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Anatomy of the involucral bracts of Mapania pycnostachya (A, E), M. sylvatica (B, D) and M. macrophylla (C). A-C. Details of the midvein regions showing their shape and distribution of bulliform cells, cross sections. D-E. Margins details, cross sections. Abbreviations: bc (bulliform cells), pi (phenolic idioblast), tv (transverse vein). Scale bars: A, E = 200 μm; B-D = 100 μm (This figure plate is in color in the electronic version).
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Mapania belongs to Mapanioideae, a quite controversial subfamily in Cyperaceae due to the existence of unusual characters in both reproductive and vegetative organs. The genus is represented by seven species in Northern Brazil but taxonomic valuable information related to the leaf organs is still unknown. The present study aimed the anatomical desc...
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... bundles are collateral and enclosed by a double sheath: the outer one with thin-walled cells and the inner one with slightly thick-walled cells (Figure 3D-F). The midvein region shows two layers of bulliform cells in M. pycnostachya and M. sylvatica ( Figure 4A-B) and, usually, 3-4 layers in M. Importance of anatomical leaf features for characterization of three species of Mapania (Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae) from the Amazon Forest, Brazil ACTA AMAZONICA macrophylla ( Figure 4C). In the latter species, the number of layers vary in the same individual from 3 to 10. ...
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... bundles are collateral and enclosed by a double sheath: the outer one with thin-walled cells and the inner one with slightly thick-walled cells (Figure 3D-F). The midvein region shows two layers of bulliform cells in M. pycnostachya and M. sylvatica ( Figure 4A-B) and, usually, 3-4 layers in M. Importance of anatomical leaf features for characterization of three species of Mapania (Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae) from the Amazon Forest, Brazil ACTA AMAZONICA macrophylla ( Figure 4C). In the latter species, the number of layers vary in the same individual from 3 to 10. ...
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... the latter species, the number of layers vary in the same individual from 3 to 10. In all species studied, involucral bracts have V-shape in cross section, with a median adaxial groove in M. pycnostachya ( Figure 4A-B). The margins are acute/reflex ( Figure 4D-E) and anastomoses were observed between vascular bundles ( Figure 4E). ...
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... all species studied, involucral bracts have V-shape in cross section, with a median adaxial groove in M. pycnostachya ( Figure 4A-B). The margins are acute/reflex ( Figure 4D-E) and anastomoses were observed between vascular bundles ( Figure 4E). A summary of selected anatomical features described for the leaf blade and involucral bract is presented in Table 1. ...
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... all species studied, involucral bracts have V-shape in cross section, with a median adaxial groove in M. pycnostachya ( Figure 4A-B). The margins are acute/reflex ( Figure 4D-E) and anastomoses were observed between vascular bundles ( Figure 4E). A summary of selected anatomical features described for the leaf blade and involucral bract is presented in Table 1. ...
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Citations
... This type of foliaceous appendage, in general, presents simple anatomical characteristics, as reported in vascularized cataphylls of Mapania sylvatica Aubl. (Cyperaceae), with plain epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and absence of stomata (Silva et al., 2014). While the cataphyll of Smilax polyantha Griseb. ...
Phoradendron strongyloclados Eichler é uma hemiparasita vulgarmente conhecida como erva-de-passarinho. Representantes do gênero Phoradendron são utilizados na medicina popular, porém pouco se sabe sobre P. strongyloclados, inclusive sobre a sua estrutura anatômica. O presente trabalho objetivou descrever a anatomia dos órgãos vegetativos aéreos de P. strongyloclados. Para tal fim foi utilizada metodologia usual em anatomia vegetal. As folhas possuem cutícula espessa, epiderme uniestratificada, estômatos paracíticos e mesofilo isobilateral. O catafilo é bilobado, com mesofilo homogêneo e vascularização. O caule possui secção transversal elíptica em estrutura primária. Em estrutura secundária, mantém os tecidos fotossintetizantes e a epiderme. A medula é esclerificada. O lenho é desenvolvido, rígido, fibroso, com elementos de vaso curtos e placa de perfuração simples. Os raios são heterocelulares e suas células podem conter cristais prismáticos. O arranjo compacto das células parenquimáticas, cutícula espessa, alta lignificação e a baixa relação superfície/volume; folhas pequenas, carnudas e espaçadas caracterizam xeromorfia.
