recorded in Asia ( Pimenov and Leonov, 2004). However, Wang et al. (1997) have reported 80 species world-wide including three species i.e., Angelica glauca Edgew., A. archangelica L. and A. nubigena Clarke from IHR (Samant et al., 1998). The species of Angelica are very well known for their traditional and modern uses. Angelica glauca ( Fig. 1; Table 1), a native and endemic of IHR is one of them. Besides ethnobotanical importance, pharmaceutical demand of this species is very high. Owing to the prevailing unsustainable in- situ harvesting, human excessive interference, habitat loss and fragmentation (Mamgain et al., 1998), and grazing pressure (Mishra and Rawat, 1998), this ...
Citations
... The aromatic roots are commonly employed to cure dysmenorrhea, metrorrhagia, amenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, rheumatism, infantile atrophy and bronchitis (Ikram et al., 2015;Sood et al., 2019). Moreover, they are considered carminative, expectorant, diaphoretic, and used in constipation (Vashistha et al., 2006;Butola and Badola, 2007;Butola et al., 2010). The local inhabitants of Garhwal Himalaya consume its roots to treat gastric ailments Gaur, 1999;Bhat et al. (2013) and bronchitis (Gaur, 1999). ...
... Although information about its cultivation practices and agrotechnology remains obscure in literature. However, Butola et al. (2010) recommended cultivation and propagation techniques for A. glauca at Garhwal Himalaya. The plant thrives best in rich porous soil enriched with a high quantity of organic matter. ...
Angelica glauca belonging to the family Apiaceae and locally known as Chora or Gandrayan, is an aromatic and medicinal herb endemic to the Himalayas. The plant is commonly used as a spice and flavouring agent by indigenous communities. Besides, the regional local and ethnic communities consume this plant for edible purposes and treat various disorders such as rheumatism, fever, asthma, bronchitis, cancer, gastric and reproductive problems. Various studies have scientifically validated the plant's pharmacological potential, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer and nervous system disorders. The biological activities of A. glauca are mainly attributed to its essential oils and coumarins content. Also, the plant harbours several phthalides, i.e.: (Z)-ligustilide, (Z)-butylidene phthalide, and (E)-butylidene phthalide. Due to its high essential oil content, the plant has high market demand in the cosmetics, perfume and drug industries. Therefore, increased market demand, unsustainable collection, and over-harvesting of the species have severely diminished its populations in the wild. In conclusion, the plant faces severe threat issues today; therefore, the present study collates information on its geographical distribution, morphology, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects. In addition, we discuss the toxicity status, cultivation practices, threat, and conservation status of the plant in its native domain.
... ex C. B. Clarke and Angelica archangelica L., thereby making morphological studies crucial to check the genuiness of the species. Although the studied populations were of genuine A. glauca being similar in morphological features reported earlier (Clarke 1885;Kirtikar and Basu 1984;Bisht et al. 2003;Nautiyal and Nautiyal 2004;Vashistha et al. 2006), yet with regard to the sex type present observations have established beyond doubt presence of only bisexual flowers that has been reported earlier by Butola et al. (2010) also however, Bisht et al. (2008) have reported A. glauca as andromonoecious (both bisexual and staminate flowers on same individual). Apiaceae members exhibit diverse sexual expression with most of the species being andromonoecious, few bisexual (wild Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and rest either dioecious (Aciphylla or Anisotome) or gynodioecious (Gingidia, Scandia and Lignocarpa etc.) (Koul et al. 1993;Reuther 2013). ...
Endangered Angelica glauca an important medicinal plant of temperate Himalaya is valued for its roots which are used to treat several diseases besides food flavouring. Reproductive biology studies conducted in this species for the first time have revealed i). presence of umbels of different orders with only bisexual flowers ii). occurrence of sterile seeds (without embryo) apart from fertile ones iii). seed set in only early blooming umbels (primary and lateral-I) iv). 2n=22 chromosomes besides presence of chromosomes in a group at metaphase and anaphase-I and cytomixis in some pollen mother cells and v). extreme protoandry and cross pollination behavior (upto 95%) of the species. These observations have implications for developing any conservation plan for the species.
... Treatment-wise yield of dry roots varied from 711.00 kg/ha (F0) to 1032.60 kg/ha (F6) among different treatments. An average price of Rs 250 per kg [12] was assumed for the present study. Increase in yield with addition of manure was due to low mineral nutrients in soil, needed for proper growth and development of plants. ...
