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Injection molded biocomposites from a new biodegradable polymer blend based matrix system and miscanthus natural fibers were successfully fabricated and characterized. The blend matrix, a 40:60 wt% blend of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT and poly(butylene succinate), PBS was chosen based on their required engineering properties for t...
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... model had 15 degrees of freedom with four factors and two levels. To estimate the individual and interaction factors upon the impact strength, sum of square (SS), mean square (MS), F-test statistics and p-values are presented in the ANOVA Table 4. In this study we have used an alpha level (α) = 0.05 for each F test to analyze the factorial design experiment. ...
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Citations
... The impact tests for specimens adhere to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards D256 (ASTM 2023). The dimensions of the impact Charpy test specimen are 64 mm in length and 12.7 mm in breadth (Muthuraj et al. 2016). The Charpy test for the specimen is conducted using a pendulum swing machine. ...
This study investigates the mechanical and vibration properties of epoxy composites reinforced with agricultural waste fibers, focusing on coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse fillers. Experimental procedures involve fabricating composite specimens with different stacking sequences and filler compositions, followed by mechanical testing including tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Additionally, free vibration tests are conducted to evaluate the damping capacity of the composites. Results indicate that coir-reinforced composites exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to other formulations, particularly in terms of flexural strength and impact resistance. Furthermore, specific compositions, such as C1 (SCHCHCACACS) and C3 (SCHCACACHCS), demonstrate exceptional performance in various mechanical tests. Additionally, S2 (SSASHSHSASS) exhibits a higher damping constant, indicating its potential for vibration resistance. These findings highlight the promising attributes of coir-reinforced epoxy composites for diverse applications, suggesting avenues for further research and practical implementation in sustainable material development.
... Miscanthus fiber length has been found to be an important variable for toughness [147]. Composites have excellent properties when they contain CNF [148]. ...
Nanocellulose materials are distinguished by their safety, biodegradability, and adaptability. It was shown that bacterial nanocellulose does not contain lignin and hemicellulose and has an ultrafine network structure. The wide compatibility of such materials with biological molecules and the ability to change their structure makes nanocellulose a promising material for medical applications. Today, in the production of nanocellulose, mainly softwood is used. Despite the obvious advantages of nanocellulose, the limiting factor in production is the high cost of wood raw materials and the environmental damage caused by deforestation. Therefore, there is increasing interest in cheap and annually renewable herbaceous plant biomass, which is a potential raw material with a negative cost for the synthesis of nanocellulose. This review aimed to evaluate the viability of using Miscanthus plant genus as the primary source of nanocellulose. The characteristics of various types of nanocellulose and methods for their preparation from miscanthus are discussed. Miscanthus plants are disease resistant, frost resistant, and grow rapidly. The biomass growth of this plant reaches 35 tons per hectare, and the life span of miscanthus reaches 20 years. Miscanthus is a promising source of nanocellulose crystals because it is rich cellulose. The development of effective methods for obtaining nanocellulose will allow the introduction of a new class of materials for the production of biotechnical composite liquid and solid compositions, as well as raw materials for the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries.
... In this paper, we employ Pareto Principle Pareto to inquire into the relationship between technological management and innovation in Ethiopian firms. (Muthuraj et al., 2016;Kumar, Singh and Jain, 2020) discovered that technology management strategies, such as monitoring emerging technologies and integrating technology into business strategies, boost innovation using the Pareto Principle. The first section of this research examined the elements that have an impact on the innovation and technology management strategies of Ethiopian manufacturing enterprises. ...