... Except for our method, the automatic approaches were developed using deep learning models, which require many image samples. Additionally, only our method and Silva et al.'s [40] method were evaluated exclusively with public databases. The other authors built their bases for evaluation or used local and public data sets. ...
Estimating foliar damage is essential in agricultural processes to provide proper crop management, such as monitoring the defoliation level to take preventive actions. Furthermore, it is helpful to avoid the reduction of plant energy production, nutrition decrement, and consequently, the reduction of the final production of the crop and economic losses. In this sense, numerous proposals support the defoliation estimate task, ranging from traditional methodologies to computational solutions. However, subjectivity characteristics, reproducibility limitations, and imprecise results persist. Then, these circumstances justify the search for new solutions, especially in defoliation assessments. The main goal of this paper consists of developing an automatic method to estimate the percentage of damaged leaf areas consumed by insects. As a novelty, our method provides high precision in calculating defoliation severity caused by insect predation on the leaves of various plant species and works effectively to estimate leaf loss in leaves with border damage. We describe our method and evaluate its performance concerning 12 different plant species. Our experimental results demonstrate high accuracy in the determination of leaf area loss with a correlation coefficient superior to 0.84 for apple, blueberry, cherry, corn, grape, bell pepper, potato, raspberry, soybean, and strawberry leaves, and mean absolute error (MAE) less than 4% in defoliation levels up to 54% in soybean, strawberry, potato, and corn leaves. In addition, the method maintains a mean error of less than 50%, even for severe defoliation levels up to 99%.
... The type of stomata showed the genetic and evolutionary history of plants (Augstein and Carlsbecker 2018). Ultimately, the information on a cell's structure is important in plant systematics (Silva et al. 2014). Plant species in the same family often have the same forms of stomata, while there are notable exceptions in plants that have differences in the type of stomata in one type. ...
Jannah N, Pharmawati M, Uslan. 2022. Genetic diversity of Sterculia quadrifida from Kupang based on ISSR profiles, stomatal density, and chlorophyll content. Biodiversitas 23: 2690-2698. This study investigated the genetic diversity of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.or faloak based on Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) molecular markers and determined stomatal density and chlorophyll content from several localities in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. For genetic diversity analysis, samples were collected from the Oelsonbai forest area of Maulafa Sub-district, Kupang City, whereas for stomatal density and chlorophyll content analysis, samples were collected from areas with various degrees of anthropogenic activity from Kupang city. DNA was isolated using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) method and amplified by three ISSR primers (UBC 811, UBC 812, and UBC 815), whereas stomatal density was observed using a microscope and chlorophyll content was determined using a spectrophotometer. Genetic data were analyzed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method and Nei & Li coefficient similarity in the MVSP software. A total of 78 ISSR bands ranging from 320-3200 bp were obtained, where populations were divided into four main clusters and six sub-clusters, similarly having moderate heterozygosity (He=0.50) not clustered based on their geographical distribution. There was a difference in stomatal density and chlorophyll content, probably influenced by anthropogenic disturbances. A conservation action plan is required to ensure the S. quadrifida's survival in the future.
... Information on the architecture of the cell has a significant role in plant systematics (Silva et al., 2014) since these cytological components displayed traits that are genetically controlled (Carlsbecker & Augstein, 2018). The inclusion of anatomical evaluation with the data in morphology is vital in plant conservation as it allows reliable identification of the conservation units (Heywood & Iriondo, 2003). ...
Assessment of the leaf anatomy among Vanilla griffithii, Vanilla kinabaluensis, Vanilla
sanguineovenosa and Vanilla sp. 1 from Perak showed generic characterization of the
epidermal layer and leaf lamina, suggesting the genus to possess plesiomorphic characters from its progenitor except for the leaf margin outlines. The outlines were found to differ interspecifically and acknowledged to possess taxonomic value. Leaf margin among the species showed similarity in tapering outline but distinguished in the overall shape and apical curve.
... So far, few anatomical studies have been carried out on Mapania, particularly on the vegetative organs of some species or the reproductive units of M. pycnostachya (Koyama 1966;Metcalfe 1971;Alves et al. 2002;Silva et al. 2014;Monteiro et al. 2016). The comparative anatomy of leaf organs helped to characterize Mapania and to distinguish it from Hypolytrum, as a hypodermis is found only in leaf blades of the former (Alves et al. 2002). ...
... However, M. effusa (=Mapaniopsis effusa) also presents hypodermis in its leaf blades (Koyama 1966). Silva et al. (2014) showed that, at the infrafamiliar level, the leaf and involucral bract anatomy has some importance in distinguishing M. sect. Mapania (M. ...
