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Anatomical features of stressed and unstressed soybean leaf. a and b-Superfi cial section of lower and upper epiderma (unstressed), c and d-Superfi cial section of lower and upper epiderma (stressed).
Source publication
Anatomical changes in the root, stem, and leaf of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Nazlican) plants under drought stress were studied by light microscope and their significance was evaluated by numerical analysis. Some anatomical features related to parenchymatous cells, diameter of tracheas belonging to the root, stem, and leaf; stomata index;...
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Citations
... These include augmenting root biomass, diminishing shoot growth, and implementing alterations in leaf location, a reduction in leaf size, and falling of leaves from plants (Lukovic et al., 2009;Oliveira et al., 2018). These plants show reduction in cell size, enlarged vascular tissues, alterations in the xylem or phloem ratio, and decline in both xylem and phloem vessel dimensions in their anatomy (Makbul et al., 2011;Boughalleb et al., 2014). Moreover, in response to drought or salinity stress, plants notably decrease the diameter of xylem vessels and enhance the epidermal thickening, photosynthetic, and phloem tissues in the above-ground portions (El-Afry, 2012;Iqbal et al., 2023). ...
... However, growing climate instability, which is predicted to affect rainfall and temperature, has raised concerns about the sustainability of soybean yields (Anderson et al. 2019).Several studies have investigated soybean response to drought, revealing signi cant changes in physiological and anatomical traits such as leaf area, gas exchange dynamics, chlorophyll uorescence, and photosynthetic pigment levels (Chowdhury et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2018; Basal and Szabó 2018). Furthermore, at the anatomical level, differences in the continuity and thickness of the sclerenchyma layer and smaller xylem diameters have also been observed (Makbul et al. 2011;Prince et al. 2017). ...
... A decrease in root xylem diameter in response to drought is a mechanism to prevent xylem embolism (Comas et al. 2013). Makbul et al. (2011) also reported a decline in stele and xylem diameter in soybean roots as a drought tolerance mechanism. In the present study, severe stress (25% FC) reduced root volume and xylem vessel diameter, leading to a decline in root hydraulic conductivity (RHC) (Fig. 6; Table 2). ...
Several studies have investigated soybean response to drought, revealing significant changes in different physiological and anatomical traits. Investigating how plants respond to regulated deficit can help optimize water use efficiency and shed light on their tolerance and sensitivity to water stress at different phenological stages. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of water stress during the vegetative stages on the morphophysiological and water status characteristics of soybean cultivar. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the State University of Maranhão. A completely randomized design with four irrigation levels: 100% field capacity (FC) (control), 75% FC, 50% FC, and 25% FC, and 20 replicates were used. Growth variables, physiological parameters, water-related parameters, and root, stem, and leaf anatomy were evaluated. Interaction was observed between water levels and assessment times for plant height and stem diameter growth rates. There was a significant reduction in gas exchange over time, with the greatest decline at 81 days after planting (DAP). The 25% FC treatment had the most pronounced effect on the photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation ( A ), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration ( E ), and carboxylation efficiency (CE), with reductions of 55, 72, 53, and 60%, respectively, compared to the control, at 80 DAP. Anatomical analysis revealed adaptations in the 25% FC treatment, characterized by increased stem sclerenchyma thickness and smaller root xylem vessel diameter. Plants in the 75% FC treatment showed similar responses to the control, demonstrating that this water regime did not compromise the growth and development of BRS Tracajá soybean plants.
... Proline and soluble sugars comprising glucose, sucrose, maltose and trehalose play significant roles in osmoregulation under drought stress and are thus well associated with drought tolerance (Ibrahim & abdellatif, 2016;Zhang et al., 2020). In an experiment conducted by Makbul et al. (2011), a significant decline in cumulative chlorophyll content under drought conditions was found. Research suggests that a reduction in chlorophyll content in leaves is efficient under drought conditions, as it leads to conservation of nitrogen and energy (which would otherwise be invested in the formation of pigment-protein), which can now be utilized to enhance the efficiency of incident radiation into biomass (also known as radiation interception efficiency), thus contributing to adaptation against drought stress. ...
