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Cattle rearing in Cameroon is both economically and culturally important, however parasitic diseases detrimentally impact cattle productivity. In sub-Saharan Africa bovine fasciolosis is generally attributed to F. gigantica, although understanding of Fasciola species present and local epidemiology in individual countries is patchy. Partl...
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Study was conducted to determine prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and economic significance in and around chora wereda. Results of the study demonstrated that the occurrence of high prevalence of fasciola at the study area which includes about 216 (n=216) positive for fasciolosis at necropsy from total sample of 384 (n=384) slaughtered cattle with...
Citations
... Bovine fascioliasis has also gained interest with regard to its association with possible underestimation of bovine tuberculosis resulting from the downregulation of the T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune response that affects its diagnosis, particularly among the African cattle population (8). The vast distribution of fascioliasis includes many countries in different regions, such as Cameroon and Ethiopia in Africa; Peru and Bolivia in South America; Pakistan, Iran, Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand in Asia; Ireland and Sweden in Europe; and Australia (7)(8)(9)(10)(11). ...
... Bovine fascioliasis has also gained interest with regard to its association with possible underestimation of bovine tuberculosis resulting from the downregulation of the T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune response that affects its diagnosis, particularly among the African cattle population (8). The vast distribution of fascioliasis includes many countries in different regions, such as Cameroon and Ethiopia in Africa; Peru and Bolivia in South America; Pakistan, Iran, Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand in Asia; Ireland and Sweden in Europe; and Australia (7)(8)(9)(10)(11). To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2023. ...
... Classical detection of fascioliasis requires either microscopic identification of Fasciola eggs in faeces by using sedimentation or flotation techniques, or recovery of the flukes from liver necropsy (8,12,13). Faecal detection of the parasite eggs is only possible in chronic infection (after 3 to 4 months) or within the patent period, whereas liver necropsy may overlook the early stage of Fasciola spp., thus leading to misdiagnosis (14). Both methods are timeconsuming, labour-intensive and heavily rely on the skills of personnel involved in carrying out the procedures, which hinder their applicability in mass screening and surveillance settings (8,12). ...
Fascioliasis is an important zoonotic disease prevalent in domestic animals and it leads to socioeconomic impact in rural farming communities of the developing world. The gold standard diagnosis of ruminant fascioliasis involves coprological detection of Fasciola spp. eggs or recovery of flukes in infected livers. Coprological analysis is unreliable in the patent period of chronic infection, and even then, its sensitivity is relatively low. Robust diagnostic tools that can promptly and accurately detect an active infection are crucial to avoid complications and further losses in ruminant livestock productivity, as well as to preserve the livelihood of communities at risk. Immunodiagnosis determined by antibody and antigen detection in the sera and faeces of infected ruminants provides a valuable alternative to the parasitological diagnostic approach. This review discusses current developments in immunological techniques by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of ruminant fascioliasis and summarises the performance of various ELISAs in studies conducted to date. Indirect ELISAs demonstrated effective immunodiagnostic performance with high sensitivities and specificities. Cathepsin L ELISA is the most favourable antigen in serodiagnosis, among other recombinant and native proteins evaluated. Sandwich ELISA provides excellent sensitivity and specificity, which correlates well with the fluke burden. Utilising monoclonal antibodies in sandwich ELISA reduces the detection time and performance variations that commonly occur in polyclonal antibody ELISA.
... The results were obtained as an optical density (OD) and expressed as a percent positivity value (PPV). For this study, samples PPV <23.4% are considered negative and PPV ≥23.4% are considered positive (35). ...
... For example, experimental studies have demonstrated that a related Fasciola species, Fasciola hepatica, has been associated with decreases in diagnostic sensitivity for IFN-γ and SCITT when compared to detection of bTB lesions postmortem (76), but the extent of the effect on bTB diagnosis is determined by the order of infection of the two organisms (76). In our study, fluctuations in exposure or burden are not captured by the F. gigantica antibody ELISA (35) as the test detects exposure to infection at some point in an animal's lifetime. Future work should focus on investigating the variation in the bovine immune response to M. bovis in naturally infected cattle beyond singular time points and the dynamic impact of co-infections on bTB diagnostic test performance. ...
The interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay and single comparative cervical skin test (SCITT) are used to estimate bovine tuberculosis (bTB) prevalence globally. Prevalence estimates of bTB, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, are poorly quantified in many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) cattle populations. Furthermore, antemortem diagnostic performance can vary at different stages of bTB pathogenesis and in different cattle populations. In this study, we aim to explore the level of agreement and disagreement between the IFN-γ assay and SCITT test, along with the drivers for disagreement, in a naturally infected African cattle population. In, 2013, a pastoral cattle population was sampled using a stratified clustered cross-sectional study in Cameroon. A total of 100 pastoral cattle herds in the North West Region (NWR) and the Vina Division (VIN) were sampled totalling 1,448 cattle. Individual animal data and herd-level data were collected, and animals were screened using both the IFN-γ assay and SCITT. Serological ELISAs were used to detect exposure to immunosuppressing co-infections. Agreement analyses were used to compare the performance between the two bTB diagnostic tests, and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models (MLR) were developed to investigate the two forms of IFN-γ assay and SCITT binary disagreement. Best agreement using the Cohen's κ statistic, between the SCITT (>2 mm) and the IFN-γ assay implied a ‘fair-moderate' agreement for the NWR [κ = 0.42 (95%CI: 0.31–0.53)] and ‘poor-moderate' for the VIN [κ = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.18–0.47)]. The main test disagreement was the animals testing positive on the IFN-γ assay and negative by the SCITT. From MLR modeling, adults (adults OR: 7.57; older adults OR = 7.21), females (OR = 0.50), bovine leucosis (OR = 2.30), and paratuberculosis positivity (OR = 6.54) were associated with IFN-γ-positive/SCITT-negative disagreement. Subsets to investigate diagnostic test disagreement for being SCITT-positive and IFN-γ-negative also identified that adults (adults OR = 15.74; older adults OR = 9.18) were associated with IFN-γ-negative/SCITT-positive disagreement. We demonstrate that individual or combined use of the IFN-γ assay and SCITT can lead to a large variation in bTB prevalence estimates. Considering that animal level factors were associated with disagreement between the IFN-γ assay and SCITT in this study, future work should further investigate their impact on diagnostic test performance to develop the approaches to improve SSA prevalence estimates.
... Another possible reason could be the decline in the level of immunity to liver fluke as the animal grows older. The findings obtained in this study agree with previous studies reported worldwide (Pfukenyi et al. 2005;Howell et al. 2015;Jaja et al. 2017a, b;Mochankana and Robertson 2018;de Costa et al., 2019;Kelly et al. 2019;Khan, 2020). ...
Milk is an essential commodity whose demand far exceeds supply. However, dairy animal productivity is constantly hampered by parasitic diseases such as fasciolosis, affecting milk production. Despite the negative impact of liver fluke on milk production, there is little information on liver fluke infection and associated abattoir losses (body weight, condition score, liver pathology, and carcass quality) in culled dairy cattle. This study aimed to determine body condition scores, fluke intensity, liver pathology, and carcass quality of different cattle genotypes infected with Fasciola species at three commercial abattoirs. A longitudinal study was conducted from September 2019 to October 2020 to determine body condition score, liver fluke intensity, liver pathology in 3065 dairy cattle slaughtered in CA1, CA2, and CA3, of the Eastern Cape Province South Africa. Liver fluke intensity significantly increased with cattle age ( P < 0.0001). Cattle ≥ 7 years old (59.93 ± 6.42) and those 4 to 6 years old (49.78 ± 9.98) had higher infection than those 2 to 3 years old (27.55 ± 13.68). The liver fluke infection was significantly ( P < 0.001) the highest when sampling was conducted in summer, followed by autumn and winter, and least for spring. The differences in carcass weights or body condition scores decreased by 0.99 units ( P < 0.0001) or 0.97 units ( P < 0.0001) respectively. Therefore, this study suggests that fluke infection could be responsible for considerable economic and production losses mainly due to condemnation and weight loss in dairy cattle. This study recommended a combination of holistic and grazing management to control infection rates in dairy herds.
