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Anatomical features of Salvia candidissima ssp. candidissima.1-4, cross-sections of the stem; 5-7, petiole and 8-9, leaf midrib. 1, stem, complete cross-section ; 2, close up of the corner; 3-4, subsidiary vascular bundles; 5, complete cross-section of petiol; 6, close up of the central vascular bundles; 7, the crest;8, leaf midrib, complete coss-section ;9, close up of the vascular bundles. c: cortex; ch:chlorenchyma; co: collenchyma; cu: cuticle; eg:eglandular trichome; ep: epidermis; gl:glandular trichome; p:pith; pa: parenchyma; ph: phloem; s:sclerenchyma; svb: subsidiary vascular bundles; x: xylem.
Source publication
Bahadori, Sh., Sonboli, A. & Jamzad, Z. 2016. 12. 30: Anatomical and morphological characteristics of Salvia candidissima vahl. ssp. candidissima (Lamiaceae) as a new record from Iran.-Iran. J. Bot. 22 (2): 104-111. Tehran. The present study, reports Salvia candidissima Vahl ssp. candidissima (Lamiaceae) as a new record for the flora of Iran. Anato...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... petiole is circular in the cross-section with two crests, the adaxial surface is almost flat and the abaxial one is strongly convex. Epidermis is one-layered, consisted of cubic to oval cells, covered with an almost thick (about 7-10 m) cuticle layer ( fig. 3: 5-7). Indumentum is diverse and dense. Eglandular trichomes show different shapes, straight or curved, usually 2, 3 or 4-celled. The most common hair types on the petiole are 2 and 3-celled eglandular trichomes. Unicellular eglandular trichomes are rare. Comparatively the petiole has fewer glandular trichomes than the stem, including short ...
Context 2
... a dens glandular and eglandular indumentum. Collenchyma located under the epidermis is clearly thicker at both adaxial and abaxial surfaces than other parts. Parenchyma consisted of large irregular cells. A large vascular bundles surrounded by 2-6 layered sclerenchyma is present in the center of midrib and more or less appears as a crescent ( fig. 3: 8-9). Fig. 4. Different trichome types of Salvia candidissima ssp. candidissima. 1-2, general indumentum perspectives; 3-11, unicellular to multicellular eglandular hairs; 12-18, capitate and 19-20, peltate glandular ...
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Iran, with its unique climatic and topographic conditions, is home to about 8200 species of vascular plants. Approximately 2300 of the 8200 species are popularly characterized as medicinal or aromatic. Here, we compile information about the endemic medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) of Iran and map their distributions. Our survey found 180 endemi...
Citations
... During floristic studies in NW Iran (e.g., Bahadori et al. 2016, 2021, Mahmoodi et al. 2015, 2017, an unrevealed alpine species was collected in 2021. The material was compared with all specimens of Erodium in TARI and images of related species in K, E, B, W, WU, and G herbaria (acronyms according to Thiers 2017), and finally using related literature (Boissier 1867, Davis 1967, Schönbeck-Temesy 1970 could be identified as Erodium amanum, which was not before reported for the flora of Iran. ...
The genus Erodium comprising nearly 74 species is almost a cosmopolitan taxon, however, the Mediterranean basin harboring about 80% of all species is considered the species diversity center of this genus. Erodium amanum reported here as a new record for the flora of Iran, is a dwarf dioecious perennial plant growing in a few restricted habitats at alpine steppes of NW of Iran. The genus is currently represented by 12 annual and four perennial species in Iran, of which only one is endemic. Its description, geographical distribution map, photos, and morphological comparison with its close species are provided.
... Salvia species have been traditionally used in the treatment of colds, aches and pains, infections, wounds, bronchitis, flu, tuberculosis, haemorrhage, insomnia, some cardiovascular and menstrual disorders, and stomach, liver, and rheumatism pains (Azcan et al. 2004;Topçu et al. 2017;Adimcilar et al. 2019). Because of their bioactive constituents such as terpenoids, phenolics, essential oils, and fatty acids (Pitarokili et al. 2006;Bakoglu et al. 2016;Hatipoglu et al. 2016;Topçu et al. 2017) as well as their medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, cardiotonic, neuroprotective, antiacetylcholinesterase, anti-apoptotic, antiglycating, antitumor, and antimalarial activities (Tepe et al. 2006;Sezer Şenol et al. 2010;Bahadori et al. 2016;Adimcilar et al. 2019), various Salvia species have great importance in the pharmaceutical, food (e.g. food preservatives, herbal teas, spices, and flavourings), perfume, and cosmetic industries (Bayar & Genç 2018;Adimcilar et al. 2019). ...