Drought severely affects maize growth and productivity, making the identification of tolerant genotypes essential, especially in local maize. Therefore, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, from February to April using 30 local maize accessions under irrigated and drought conditions in a completely randomized block design to study nine vegetative traits and screen drought tolerance for upcoming breeding programs. Accession NGRC05570 showed relative tolerance to root length and number, NGRC05586 to shoot length, NGRC05589 to root-to-shoot ratio, NGRC05591 to moisture content in roots, NGRC05578 to moisture in shoot and relative water content (RWC), NGRC05561 to root volume and NGRC05573 to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Accession NGRC05571, although lacking singular dominance in traits, exhibited an overall tolerance for NDVI, root-to-shoot ratio, root number, root length and RWC. Corelation analysis between shoot moisture content and shoot length showed a significant negative correlation under drought (−0.38) but a significant positive correlation under irrigation (0.38). Similarly, a significant negative correlation between the root-to-shoot ratio and shoot moisture content was observed under drought (−0.62) but not under irrigation. The possibility of accession NGRC05571, collected from Surkhet, being used in upcoming breeding studies has been seen, but a study on its ability to tolerate reproductive drought would be more insightful.
... Proline and soluble sugars comprising glucose, sucrose, maltose and trehalose play significant roles in osmoregulation under drought stress and are thus well associated with drought tolerance (Ibrahim & abdellatif, 2016;Zhang et al., 2020). In an experiment conducted by Makbul et al. (2011), a significant decline in cumulative chlorophyll content under drought conditions was found. Research suggests that a reduction in chlorophyll content in leaves is efficient under drought conditions, as it leads to conservation of nitrogen and energy (which would otherwise be invested in the formation of pigment-protein), which can now be utilized to enhance the efficiency of incident radiation into biomass (also known as radiation interception efficiency), thus contributing to adaptation against drought stress. ...
Drought severely affects maize growth and productivity, making the identification of tolerant genotypes essential, especially in local maize. Therefore, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, from February to april using 30 local maize accessions under irrigated and drought conditions in a completely randomized block design to study nine vegetative traits and screen drought tolerance for upcoming breeding programs. accession NGRC05570 showed relative tolerance to root length and number, NGRC05586 to shoot length, NGRC05589 to root-to-shoot ratio, NGRC05591 to moisture content in roots, NGRC05578 to moisture in shoot and relative water content (RWC), NGRC05561 to root volume and NGRC05573 to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). accession NGRC05571, although lacking singular dominance in traits, exhibited an overall tolerance for NDVI, root-to-shoot ratio, root number, root length and RWC. Corelation analysis between shoot moisture content and shoot length showed a significant negative correlation under drought (−0.38) but a significant positive correlation under irrigation (0.38). Similarly, a significant negative correlation between the root-to-shoot ratio and shoot moisture content was observed under drought (−0.62) but not under irrigation. The possibility of accession NGRC05571, collected from Surkhet, being used in upcoming breeding studies has been seen, but a study on its ability to tolerate reproductive drought would be more insightful.
... (stress issue). Makbul et al. (2011) claimed that a 34% decrease in LWP in drought-stressed soybeans was due to a 28% decrease in chlorophyll content. reported that in soybean exposed to severe soil water stress, midday LWP was reduced by 45% in stressed plants compared to control. ...
This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of various irrigation regimes and mechanization processes applied with surface drip system on yield plant water stress index (CWSI) and midday leaf water potential (LWP) in the Mediterranean Region. Field studies were carried out in Tarsus Soil and Water Resources Research Unit / Mersin experimental areas during the 2018-2019 growing seasons.In this study, 3 different irrigation regimes were applied (I 100 : Completion to the field capacity of the available water of 60 cm soil depth weekly. I 70 : 70% of the water applied to I 100 , I 50 : 50% of the water applied to I 100 ), 2 different tillage and sowing method (TP: traditional soil tillage (Plow-discard-harrow-planting), DP: direct planting). In the study, in order to determine the plant water stress, temporally; Leaf water potential (LWP), crop water stress index (CWSI), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and leaf area index (LAI) measurements were made. These physiological measurements were compared with soil water content (SWC), yield and each other.The highest LWP and CWSI were obtained for DPI 50 treatments, which had the lowest soil water content. The highest SPAD and leaf area index (LAI) were obtained for the DPI100 subject with the highest soil water content. High correlations were obtained between physiological measurements. Observed that different tillage methods affect soil water content with physiological parameters.As a result, it has been seen that CWSI, LWP and SPAD measurements can be used successfully in determining the water status of soybean.