... Several workers [15,16,17] have also supported addition of biofertilizer for improvement of soil quality. Butola et al., [12] while working on the same species have pointed out that the yield varies from place to place depending upon the agro-practices and climatic conditions. Same results were found for the present study as the yield varied by applying different doses of media. ...
The present study was carried out to assess the economic viability of Angelica glauca. Cost-benefit ratio tool was used to assess the net benefit that could lure the local farm community to bring this important species in farm cultivation and thus promote the ex-situ conservation of species. To observe the economic yield of plants, underground parts of the plant from treatments were uprooted at the end of the growing season. The cost-benefit analysis was calculated on the basis of total output in the form of cash and total investment on various development activities. The cost of cultivation including all the inputs among different treatments varied from Rs. 76606.47 (F0) to Rs. 114544.28 (F6). Similarly, while calculating the return, the total dry plant biomass obtained was multiplied by the average of the prevailing market rate of Angelica glauca. The Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) among the various treatments varied from 1.91 (F2) to 2.49 (F7) and the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.49 was observed when FYM @ 10t/ha along with Azotobacter @ 5 kg/ha and PSB @ 5 kg/ha were applied.
... The demands of this species by pharmaceutical industries mostly met through direct collection from natural habitat. Increasing demand of raw material, uncontrolled collection and grazing problems have led to depletion of naturally growing populations (Vashistha et al. 2010), as a result, the species is becoming rare with few habitats and now entered in the list endangered plants of the Himalaya, adopting IUCN criteria (Anonymous 2003). ...
... Although few studies on A. glauca (Bisht et al. 2003;Vashistha et al. 2006Vashistha et al. , 2010Butola et al. 2010) are available from IHR focused on species distribution, morphology, phenology and biological activities, however, studies regarding the proposed objectives on the target species have not been carried out yet. There are only two reports on somatic embryogenesis in A. glauca (Pandey et al. 2011, Bisht et al. 2015. ...
... Although few studies on A. glauca (Bisht et al. 2003;Vashistha et al. 2006Vashistha et al. , 2010Butola et al. 2010) are available from IHR focused on species distribution, morphology, phenology and biological activities, however, studies regarding the proposed objectives on the target species have not been carried out yet. There are only two reports on somatic embryogenesis in A. glauca (Pandey et al. 2011, Bisht et al. 2015. ...
The present study describes the first successful report on in vitro propagation through direct organogenesis for multiple shoot induction of Angelica glauca. Rhizomes were used as explant, and maximum shoot multiplication was observed on MS medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine 8.0 µM and Indole-3-acetic acid 0.1 µM. Roots were observed within 14 days in the MS medium enriched with 0.5 µM IAA and 0.1 µM Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with an average production of 4.2 roots per shoot. Rooted plantlets were successfully hardened under greenhouse conditions and subsequently established in field, with a recorded survival rate of 72% after 45 days. The total phenolic content showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between in vitro raised plants (5.87 mM AAE/ g DW) and control (2.36 mM AAE/ g DW). Antioxidant activity, calculated through two in vitro assays, i.e. 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays revealed higher antioxidant activity in in vitro grown plants in comparison to control plants. Essential oil constituent’s analysis was also carried out in control and in vitro raised plants. Thirty-one compounds were identified in the oil samples through Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis also identified 31 compounds in the essential oil, representing 98.1–98.7% of total oil compositions. The major components of the essential oils were (Z)-ligustilide (51.1–51.5%), (Z)-butylidene phthalide (31.2–31.6%), (E)-butylidene phthalide (2.6–2.9%) and (E)-ligustilide (2.1–1.8%). Genetic stability of in vitro raised plants, evaluated using 20 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats primers, proved true to typeness of in vitro raised plants.
