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5: Anatomic location of dog bite wounds according to age group. Data is derived from victims attending three hospitals (Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral hospital, Phuentsholing General hospital, Gelephu Regional Referral hospital) in Bhutan, 20092010 (the number in the figure indicates the number of bite victims). Age was categorized into the two groups indicated.
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... It was observed that more cases of dog bites were reported in males, amongst which post-school and working age groups (20-59) were affected most. However, earlier studies reported the pre-school and school-going age (<18 years) being affected more with male predominance 9,18,19 . The mean age of bites in both years was similar with 26.81 in 2019 and 27.69 in 2020 with a median age of 25 years in both years which is comparable to the mean age of 28.9 years reported in the United States 20 . ...
... The occupation categorized as "other" had the highest dog bite cases in both the years and it may be because the group comprised of many occupations. The students were the second most affected group in this study contrary to other studies, where students were reported to be more vulnerable to dog bites 9,18,19 . In both the years, the lower limbs were the most common site of dog bites contrary to the data analysis of the United States which reported the upper extremity as the most common anatomical site 20 . ...
Introduction: Dog bite is a public health problem in Bhutan incurring huge cost of treatment. The general objective of the study was to see the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the burden of dog bite cases and the profile of patients, comparing with that of the year before the COVID-19 pandemic started (2019) at the National Referral Hospital. Methods: This is a retrospective record review of the dog bite cases in the year 2019 and 2020. The target population of the study were people living in Thimphu city. The dog bites that occurred outside Thimphu were excluded from the study. Proportion of dog bite according to demographic and clinical variables were calculated. Univariate and multivariate analysis were done to look for risk factors responsible for dog bite in 2020 compared to 2019. A statistically significant level was set at <0.01. Results: The dog bite cases in the year 2019 and 2020 were recorded at 3.3% and 2.4% respectively There was male predominance and highest incidence of the dog bite was in age group of 20-59 years. The commonest site of bite were lower limbs and stray dog bites were highest risk exposure. Conclusion: less dog bite cases reported in 2020 which may be due to the impact of pandemic. Majority of the cases were stray dog bites and high incidence of dog bites can be a major concern for health, social and economic wellbeing of the nation which needs urgent intervention.
... If a person is bitten, immediately the wound should be thoroughly washed with 20% soft soap, water (for about 15 minutes) and 40% to 50% alcohol solution of all bite wounds and scratches is perhaps the most effective measure for preventing rabies in people bitten by rabid animals. The proper cleaning of the wound would remove most of the virus but these simple and cheap treatment procedures are often omitted in most cases (Tenzin, 2012). If the animal is positive for rabies, the person must undergo PEP -meaning a series of anti-rabies vaccine and immune globulin injections is recommended. ...
... Children who have been bitten or scratched by suspect rabid dogs may therefore not tell their parents or guardians, especially if they have been instructed not to approach animals that are not their own pets (Cleaveland et al., 2003). Therefore, earlier co mbating of the RABV (prevention) mainly aims for children, elderly, disabilities, poor and less reached third world nations (Tenzin, 2012). Domestic dogs are the main reservoir of rabies in many developing countries, and account for about 99% of all human rabies cases in Asia and Africa (Knobel et al., 2005). ...
... Hence most rabies case is expected to be from rural areas (Hampson et al., 20 15). As more dogs are vaccinated, fewer people are bitten by rab id dogs and this can greatly reduce the demand for costly human vaccines given for postexposure treatment (Tenzin, 2012). Beye ne et al., (2019), demonstrated that canine mass rabies vaccinatio n in Ethiopia will be a cost-effective means of combating rabies by reducing the human health burden and by saving costs compared to the status quo of 18% canine vaccination coverage in urban districts and no vaccination in rural districts. ...
... If a person is bitten, immediately the wound should be thoroughly washed with 20% soft soap, water (for about 15 minutes) and 40% to 50% alcohol solution of all bite wounds and scratches is perhaps the most effective measure for preventing rabies in people bitten by rabid animals. The proper cleaning of the wound would remove most of the virus but these simple and cheap treatment procedures are often omitted in most cases (Tenzin, 2012). If the animal is positive for rabies, the person must undergo PEP -meaning a series of anti-rabies vaccine and immune globulin injections is recommended. ...
... Children who have been bitten or scratched by suspect rabid dogs may therefore not tell their parents or guardians, especially if they have been instructed not to approach animals that are not their own pets (Cleaveland et al., 2003). Therefore, earlier co mbating of the RABV (prevention) mainly aims for children, elderly, disabilities, poor and less reached third world nations (Tenzin, 2012). Domestic dogs are the main reservoir of rabies in many developing countries, and account for about 99% of all human rabies cases in Asia and Africa (Knobel et al., 2005). ...