... For example, Tasawar et al. (2007) and Zafar et al. (2019) identified a greater prevalence of F. hepatica infection in Teddy goats in Pakistan. Failure to identify Fasciola hepatica in buffalo may be due to immunological responses within buffalo affecting their susceptibility (Kelly et al., 2019;Mas-Coma et al., 2014a). ...
Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica are digenetic trematodes causing fasciolosis in ruminants. The host and geographical distribution of both Fasciola species are influenced by environmental and climatic conditions favouring survival and development of free-living stages and intermediate hosts, and livestock management practices. The aim of the present study was to describe the host distribution of the two Fasciola species in buffalo, cattle, goats, and sheep in the Balochistan and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. 359 flukes were collected from a total of 32 livers from the four livestock species. Deep amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 of ribosomal DNA (rDNA ITS-2) and mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase 1 (mtDNA ND-1) loci confirmed co-infection of F. hepatica and F. gigantica in Balochistan and single species F. gigantica infection in Punjab. In Balochistan, co-infections and hybrids of both Fasciola species were identified in cattle, with more F. hepatica detected than F. gigantica. However, F. hepatica was the only species identified in goats, and F. gigantica was the only species identified in buffalo. In Punjab, all flukes were confirmed as F. gigantica in each of the four livestock species. Overall, the results indicate differences in the host and geographical distribution of F. gigantica and F. hepatica, and provide useful knowledge for the development of control strategies for livestock and humans.
... This suggest that the animals would have emitted faeces containing the parasite's eggs. In addition, studies from Cameroon have shown that, thanks to immunohistochemistry, F. hepatica is the most common species of the genus Fasciola in cattle in Cameroon (Kelly et al., 2019). ...
655929110; Yaoundé's anarchic urbanism has resulted in an increase in the rate of household waste, creating a favourable environment for the development of intestinal parasites, posing a significant public health problem. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of household refuse collection points on the spread of parasite resistant forms in Yaoundé. From March to August 2019, sixty refuse dump samples (soil and water) were collected and analysed at the various HYSACAM dumpsites using the Ritchie, zinc sulphate centrifugation, and saturated salt centrifugation techniques. Our findings revealed the presence of 5 helminth species with an overall prevalence of 51.7%: A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, hookworms, Fasciola hepatica, and Schistosoma intercalatum with occurrence rates of 38.3, 18.3, 18.3, 1.8 and 1.8%, respectively. When compared to other techniques, the number of parasitic forms detected by the Ritchie technique was statistically significant (P = 0.003). Our research found that the various HYSACAM refuse dumpsites in Yaoundé provide an ideal environment for the development and spread of parasite resistant forms. These findings could be used as a starting point for the government and the HYSACAM Company to develop better management strategies that could ensure prompt regular evacuation of the wastes to avoid the spread of infectious agents in the neighbourhoods.
... Amongst those types of antigenic components, the metabolic antigens released in the E/S material of adult parasites remain the main source of potential antigens (Aguayo et al., 2019). Moreover, most of the serodiagnostic tests have been developed solely for diagnosing fasciolosis caused by F. hepatica, and very few have been specifically designed for F. gigantica (Kelly et al., 2019). ...
In most tropical countries, such as Indonesia, fasciolosis is generally caused by Fasciola gigantica known as tropical liver fluke. However, most fasciolosis serodiagnostic tests have been developed solely for diagnosing fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica (non-tropical liver fluke), and very few have been specifically designed for F. gigantica. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of antigenic proteins from the somatic extract of F. gigantica isolated from Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). The liver flukes were collected from a slaughtering house in Mataram, Indonesia. The somatic extracts were prepared by homogenizing in buffers containing 0.05 M NaCl, 0.02 M PMSF, and 0.05% Triton X-100. The characterization of the somatic extract proteins was performed using one-dimension gel electrophoresis and followed by Western blotting to determine the profile of its antigenic proteins. There were 14 bands of the somatic extracts with an estimated molecular weight ranging from 8 to105 8 kDa shown on the gel electrophoresis. The results of the Western blot show that there were five prominent protein bands. Three out of five prominent antigenic proteins with molecular weights of 8, 27, and 33 kDa are promising to enrich the existence of antigens that have immunodiagnostic value for fasciolosis. Therefore, further studies are required to examine more deeply the potency of those three antigenic somatic proteins of F. gigantica.