... Madmaheshwar, Choribadataal, Vasuki Taal, Kedarnath) and Chamoli (Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Dronagiri, Tolma-Himtoli, Latakharak, Jhaltal– Suptal, Garpak, Rudranath, Kedarkantha, Madni), Bageshwar (Pindari, Sunderdunga, Phurkiya and Kafani), Pithoragarh (Munsyari (Darma valley, Vyas valley, Chaudas valley), Dharchula,) and in J&K, in Baramulla and Kupwara in north Kashmir, Gulmarg range, Lolab karna and Padar range. Due to unsustainable in-situ harvesting and various other ecological and environmental factors, this species has become Globally endangered (Regionally: Critically endangered and Globally: Data def icient) for the Himalayan regions while assessed as per IUCN (CAMP, 2003, Butola and Badola, 2004, Vashistha et al., 2006, Butola, 2008, Butola et al., 2010). Based on people perception and ecological assessment, local populations of the species are rapidly declining and conservation management efforts are very less. ...
Gandrayan (Angelica glaucaEdgew.; Family-Apiaceae), a high value medicinal cum edible herb, is native and
endemic to the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and now, ‘critically endangered’. Roots of this species yield
essential oils which fetch high prices due to multiple utility in modern medicine including Aromatherapy. The
present article highlights conservation status and utilization pattern of this species in three Himalayan States viz.,
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir where its roots have been indigenously used as spice and
medicine. Among various factors, untimely destructive harvesting of the roots has been observed as one of the
key reasons of poor regeneration and rapid reduction in sparsely distributed wild populations. Development of
sustainable harvesting techniques to sustain natural regeneration and domestication in home gardens for utilization
as a spice and medicine as household level are being suggested as remedial measures. To meet ever increasing industrial demands, more efforts need to be put in place for systematic commercial cultivation of this species. An appropriate conservation management strategy has also been suggested in the article.
... The identical cultural practices were adopted for all sites. However, recommended agronomic practices were employed for better results ( Nautiyal and Nautiyal, 2004;Butola, 2009;Butola et al., 2010). The data on survival and phenophases (flowering and fruiting) were recorded during two successive years of domestication. ...
Aconitum heterophyllum, Angelica glauca, Dioscorea deltoidea, Hedychium spicatum, Heracleum candicans, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Podophyllum hexandrum, Saussurea costus and Valeriana jatamansi are high value threatened me-dicinal plants of Himalayan region. In present study, phenology and survival of these species domesticated at different altitudes, viz., 1100m, 1600m, 1800m, 2200m and 2500m in district Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India, were observed. Op-timum survival of D. deltoidea, H. spicatum, H. candicans, P. hexandrum and V. jatamansi across 1170 to 2500 m indi-cated their adaptability at a wider range of altitudinal zones. However, low survival of A. heterophyllum, A. glauca, P. kurrooa and S. costus below 1600 m restricted their cultivation possibilities up to high altitudinal zones only. Further, flowering and fruiting periods in most of the species varied greatly amongst the domestication sites. These preliminary results of the study provide baseline information for selection of suitable cultivation sites, developing agrotechniques and conservation and management strategy for these species.
Background
Long-term asexual reproduction can easily lead to the degradation of plant germplasm, serious diseases and insect pests, reduction of production and even catastrophic crop failure. “Mountain Breeding and Dam Cultivation” is the main cultivation mode of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., which successfully avoided the germplasm degradation caused by long-term asexual reproduction. The recombination of endophytic fungi of L. chuanxiong caused by off-site transplantation was considered to be an important reason for its germplasm rejuvenation. However, whether bacteria have the same regularity is not yet known.
Methods
In this study, we carried out the experiment of cultivating propagation materials of L. chuanxiong in different regions and transplanting them to the same region. High-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the bacterial communities in L. chuanxiong and its soil.
Results
The results showed that after transplanting, the plant height, tiller number, fresh weight, etc . of L. chuanxiong in mountainous areas were significantly higher than those in dam areas. At the same time, significant changes had taken place in the endophytic bacteria in reproductive material stem nodes (Lingzi, abbreviated as LZ). The diversity and abundance of bacteria in dam area LZ (YL) are significantly higher than those in mountainous area LZ (ML). The relative abundance of bacteria such as Xanthobacteraceae, Micromonosporaceae, Beijerinkiaceae, Rhodanobacteria, in ML is significantly higher than YL, mainly classified in Proteobateria and Actinobacteriota. In addition, the abundance advantage of Actinobacteriota still exists in MY (underground mature rhizomes obtained by ML). Meanwhile, the bacterial community was different in different area of transplanting. The diversity of bacterial communities in dam soil (YLS) is significantly higher than that in mountain soil (MLS). MLS had more Acidobacteriota than YLS. Comparative analysis showed that 74.38% of bacteria in ML are found in MLS, and 87.91% of bacteria in YL are found in YLS.