... Hence most rabies case is expected to be from rural areas (Hampson et al., 20 15). As more dogs are vaccinated, fewer people are bitten by rab id dogs and this can greatly reduce the demand for costly human vaccines given for postexposure treatment (Tenzin, 2012). Beye ne et al., (2019), demonstrated that canine mass rabies vaccinatio n in Ethiopia will be a cost-effective means of combating rabies by reducing the human health burden and by saving costs compared to the status quo of 18% canine vaccination coverage in urban districts and no vaccination in rural districts. ...
... mouth, nose, eye) that is contaminated with the saliva from a rabid dog [6]. Humans and other mammals can develop rabies from aerosol transmission or through transplantation of tissues and organs [2,30]. At the early stage of infection, initial symptoms of rabies resemble flu-like which include fever with pain and unusual or unexplained tingling, hypersalivation, sore throat, cough, nausea and vomiting, pricking, or burning sensation (paraesthesia) at the site of animal bite [28,32]. ...
... Rabies is still a very serious disease that exists with varying degrees of severity in practically all countries of the world except Antarctica and the Arctic. Islands such as New Zealand, Australia, Mauritius and the Seychelles, are helped by their natural isolations [8,30]. In 2004, a young patient survived rabies in Wisconsin, but the reasons for this favorable outcome remain elusive [2]. ...
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease caused by a virus through bites or saliva of an infected animal. Dogs are the main reservoir of rabies and responsible for most cases in humans worldwide. In this article, a delay differential equations model for assessing the effects of controls and time delay as incubation period on the transmission dynamics of rabies in human and dog populations is formulated and analyzed. Analysis from the model show that there is a locally and globally asymptotic stable disease-free equilibrium whenever a certain epidemiological threshold, the control reproduction number \(\mathcal {R}_v\), is less than unity. Furthermore, the model has a unique endemic equilibrium when \(\mathcal {R}_v\) exceed unity which is also locally and globally asymptotically stable for all delays. Time delay is found to have influence on the endemicity of rabies. Vaccination of humans and dogs coupled with annual crop of puppies are imposed to curtail the spread of rabies in the populations. Sensitivity analysis on the number of infected humans and dogs revealed that increasing dog vaccination rate and decreasing annual birth of puppies are more effective in human populations. However in dog populations, the vaccination and birth control of puppies, have equal effective measures for rabies control. Numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate the theoretical results and control strategies.
... If a person is bitten, immediately the wound should be thoroughly washed with 20% soft soap, water (for about 15 minutes) and 40% to 50% alcohol solution of all bite wounds and scratches is perhaps the most effective measure for preventing rabies in people bitten by rabid animals. The proper cleaning of the wound would remove most of the virus but these simple and cheap treatment procedures are often omitted in most cases (Tenzin, 2012). If the animal is positive for rabies, the person must undergo PEP -meaning a series of anti-rabies vaccine and immune globulin injections is recommended. ...
... Children who have been bitten or scratched by suspect rabid dogs may therefore not tell their parents or guardians, especially if they have been instructed not to approach animals that are not their own pets (Cleaveland et al., 2003). Therefore, earlier co mbating of the RABV (prevention) mainly aims for children, elderly, disabilities, poor and less reached third world nations (Tenzin, 2012). Domestic dogs are the main reservoir of rabies in many developing countries, and account for about 99% of all human rabies cases in Asia and Africa (Knobel et al., 2005). ...
... Hence most rabies case is expected to be from rural areas (Hampson et al., 20 15). As more dogs are vaccinated, fewer people are bitten by rab id dogs and this can greatly reduce the demand for costly human vaccines given for postexposure treatment (Tenzin, 2012). Beye ne et al., (2019), demonstrated that canine mass rabies vaccinatio n in Ethiopia will be a cost-effective means of combating rabies by reducing the human health burden and by saving costs compared to the status quo of 18% canine vaccination coverage in urban districts and no vaccination in rural districts. ...
Rabies, a viral disease caused bylyssa virus of family Rhabdoviridae. It is a fatal zoonotic disease with worldwide occurrence and endemic in
developing countries of Africa and Asia. The disease generally
affects all warm-blooded animals, even though it is primarily a
disease of dogs in Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa. More than
95% of human rabies cases are due to bites by infected animals,
predominantly from saliva of domestic dogs. Once clinical
symptoms appear, it is almost 100% fatal, in which the disease is
one of the major public-health burdens in Ethiopia. The country
has the second most rabies related deaths in Africa. Although it is
entirely preventable, nearly 3000 lives are lost every year in
Ethiopia, with high economic burden and Daily Adjusted Life-
Years (DALYs). Mass dog vaccination along with prompt
administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to bite
victims, public awareness and ‘One-Health’ approach are
successful elements for rabies prevention and control
programmes. Low effort of animal rabies control by government
and stake holders, lack of finance, limited rabies diagnostic
capacity, neglect and lack of coordination and among others are
the challenges holding back not to control a century long deadly
disease in resource limited African countries like Ethiopia. Thus,
this paper provides a brief over view of the varied measures for
Rabies prevention and control in animals and humans in Ethiopia.
Key words: Control; Ethiopia; One-Health;
Prevention; Rabies and Vaccination