... Bovine fasciolosis, in the tropical countries, is a parasitic disease of cattle predominantly caused by Fasciola gigantica and rarely Fasciola hepatica, but co-infection can occur in the same host (Nyirenda et al., 2019;Kelly et al., 2019). These two species of parasite and their intermediate hosts have been reported in many areas of Africa (Mas-Coma et al., 2009;Jaja et al., 2017a;Nyirenda et al., 2019). ...
... These two species of parasite and their intermediate hosts have been reported in many areas of Africa (Mas-Coma et al., 2009;Jaja et al., 2017a;Nyirenda et al., 2019). F. gigantica is believed to dominate in most of sub-Saharan countries, due to the ubiquitous presence of its intermediate hosts, the aquatic snail species, Lymnae (L.) natalensis (Hammond, 1972;Tembeley et al., 1988;Kelly et al., 2019). Infection is acquired when animals ingest forage or water contaminated with Fasciola spp. ...
... Fasciola spp. infection in cattle can be monitored either by using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test to detect fluke antibodies in sera/milk samples, faecal worm egg counts, coproantigen, liver enzymes or during postmortem examination (PME) by identification of parasites and liver pathology (Byrne et al., 2018;Graham-Brown et al., 2019;Kelly et al., 2019). Some studies have used liver condemnation at slaughter as the outcome of interest to detect liver fluke infection and to provide estimates of infection prevalence (Olsen et al., 2015;Innocent et al., 2017). ...
Bovine fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica) and rarely F. hepatica, is an economically important disease affecting cattle in tropical Africa. The aims of this study were to determine a year prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and correlate determinants of infection in slaughtered cattle at the municipal abattoir in Zamfara, Nigeria. Fasciola gigantica was detected in 15% (1740/11,562) cattle slaughtered during a daily postmortem examination (PME) between November 2016 and October 2017. This approach demonstrated an increase risk of liver fluke infection in older cattle (p = 0.001, AOR = 1.476, 95% CI: 1.188-1.832) and during rainfall (p = 0.003, AOR = 1.604, 95% CI: 1.176-2.187). Liver condemnation had been significantly found in hot-dry season (p ≤0.001, AOR = 0.518, 95% CI: 0.417-0.643) and adult cattle (p = 0.003, AOR = 1.726, 95% CI: 0.586-0.899). This study is an account of bovine fasciolosis prevalence and infection dynamics in part of the northwest region of Nigeria, which provides preliminary information for further studies to guide the design of appropriate control steps to lower the impact of the disease and safeguard public health.
... In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), fascioliasis has been reported in West Africa [12,31], East Africa [32], and South African countries [33,34]. However, it has also been reported in Egypt (outside SSA), North Africa [35,36]. ...
Fascioliasis is a food-borne neglected disease caused by digenetic trematodes in the genus Fasciola. There is a significant increase in the global prevalence of human fascioliasis with a strong correlation with a high infection rate among ruminant definitive hosts. Fasciola is a liver fluke with complex life cycle. Fascioliasis is endemic in every continent of the world with the exception of Antarctica. Discharge of the metabolites of liver flukes into the circulatory system of hosts has pathological consequences. Fascioliasis has been diagnosed by parasitological, immunological, and molecular means, and it is being reliably treated chemotherapeutically. The emerging drug-resistant strains of liver flukes have led to the need for vaccine development. Most vaccine candidates were first isolated as native proteins from adult worms. Several of the early antigens, including cathepsin L proteases, Glutathione S-transferase (GST), and fatty acid binding protein (FABP), significantly reduced worm burden, egg output, and liver pathology in cattle and sheep. Climate change, emerging drug resistance, and the development of new parasite strains through hybridization are the current challenges that could potentially alter the epidemiology of fascioliasis soon. Therefore, researchers need to produce promising vaccines that offer maximum protection to farm animals and humans.
Citation: Nukeri, S.; Malatji, M.P.; Sengupta, M.E.; Vennervald, B.J.; Stensgaard, A.-S.; Chaisi, M.; Mukaratirwa, S. Potential Hybridization of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in Africa-A Scoping Review. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1303.
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