The sterol, amino acid, mineral, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents, and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities of Salvia candidissima subsp. candidissima mericarps were investigated. The mericarps were collected in the province of Bayburt, Turkey. Gas chromatography was used for sterol analysis, Prominence ultra-fast liquid chromatography for amino acid analysis, and ICPMS for mineral analysis. Folin-Ciocalteu, Al(NO3)3, and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays were performed on ethanol extracts of the mericarps to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant potential, respectively. The ethanol and hexane extracts of the mericarps were tested for their antimicrobial activity against seven bacterial and three fungal strains using the microdilution method and for antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm using the crystal violet staining method. The sterol, amino acid, and mineral contents and antibiofilm activity of the mericarps were studied for the first time. The most abundant components of the mericarps are determined as ?-sitosterol (69.8%), glutamic acid (4895 mg/100 g), and potassium (11474 ?g/g). The results of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity were 3.47 ?g GAE/mg extract, 0.35 ?g QE/mg extract, and 79.79%, respectively. Both of the tested extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms, however, the efficiency of the extracts was not as strong as the reference drugs ampicillin and fluconazole. While both extracts were effective in preventing biofilm formation, the ethanol extract was found to be more effective than the hexane extract in preformed biofilm inhibition. In conclusion, S. candidissima subsp. candidissima mericarps have good nutritional potential with high amounts of amino acids, sterols (especially ?-sitosterol), minerals, and phenolics and flavonoids. Additionally, our findings provide important preliminary data for the literature in terms of the antibiofilm activity of Salvia candidissima subsp. candidissima mericarps.
... Salvia L. is one of the most important genera of Lamiaceae, known for its medicinal activity (1). The Salvia genus consists of 64 species in the Iranian flora, of which 17 are endemic (2,3). Many studies have suggested different biological activities for sage extracts and their pure metabolites, including antiprotozoal, antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal, and anticancer (1,4,5). ...
Background:
Salvia extracts have various biological activities and are rich sources of bioactive metabolites.
Objectives:
We identified five phytochemicals from S. compressa extract and assessed its biological properties.
Methods:
The plant's shoots were extracted using dichloromethane, and the constituents were isolated using column chromatography. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy characterized the chemical structures of the compounds (1 - 5). The cytotoxic effect of the extract was examined against MCF-7 cells by MTT reduction assay, while cisplatin was tested as a reference cytotoxic compound. The antibacterial activity was assessed using nutrient broth micro-dilution (NBMD), and chloramphenicol was used as the positive control.
Results:
Citrostadienol (1), β-sitosterol (2), two glyceride esters of linolenic, linoleic, and palmitic acids (3, 4), and geraniol (5) were isolated from S. compressa for the first time. The extract showed activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and reduced cell viability to 68.2 ± 13.1% compared to the control drug at the concentration of 50 µg/mL, while it was not active against seven test bacteria.
Conclusions:
The anti-complementary activity of the isolated steroids suggests S. compressa for future anti-inflammatory research.
... Metcalfe and Chalk (1950) reported that the stems of the family Lamiaceae species are rectangular and that the collenchymatous tissue covers broad area at the corners, and scleranchymatous tissue surrounding the vascular tissue. The same observations were made during the anatomical studies on other Lamiaceae members in Iran (Hatamneia et al. 2008, Dehshiri and Azadbakht 2012a, 2012b, Yousefi et al. 2014, Bahadori et al. 2016. The distinct feature of S. acerosa is the presence of sclerenchyma at the angles of the stem. ...
An anatomical study was conducted in Stachys acerosa Boiss. is endemic to Zagros Chain Mountains in Iran. In the current study the samples were collected from Oshtorankuh Mountain and examined. Vegetative and reproductive organs anatomically using light microscope. The distinguishing feature of S. acerosa is the presence of sclerenchyma at the angles of the stem. Five types of trichomes - simple nonglandular uniseriate uni- and multicellular, short and long capitate glandular, and glandular peltate trichomes were found on the surface of vegetative and reproductive organs. The leaves are amphistomatic and isobilateral; and the mesophyll is composed of four-layers palisade parenchyma. Two of them present at the upper side and another two layers at lower side and in between palisade layers two-layered spongy parenchyma were existed. The present study shows that the certain anatomical features of Stachys taxa are valuable for species delimitation. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(2): 325-334, 2022 (June)
... Only a few numbers of the 64 characterized Salvia L. (Sage) species [1,2] have been used in the Iranian folk medicine. They showed antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, anti-anxiety activities, and were reported as tonic and insecticide agents [3,4]. ...