... We also found that leaf specific conductivity (LSC) of stems decreased more markedly than branches with the prolongation of drought, which demonstrated that branches of Chinese fir have more resilience in long-distance water transport to meet the water requirement of distal leaves (Hacke et al., 2015). Drought stress can directly affect the water status of plants, with water potential representing an important indicator of water deficit that reflects the extent of plant drought stress (Makbul et al., 2011;Sun et al., 2020). Under water stress, xylem water potential in plants decreases and the xylem tension increases, which is another major cause of embolization in the xylem vessel or tracheid . ...
Introduction
A better understanding of xylem hydraulic characteristics in trees is critical to elucidate the mechanisms of forest decline and tree mortality from water deficit. As well as temperate forests and forests growing in arid regions, subtropical and tropical forests are also predicted to experience an increased frequency and intensity of climate change-induced drought in the near future.
Methods
In this study, 1-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata seedlings (a typical subtropical species in southern China) were selected for a continuous controlled drought pot experiment of 45 days duration. The experimental treatments were non-drought (control), light drought, moderate drought and severe drought stress, which were 80%, 60%, 50%, and 40%, respectively of soil field maximum moisture capacity.
Results
The hydraulic conductivity, specific conductivity and water potential of roots, stems, and branches of C. lanceolata all decreased with the prolonging of drought in the different drought intensities. The relative decrease in these hydraulic values were greater in roots than in stems and branches, indicating that roots are more sensitive to drought. Root tracheid diameters normally reduce to ensure security of water transport with prolonged drought, whilst the tracheid diameters of stems and branches expand initially to ensure water transport and then decrease to reduce the risk of embolism with continuing drought duration. The pit membrane diameter of roots, stems and branches generally increased to different extents during the 15–45 days drought duration, which is conducive to enhanced radial water transport ability. The tracheid density and pit density of stems generally decreased during drought stress, which decreased water transport efficiency and increased embolism occurrence. Correlation analysis indicated that anatomical plasticity greatly influenced the hydraulic properties, whilst the relationships varied among different organs. In roots, tracheid diameter decreased and tracheid density increased to enhance water transport security; stems and branches may increase tracheid diameter and pit membrane diameter to increase hydraulic conductivity ability, but may increase the occurrence of xylem embolism.
Discussion
In summary, under drought stress, the xylem anatomical characteristics of C. lanceolata organs were highly plastic to regulate water transport vertically and radially to maintain the trade-off between hydraulic conductivity efficiency and safety.
... Leaf water potential is a crucial physiological indicator for gauging plant water stress responses reliably (Chowdhury et al., 2017). The study revealed a noteworthy decrease in water potential due to drought, shifting from − 0.88 MPa in unstressed leaves to − 1.18 MPa in stressed soybean plants (Makbul et al., 2011). The current investigation affirmed the decline in leaf water potential under water deficit stress, but the application of salicylic acid (SA) spray ameliorated this, improving leaf water potential amid water stress. ...
Rapid environmental fluctuations, particularly water deficit stress, significantly hinder a plant’s growth by constraining primary metabolic processes. Salicylic acid (SA), a recognized plant hormone, exhibits a noteworthy role in alleviating water stress impacts on leaf gas exchange. This study investigates the interaction between SA and water deficit (WD) stress in Bacopa monnieri (L.). Different SA doses (50, 75, 100, and 125 mg/l) were foliar-sprayed, with water deficit imposed by reduced irrigation (well-watered, water deficit 1, and water deficit 2). Pooled data from 2 years indicated increased electrolyte leakage and decreased photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis rate, and protein content in WD2-stressed plants. Moderate SA concentrations with WD1 and WD2 stress positively impacted photosynthesis-related traits and enhanced defense mechanisms, reflected in increased total protein, leaf water potential, and chlorophyll stability index. Positive correlations between photosynthesis rate and antioxidants suggests SA’s role in fortifying plant defense mechanisms against stress. Overall, this research underscores SA’s resilient role in mitigating water deficit stress effects by regulating various physiological and metabolic processes, ultimately supporting plant growth.