In today’s interconnected global scene, the importance of technology management in defining the modern economy, especially within industrial businesses, cannot be overemphasized. These companies continually invest in and incorporate new technology, encouraging innovation in both product creation and manufacturing processes. This deliberate use of technology is a tried-and-true technique for increasing operational efficiency and effectiveness while also strengthening global competitiveness by managing the risks associated with changing market demands. This study delves deeply into the complex elements that influence innovation and technology management practices in manufacturing businesses, with a particular emphasis on the Ethiopian setting. Despite the global demand for innovation, Ethiopian manufacturing enterprises have struggled to build a notable reputation in their field for pioneering inventions. This paper includes the perspectives of scholars, industry experts, consultants, and direct involvement from manufacturing firms. A cross-sectional methodology is used to collect data from several stakeholders at a certain point in time. The Pareto chart’s analytical capabilities are used to condense meaningful findings, allowing for the discovery and prioritization of impediments to manufacturing innovation. The study’s findings highlight formidable barriers to innovation in manufacturing firms, including a lack of well-defined innovation strategies, an absence of innovative leadership, a scarcity of qualified and creative talent, limited access to innovation funding, and a general lack of awareness about technological advancements and innovative best practices. These insights provide a substantial contribution to expanding the innovation environment within industrial enterprises, increasing resilience and global competitiveness.
... 16 The balance between stiffness (Young's modulus) and toughness (impact strength) of biocomposites is the biggest challenge for the current generation of scientists. 107 Under this line, Thirmizir et al. 106 have also tested the impact properties of composites. The authors found that 30 wt% KNF fiber (10 mm) reinforced PBS composites exhibited the highest impact strength among all the other composites. ...
... However, composites reinforced with the 15-and 20-mm fiber length demonstrated a decreased impact strength which was due to the severe fiber damage during the compounding. Following that, a previous report from Muthuraj et al. 107 showed a statistical analysis performed on a composite based on a blend of PBAT and PBS with miscanthus fibers to analyze which factors among temperature, screw speed, holding pressure, and fiber length had more influence on impact strength as shown in Figure 11. Based on that, it could be observed, based on the steep line slope from the plot, that the order of influence on impact strength from highest to lowest was fiber length, temperature, screw speed, and holding pressure. ...
... Adapted with permission. 107 Copyright 2016, Elsevier. rate as it can remain on the body for around 1.5 months while also converting into acidic compounds. ...
Biodegradable polymers are highly sought after as they have the potential to reduce the issue of plastic waste and eventually lead to a circular economy. Yet, conciliating eco‐friendliness with competitive properties is often challenging. Polymerization and processing techniques have been developed and optimized to improve such factors. Some of the common polymerization methods to obtain such materials are condensation, ring‐opening, addition, and biocatalytic‐assisted polymerization. Alongside that, processing techniques such as melt mixing/extrusion, solution castings, compression, and injection molding have also been employed for the manufacture of biodegradable polymers. While these traditional techniques are viable routes to market, there is still the need to further improve their properties to make them comparable to their petrochemical‐based counterparts. To assist with that, the production of composites and blending techniques are facile approaches that demonstrated promising improvements in their properties. Based on these aspects, this review is aimed at discussing the main types of biodegradable polymers, followed by the compositing approaches reported in the recent literature, their structure–property relationships, and biodegradability mechanisms. The first section provides an introductory overview of biodegradable polymers and their composites. The second section focuses on the most prominent polymers used in the industry. Furthermore, the fabrication techniques, along with their property and application relationships are provided with an emphasis on mechanical reinforcements and the biomedical field. Finally, some future perspectives are given to clarify some of the known challenges and, possibly, provide some insights for the reader to develop novel ideas.
... The relationship between a factor and a response variable depending on another factor is depicted using an interaction plot 40 . Figure 5 makes it clear that there is no interaction between the weight percentage and treatment. ...
Green materials have received great interest in wide industrial applications due to their desired properties. However, the reinforcing conditions have a significant impact on how they perform in their final use. The current study intends to statistically examine the effects of three key parameters on the average tensile strength of polypropylene composites. These factors included the type of fiber, the chemical treatment, and the fiber's weight percentage. The fibers were hemp and sisal, and the weight percentages were 10, 20, and 30. While some of them received sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment, the rest were left untreated. The main effect and the interaction effect were both examined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings demonstrated that, on average, the weight percentage had no tangible effect on the tensile strength of polypropylene (PP) composites. Additionally, the performance of sisal and hemp composites was unaffected by treatment. The strength, however, is significantly influenced by the type of fiber. The investigation also showed that there was little difference between untreated hemp and untreated sisal in terms of tensile strength.