... In the present paper we characterized the structures of seven further undescribed PTs (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) in the aerial parts of S. grosshiemii. In addition, their molecular docking analysis against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease M pro , involved in viral replication, and human a-glucosidase inhibitory through smina software are discussed for the first time. ...
Salvia grossheimii is a perennial herb with antidiabetic and cytotoxic constituents. In continuation of our study on S. grosshiemii to identify the bioactive phytochemicals, we have reported the characterization of seven undescribed triterpenoids. The aerial parts of the plant were extracted in dichloromethane and its constituents were isolated using chromatography techniques. The structures of compounds were identified using 1D, 2D NMR, and ESI-MS spectral data. Seven new oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenoids (1-7) were identified in S. grossheimii. The structures of 1-7 were characterized as; 2α-hydroxy-3β-acetoxy-olean-9(11),12-diene (1), 2α-acetoxy-3β-hydroxy-olean-9(11),12-diene (2), 3β-acetoxy-olean-18-ene,2α,11α-diol (3), 2α-hydroxy-3β-acetoxy-urs-9(11),12-diene (4), 2α-acetoxy-3β-hydroxy-urs-9(11),12-diene (5), 2α,3β-diacetoxy-urs-12-ene-11α,20β-diol (6), 2α,3β-diacetoxy-urs-9(11),12-diene-20β-ol (7). Triterpenoids (2, 5, and 7) were intramolecular transesterification or dehydration products of their corresponding isomers or allylic alcohol in the C rings, respectively, produced in-situ during NMR spectroscopy. Virtual screening of 1-7 was performed with molecular docking analysis to identify the potential SARS-CoV-2 and α-glucosidase inhibitors using the smina molecular docking algorithm. The best binding energy values (kcal/mol) against COVID-19 main protease Mpro were calculated for 6 (-8.77) and 7 (-8.68), and the higher binding affinities toward human α-glucosidase were obtained for 2 (-9.39) and 6 (-8.63). This study suggests S. grossheimii as a rich source of bioactive triterpenoids and introduces new natural compounds. Considering the high binding energy values of 2, 6, and 7, these structures could be candidates for anti-COVID-19 and antidiabetic drug development in the future.
... The widespread taxa evaluated as LC at their global level, e. g. Salvia candidissima Vahl., may be found exposed to extinction risk when evaluated at a regional level (Bahadori & al. 2016), such outcomes are mainly owing to the fact that widely spread species are represented in edges of their distribution ranges with small population sizes, with narrow ecological niches. General distribution: Europe, NW Africa, temperate Asia (from Anatolia to Japan). ...
Silene (Caryophyllaceae, Sileneae), the most diverse taxon of the pink family, is the fourth-largest genus of the flora of Iran. The current study reports S. baccifera of the monotypic Silene sect. Cucubalus, as a new record for the flora of Iran. Ascending habit, pseudoberry fruits, and deflexed saucer-shaped calyxes are the striking characteristics of S. baccifera, by which the species could be unmistakably distinguished among other congeneric taxa. The number of species and sections of Silene known for Iran by taking S. baccifera into account increases to 121 and 17, respectively. A complete description of S. baccifera along with its distribution map and conservation status herein is presented.
... The members of the genus Salvia have been used worldwide as medicinal plants and are used in the folk medicine for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genera Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium [1][2][3]. 4 The genus Salvia consists of 64 species in the Iranian flora. S. hydrangea DC. xe Benth., with the Persian name "Gol-e Arooneh", is one of the 17 endemic salvia species [4,5]. ...
... 4 The genus Salvia consists of 64 species in the Iranian flora. S. hydrangea DC. xe Benth., with the Persian name "Gol-e Arooneh", is one of the 17 endemic salvia species [4,5]. S. hydrangea has been used as anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, carminative, sedative [6], anthelmintic, and antileishmanial in the Iranian traditional medicine [7,8]. ...