... There was a significant decrease in Chl content under drought stress in soybean leaves as reported by Makbul et al. (2011). Drought stress decreased leaf Chl a content. ...
... The RWC regulate the stomatal opening and closing and lower Gs under drought due to decreased RWC. Makbul et al. (2011) reported that Gs decreased during the drought period in leaves. About 42% lower Gs was obtained in drought condition as compared to control. ...
Soybean genotypes G00006, BD2336, AGS383, PK472, BCS1, NCS1, BU Soybean1 and BARI Soybean6 were evaluated under 20% (drought) and 80% (control) of field capacity based on morpho-physiological and yield response to drought. The results revealed that plant height, leaf number, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, relative water content and water uptake capacity of soybean drastically reduced due to drought. However, root: shoot ratio increased under drought condition. Across the genotypes, the root : shoot ratio ranged from 0.20 to 0.47 in control, while 0.22 to 59 in drought condition. Genotypes BD2336, AGS383 and G00006 produced higher number of pods and seeds, whereas minimum yield reduction was recorded in AGS383 under drought. Based on drought tolerance index, AGS383 ranked 1st, while BD2336 and PK472 ranked 2nd and 3rd position, respectively. High grain yielding ability of AGS383 suggested that it could be cultivated in drought prone environment. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 47(2); 223-240: December 2023
... ±0.11 while it was 0.7±0.07 under stress conditions [140]. Plants in extreme drought conditions can enhance their survival by thickening epidermal cells, which store water and respond to stress through stomatal control and trichome growth, thereby enhancing their water conservation and drought resistance. ...
... Pasture-based production systems are geographically extensive and may be especially sensitive to drought events [3]. water transmission and/or movement [22,23]. Phenotypic plasticity may also constitute a plant survival strategy in response to water restriction stress related to anatomical mechanisms [23,24]. ...
... water transmission and/or movement [22,23]. Phenotypic plasticity may also constitute a plant survival strategy in response to water restriction stress related to anatomical mechanisms [23,24]. Bv and Lp have contrasting growth strategies. ...
Grass species have a range of strategies to tolerate soil water restriction, which are linked to the environmental conditions at their site of origin. Climate change enhances the relevance of the functional role of anatomical attributes and their contribution as water stress tolerance factors. Morpho-anatomical traits and adjustments that contribute to drought resistance in Lolium perenne L. (Lp) and Bromus valdivianus Phil. (Bv), a temperate humid grass species, were analysed. The structure of the leaves and pseudostems (stems only in Lp) grown at 20–25% field capacity (FC) (water restriction) and 80–85% FC (control) were evaluated by making paraffin sections. In both species, water restriction reduced the thickness of the leaves and pseudostems, along with the size of the vasculature. Bv had long and dense leaf hairs, small and numerous stomata, and other significant adaptive traits under water stress, including thicker pseudostems (p ≤ 0.001), a greatly thickened bundle sheath wall (p ≤ 0.001) in the pseudostem to ensure water flow, and a thickened cuticle covering on leaf surfaces (p ≤ 0.01) to avoid water loss. Lp vascular bundles developed throughout the stem, and under water restriction the xylem vessel walls were strengthened and lignified. Lp leaves had individual traits of a ribbed/corrugated-shaped upper surface, and the stomata were positioned to maintain relative humidity outside the leaf surface. Water restriction significantly changed the bulliform cell depth in Lp (p ≤ 0.05) that contributed to water loss reduction via the curling leaf blade. This study demonstrated that the two grass species, through different morphological traits, were able to adjust their individual tissues and cells in aboveground parts to reach similar physiological functions to reduce water loss with increased water restriction. These attributes explain how both species enhance persistence and resilience under soil water restriction.