... They are used in several industrial applications, including biomedical, tissue engineering, and food packaging, as a result of their improved properties [30]. The most common clays are phyllosilicates, namely, layered silicates such as montmorillonite, talc, and kaolin [31,32]. Kaolin is chemically formed by two layers: octahedral AlO 2 (OH) 4 and tetrahedral SiO 4 [33]. ...
The biodegradable polymer poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) starts decomposing at room temperature. Kaolin clay (KO) was dispersed and blended into PBAT composites using a solution-casting method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the structure and morphology of the composite materials. PBAT/kaolin clay composites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The PBAT composite loaded with 5.0 wt% kaolin clay shows the best characteristics. The biocomposites of PBAT/kaolin [PBC-5.0 (37.6MPa)] have a good tensile strength when compared to virgin PBAT (18.3MPa). The oxygen transmission rate (OTR), with ranges from 1080.2 to 311.7 (cc/m 2 /day), leads the KO content. By including 5.0 wt% kaolin 43.5 (g/m 2 /day), the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the PBAT/kaolin composites was decreased. The pure PBAT must have a WVTR of 152.4 (g/m 2 /day). Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) food-borne bacteria are significantly more resistant to the antimicrobial property of composites. The results show that PBAT/kaolin composites have great potential as food packaging materials due to their ability to decrease the growth of bacteria and improve the shelf life of packaged foods.
... Therefore, this process requires optimization, which could improve the physical and mechanical properties of the final products. The impact strength of polymer composites is one of the mechanical properties that might be greatly affected by the processing method used [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Furthermore, the impact strength of polymer composites is determined by interactions of many factors and parameters; therefore, it may exhibit a complex behaviour under impact loadings [11]. ...
A correlation effect between particle size of kaolin clay and injection moulding process parameters on impact strength, shrinkage and warpage of high-density polyethylene/kaolin clay (HDPE/KC) composites was carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Kaolin clay with particle sizes of < 75, 75–106 and 106–150 μm was used. The process parameters that were taken into consideration were injection temperature, packing pressure and packing time. In general, experimental results showed that the impact strength and shrinkage of the HDPE/KC composites clearly depended on the injection temperature. However, no clear dependency of the warpage on the injection temperature was observed. Furthermore, clay particle size showed to have an influence only on the shrinkage of the composites, where smaller clay particle size led to injected composite parts with relatively less shrinkage. ANOVA showed that the effect of injection temperature on shrinkage of composites containing clay particle sizes of < 75 and 106–150 μm was statistically significant (p = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively). However, the effect of injection temperature on shrinkage of the composite made with clay having particle sizes of 75–106 μm was not significant (p = 0.07). ANOVA also indicated that the injection temperature effect on the impact strength of composites that contain clays with particle sizes of < 75 μm and 75–106 μm was significant (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively), whereas the injection temperature effect on the impact strength of the composite containing clay with a particle size of 106–150 μm was not significant (p = 0.17). Contrary to shrinkage and impact strength, the effect of the studied parameters on the warpage was not statistically significant, which was in good agreement with the experimental observations.
... Thus, thermal, and mechanical damage can evolve more significantly. Therefore, studies to optimise the compounding process and gain information on how each compounding parameter influences the biocomposite properties are crucial [23]. The parameters might not only be optimised towards desired biocomposite properties but also towards other goals such as minimum energy consumption or time efficiency [24]. ...
Thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fibres can serve as renewable, cost-efficient and lightweight reinforcement for thermoplastic polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The reinforcing ability of TMP fibres can be reduced due to various factors, e.g., insufficient dispersion of the fibres in the matrix material, fibre shortening under processing and poor surface interaction between fibres and matrix. A two-level factorial design was created and PLA together with TMP fibres and an industrial and recyclable side stream were processed in a twin-screw microcompounder accordingly. From the obtained biocomposites, dogbone specimens were injection-moulded. These specimens were tensile tested, and the compounding parameters statistically evaluated. Additionally, the analysis included the melt flow index (MFI), a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three-dimensional X-ray micro tomography (X-μCT). The assessment provided insight into the microstructure that could affect the mechanical performance of the biocomposites. The temperature turned out to be the major influence factor on tensile strength and elongation, while no significant difference was quantified for the tensile modulus. A temperature of 180 °C, screw speed of 50 rpm and compounding time of 1 min turned out to be the optimal settings.