... However, in this work, the description of the leaf anatomy of M. sylvatica contrasts with that given by Koyama (1966)-especially in respect to the conspicuity of the aerenchyma and the presence of the bundle sheath extension and phenolic idioblasts-indicating that distinct characters found in this species may in fact represent phenotypic plasticity. Also, the translucent cells found in the mesophyll of the species, previously thought to be aquiferous parenchyma, were considered as aerenchyma precursors (Silva et al. 2014). ...
... Based on the qualitative and quantitative morpho-anatomical characters Plunkett et al. (2013) recognized new species of Lepidosperma (Cyperaceae) from the mountain of Tasmania. Three species of Mapania (Cyperaceae) were taxonomically distinguished by Silva et al. (2014) based on basal leaf and involucral bract anatomy. Pashirzad et al. (2014) used morphological and nut micro-morphological data in identification of Iranian Cyperus. ...
Six species of Cyperus L. are anatomically characterized in an attempt to identify
diagnostic characters and to find out the possible relationship among the studied species. From the present study, we observed that some anatomical features are alike to all the studied species (such as foliage leaf bulliform cell layer, form of foliage leaf sclerenchyma, bract leaf bulliform cell layer, form of bract leaf sclerenchyma and position of sclerenchyma in relation to vascular bundle in bract leaf), while others characters (like minor vascular bundle position in foliage leaf and bract leaf, foliage leaf epidermis layer, transverse septum between aerenchyma etc.) are variable. The studied taxa were separated on the basis of 14 inter-specifically variable characters (these are, presence of air cavities in foliage leaf, major vascular bundles position in relation to air cavities in foliar leaf, presence of minor vascular bundle, morphology of foliage leaf blade margins, total number of bulliform cells in foliage leaf, foliage leaf mestome sheaths form, angle of foliage leaf margin, bract leaf air cavities, major vascular bundles position in relation to air cavities in bract leaf, presence of minor vascular bundle in bract leaf, bract leaf blade margin morphology, bract leaf mestome sheaths form, depth of keel in bract leaf, maximum thickness at one half middle of bract leaf). The key to the identification of the studied taxa is also prepared from anatomical data.
... sanderi could be distinguished from each other by the first hypodermal thickness ratio [27]. Even, Mapania genera could be distinguished from other genus in family Cyperaceae by the absence of hypodermis [28]. Based on that evidence, hypodermis on Nepenthes should be also potentially used as distinguishing characteristic between species. ...
Nepenthes is one of carnivorous plant genera which have key characters on leaf and pitcher as the modification. However, wide varieties of morphological features on pitcher intraspecies and between species could be tough for identification process. The objective was to provide alternative characters for identification process by anatomical features. Kerinci Seblat National Park was chosen because lack of update data on wild type of species there. Whole five species were collected at Lingkat Lake and Gunung Tujuh Lake as representative lowland and highland species. Leaves collected fresh, flawless, and has grown pitcher. Each leaf was separated into the paradermal and transversal section, dehydrated by series alcohol, and stained by safranin and fast green. Sections observed by light microscope. Result show there were specific differences between species that could be potential to be key characters. That features are stomatal density, stomatal length, sessile glands surface shaped, sessile glands density, trichome distribution, adaxial cuticle thickness, adaxial hypodermic thickness, and the number of layers of adaxial hypodermis
... Leaf samples were progressively dehydrated in an ethanol series (50%, 70%, 85%, 95%, and 100%) and infiltrated with warm paraffin; leaf transverse sections (8–12 μm) thickness were then cut using a rotary microtome (Leica RM2255, Germany). Lignified tissues were redstained using Safranin and non-lignified cell walls were blue-stained with Fast Green to Blue stain, leaf sections were then mounted in slides and sealed with neutral glue (Garcia, Potiguara, Kikuchi, Demarco, & Aguiar-Dias, 2014;Ocheltree, Nippert, & Prasad, 2012;Silva, Alves,& Coan, 2014;Sobrado, 2007). The slides were observed and photographed under a light microscope (Leica DM2500, Germany). ...