Conclusions
We can conclude that the community structure of endophytic bacteria recombined after the transplantation of L. chuanxiong , which was related to the bacterial community in soils. Moreover, after transplanting in mountainous areas, LZ accumulated more potentially beneficial Actinobacteriota, which may be an important reason for promoting the rejuvenation of germplasm in L. chuanxiong . However, this hypothesis requires more specific experiments to verify. This study provided a new idea that off-site transplanting may be a new strategy to restore vegetative plant germplasm resources.
Angelica glauca Edgew. is an endangered medicinal plant species that is known for its roots containing valuable essential oil. It is overexploited for its roots and has become endangered and nearing its threshold. This study is aimed at exploring the endophytic fungal diversity associated with its roots to further study the conservation aspects with the help of the interaction of host plant species and endophytes. About 24 different root fungal endophyte species were isolated among which Geotrichum candidum (32.03 ± 7.95 %) was found to be the most dominant followed by Fusarium oxysporum (11.49 ± 21.69 %). The average root colonization of all the endophytes in all four collection fields was 61.195 ± 9.67 % wherein the maximum colonization was observed in wild root samples (74%) and the least root colonization by fungal endophytes was observed in two years old cultivated plants root system (52.36%). Positive Pearson's correlation (r = 0.801) was observed between the samples/fields and root colonization by fungal endophytes, indicating the colonization increases in roots as the age of plant species advances. Both the Simpson's Diversity Index (D) and Shannon Wiener diversity index (H) indicate relatively lower diversity in Field 3 (D = 0.43 & H = 1.07) and Field 4 (D = 0.57 & H = 0.97) i.e. in two years old plantations and wild plants. Menhinick Index (D mn) and Margalef Richness Index (M f) are based on species richness, and both of them indicate Field 3 (D mn = 0.95 & M f = 2.04) to be the richest. Both Buzas and Gibson's Index (E) and Equitability Index (E H) are a measure of evenness and yield similar results viz. Field 1 (one year old plantations) (E = 0.65 & E H = 0.76) and Field 4 (E = 0.66 & E H = 0.70) being the most even in terms of species distribution. Berger-Parker Dominance Index (B) shows field 3 (B = 0.75) having the highest values.
Aims: Angelica glauca Edgew is a heavily exploited critically endangered medicinal cum aromatic herb of Himalayan region. Poor and erratic seed germination is one of the constraints in its in-situ as well as ex-situ conservation and large scale cultivation. Moreover, our understanding of the eco-physiological aspects of the seed germination in
this species is very limited. The present study aimed to understand the effect of different
temperature regimes, photoperiodic conditions and sowing depths on seed germination in
A. glauca using laboratory and nursery conditions.
Study Design: Complete Randomized Design was executed.
Place and Duration of Study: G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and
Development, Mohal-Kullu (HP), India between April 2006 and July 2008.
Methodology: Germinability of the seeds were evaluated under different temperature
regimes viz.(5, 15, 25 and 30ºC) and photoperiods (light-24 hrs, dark-24 hrs and alternate
Original Research Article
European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(4): 404-412, 2014
405
photoperiods-16 hrs dark and 8 hrs light) in laboratory; and at sowing depths (0.5, 1.0, 1.5
and 2.0 cm) in controlled nursery conditions.
Results: In photoperiodic conditions, encouraging results were obtained under alternate
light regimes which favored maximum (77.78%; p<0.05) mean germination along with
minimum MGT (42.08 days) and Germination Potential Index (114.6) under laboratory
condition. All these parameters performed significantly better at 25ºC as compared to
other temperature regimes tested. In nursery condition, seed sown at 1.0cm depth gave
comparatively higher (p<0.05) seedling emergence. Poor seedling emergence at higher
sowing depth clearly indicated the requirement of light for germination in A. glauca seeds.
Conclusion: Study concludes that alternate photoperiods (16 hrs dark and 8 hrs light),
temperature (25ºC) and soil depths not more than 1.0cm are effective treatments to
achieve optimum germination in A. glauca. These technicalities could be easily adopted
by the poor and unskilled farmers for economic cultivation of this species.