... Recently, special attention has been paid to the development of composites with polymer matrix reinforced with natural fibers instead of conventional composites reinforced with inorganic fibers (glass, carbon, etc.). The development of environmentally friendly "green" materials is due to the biodegradability of these natural materials (from various sources), low weight, low cost, high availability, high specific resistance compared to glass or carbon fibers, as well as due to the possibility of adapting existing equipment to processors from the field, to mass production [2][3][4]. Composites reinforced with natural fibers are used in a variety of structural applications such as aerospace, automotive components/parts, sports or recreational equipment, boats and office products, equipment, etc. The most common types of waste from renewable resources used for reinforcing polymer matrices are natural fibers from plants or ligno-cellulosic (flax, hemp, cotton), natural fibers from animals (leather fibers, wool, etc.), wood fibers -wood flour, sawdust (having as the majority component cellulose and lignocellulose, etc.) [5][6][7]. ...
This work presents the development and characterization of biodegradable polymeric composites based on natural rubber and protein waste from finished post-consumer leather. Protein waste is cryogenically ground to min. 500 nm, functionalized by a mechanical process at temperature with potassium oleate (5%) and mixed in the composite in various proportions (5, 10, 20, 30, 50%). This composite will be made into a low-density product, with low cost, recovery and reuse of waste, and last but not least, biodegradable. The methodology for making the new materials involves the following steps: sorting waste, grinding, functionalization and compounding. These operations are easy to manage and do not involve new equipment. Compounding, the most important operation, will be carried out on a roller and the mixtures will be processed into finished products by compression in an electric press. The tested biodegradable composites were structurally and physico-mechanically characterized. Waste transformation (ground and functionalized) into new value-added products will lead to remarkable improvements in the life cycle of raw materials and the sustainable use of this waste, contributing to sustainability, improving eco-efficiency and economic efficiency and reducing the “pressure” of waste on the environment.
... Various methods have been proposed and documented in literature (Murali et al., 2019;Ali et al., 2020;Ramani et al., 2020;Clare, 2021) on how these wastes are converted into valuable products. The plastics industry is another major sector in which manufacturers and scientists in the reinforced plastics industry have found a new ecofriendly way to create low-cost commercial materials that are biodegradable and molten (Mohanty et al., 2005;Jinchun et al., 2013;Rajendran et al., 2016), but still such a large amount of waste. ...
... On the other hand, the observed ductile failure surface of composite is a form of tensile strain, seen by the bonding networks in Figure 3 (a, c and d), illustrating a good fibre-matrix overlap, respectively, with high characteristic of Table 3. This finding agrees with Mohit (2015) and Rajendran et al., (2016) Figure 4 shows the ultimate stress of composites prepared at different loads for HDPE/UH, HDPE/UHA, HDPE/VT and HDPE/VTA from 0w% to 60w% of fibres content when encountered tensile stress at break. The figure, clearly shows the influence of filler content, filler type and additive on the tensile properties of the composite. ...
Fibre-filled high-density polyethylene composite was prepared by two roll melt mixing, and pressed into standard shapes using compression moulding technique for varying fibre contents from 10% by weight up to 60w% by weight. Tests were performed on composite specimens in accordance with ASTM D638. Additives have been incorporated into the design formulation of the composite to provide flexibility and intercalate (adhesion) between the fibre and the substrate. The results obtained were compared with specimens made of 100% weight of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Results showed that waste loads in the range of 10-40% weight for un-treated hides (UH) and plant treated cowhide (acacia nilotical) (VT), represent good mechanical, physical, thermal and morphological properties, with improved intercalation between the fibre and interface substrate due to additives. 10-40 % weight (non-degradable) HDPE can be partially replaced with rawhide and processed shredded hide (both compostable), with the highest value at 10% by weight fibre content. The breaking strength of high-density polyethylene filled untreated hide with additive (HDPE/UHA) and high-density polyethylene filled plant treated hide with additives (HDPE/VTA) stretches longer under tension by 32.7% and 3.9% respectively, more than the control at 40% content by weight. The composites are suitable for producing composite-films, useful for manufacturing bags for packaging food goods, or in shoe soles, floor tiles and any material property requiring flexibility.