... Leaf samples were progressively dehydrated in an ethanol series (50%, 70%, 85%, 95%, and 100%) and infiltrated with warm paraffin; leaf transverse sections (8–12 μm) thickness were then cut using a rotary microtome (Leica RM2255, Germany). Lignified tissues were redstained using Safranin and non-lignified cell walls were blue-stained with Fast Green to Blue stain, leaf sections were then mounted in slides and sealed with neutral glue (Garcia, Potiguara, Kikuchi, Demarco, & Aguiar-Dias, 2014;Ocheltree, Nippert, & Prasad, 2012;Silva, Alves,& Coan, 2014;Sobrado, 2007). The slides were observed and photographed under a light microscope (Leica DM2500, Germany). ...
Leaf anatomical traits may reflect plants adaption to environmental changes and influence ecosystem functions, as they regulate light absorption and gas exchange to some extent. Here, we hypothesized that leaf anatomical traits were closely related to gross primary productivity ( GPP ) because photosynthesis commonly occurs in the chloroplasts of palisade and spongy tissues in leaf.
Eight leaf anatomical traits were measured in 916 plant species inhabiting from tropical to cold‐temperate forests in eastern China: adaxial epidermis thickness ( AD ), abaxial epidermis thickness ( AB ), leaf thickness ( LT ), palisade tissue thickness ( PT ), and spongy tissue thickness ( ST ), palisade–spongy tissue ratio ( PT / ST ), palisade tissue–leaf thickness ratio ( PT / LT ), and spongy tissue–leaf thickness ratio ( ST / LT ).
Leaf anatomical traits showed significant latitudinal patterns at species, plant functional group ( PFG ), and community levels ( p < .05), and they differed between PFG and community. Temperature and precipitation were the main factors influencing AD , AB , PT / ST , and PT / LT , explaining 33–72% of the total variation at large scale. Furthermore, AB , LT , PT / ST , and PT / LT were significantly correlated with the aridity index.
Our findings filled the data gap of plant anatomical traits at regional scales, and broadened current knowledge on the adaptation strategies of plant anatomical traits, which also provided new evidence for linkages of plant traits and functioning across natural communities.
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... For the Neotropical area, besides the taxonomic studies and new species described in Hypolytrum and Mapania, which is the only closely related genus that also occurs on the American continent (Koyama 1969(Koyama , 1970Simpson 1992Simpson , 1996Alves 2003;Alves et al. 2002aAlves et al. , 2002bAlves et al. , 2004, important morphological evidence, evolutionary interpretations and information about diversity and geographical distribution have been published (Koyama 1966;Alves et al. 2000Alves et al. , 2002cAlves et al. , 2003Alves et al. , 2009Alves et al. , 2014Coan et al. 2008Coan et al. , 2010Rodrigues & Estelita 2009;Silva et al. 2014). ...
(Hypolytrum (Cyperaceae): taxonomic and nomenclatural notes,
geographical distribution and conservation status of Neotropical species.)
Hypolytrum (Mapanioideae) is a medium-size and Pantropical genus of
Cyperaceae, closely related to Mapania, Principina, and
Scirpodendron. In the Neotropics, it is found from southern Mexico to
southern Brazil where it grows in the Atlantic and Amazon Forests and Cerrado vegetation.
Most of the species are found in the humid and shady understory of forested habitats.
Twenty-nine species are confirmed, nine of which are considered narrow-endemics and one is
poorly known. Twelve species are classified under the conservation status of Critically
Endangered or Vulnerable. A total of 130 types (holo- types, isotypes, lectotypes and
isolectotypes) and 42 photos of types were checked and confirmed, and 22 synonyms were
verified and accepted. Information about geographic distribution including new
occurrences, habitat and diagnostic characters are also provided.
(Protoderm versus fundamental meristem origin of the fiber strands in Cyperaceae: terminology implications). Among the characters considered common in Cyperaceae and frequently used in the taxonomy and phylogeny of the family, fiber strands stand out. For these, different terminologies are used, among them the term hypodermis, which is a tissue originating in the fundamental meristem. In this context, investigation of tissue origin enables a more precise use of appropriate terminology and homology determination. Thus, this study aims to investigate the ontogeny of these sclerenchyma strands located near the epidermis, in order to confirm their origin and propose standardization of the terminology. An anatomical survey was conducted on sections of the rhizome, including the vegetative apex and leaves, of 11 Cyperaceae species. It was observed that the subepidermal fiber strands originate from the protoderm in all species studied. Only on the adaxial side of the leaf blade of Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl the subepidermal fiber strands originate from the fundamental meristem. It is suggested to use of the term subepidermal fiber strands for the grouping of fibers with origin in the protoderm, located near the epidermis and without connection to the vascular tissues.