... The NMR spectra of the remaining compounds were recorded on a BrukerAvance 6 DRX 300 MHz spectrometer operating at 300.13 MHz for 1 H and 75.4 MHz for13 C. Electron Impact Mass spectra (EI-MS) were recorded on an Agilent 5975C inert GC/MSD instrument. ...
Four abietane diterpenoids, agastanol, (1), 6, 7-dehydroroyleanone (2), 7α-acetoxyroyleanone (3), and ferruginol (4) have isolated from root extract of Salvia hydrangea. The chemical structures of compounds were identified using EI-MS, ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Antileishmanial activity of 1- 4 was tested against the promastigotes of Leishmania major using in vitro antiparasitic activity assay. Compound 4 (IC50=12.1±2.1 µg/mL) showed considerable antileishmanial activity. The root extract showed significant cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines including, MCF-7 (IC50 = 7.0 ± 2.0 µg/mL), and, MOLT-4 (IC50 = 2.8 ± 0.7 µg/mL) using the MTT bioassay. A pharmacophore modeling study for antileishmanial activity was carried out to render essential features for an effective inhibition. The model has 7 features, including 1 hydrogen bond acceptor, 1 aromatic, and 5 hydrophobic features. In conclusion, the roots of S. hydrangea are presented as the potential source for further investigation of antileishmanial and cytotoxic compounds.
... Salvia L., with almost 1000 species, is the largest genus in the mint family (Lamiaceae: Nepetoideae: Mentheae: Salviinae), including herbaceous, suffruticose, or shrubby perennial plants distributed worldwide [1][2][3]. Salvia in Iran consists of 64 species, of which 17 are endemic, and has an important center of diversity in the region [4][5][6]. Salvia grossheimii Sosn. Known as "Maryam Goli Nakhjavani" in Persian, is a perennial herb, and growing to about 70 cm in maximum height. ...
Two polyhydroxylated oleanane and seven ursane triterpenoids were isolated from aerial parts of Salvia gros-sheimii. The chemical structures of the undescribed triterpenoids (1-6) were characterized using 1 and 2 D NMR and ESI-MS spectral data as; 2α, 3β, 11α-trihydroxy-olean-12-ene (1), 2α, 3β, 11α-trihydroxy-olean-18-ene (2), 2α-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-3β, 11α, 20β-triol (3), 3-keto-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β-triol (4), 2α, 3β-diacetoxy-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β-triol (5), and 3β-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β-triol (6). All compounds were evaluated for the in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 human cancer cell line. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 6 showed in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 = 43.6-198.4 µM, which were more potent than the antidiabetic medicine, acarbose. The remaining compounds; 3, and 7-9 showed potent cytotoxic activity (IC 50 = 6.2-31.9 µM) against the cancerous cell line, while the potent α-glucosidase inhibitors were inactive. Molecular docking analysis and kinetic studies were applied to investigate the structure activity relationships and mechanisms of the human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase inhibitory of the purified compounds. Comparing the high cytotoxicity and α-glucosidase inhibitory of the oleanane and ursane type triterpenoids suggest them as potential lead compounds for further research in anticancer and antidiabetic research .
Two polyhydroxylated oleanane and seven ursane triterpenoids were isolated from aerial parts of Salvia grossheimii. The chemical structures of the undescribed triterpenoids (1-6) were characterized using 1 and 2 D NMR and ESI-MS spectral data as; 2α, 3β, 11α –trihydroxy-olean-12- ene (1), 2α, 3β, 11α-trihydroxy-olean-18-ene (2), 2α- acetoxy-urs-12-ene-3β, 11α, 20β-triol (3), 3-keto-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β -triol (4), 2α, 3β-diacetoxy-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β -triol (5), and 3β-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β –triol (6). All compounds were evaluated for the in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 human cancer cell line. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 6 showed in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50=43.6-198.4 µM, which were more potent than the antidiabetic medicine, acarbose. The remaining compounds; 3, and 7-9 showed potent cytotoxic activity (IC50=6.2-31.9 µM) against the cancerous cell line, while the potent α-glucosidase inhibitors were inactive. Molecular docking analysis and kinetic studies were applied to investigate the structure activity relationships and mechanisms of the human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase inhibitory of the purified compounds. Comparing the high cytotoxicity and α-glucosidase inhibitory of the oleanane and ursane type triterpenoids suggest them as potential lead compounds for further research in anticancer and antidiabetic research.
