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![Fig. 1. WMN for Community Networking [7]](profile/Mohsin-Khalil/publication/334751313/figure/fig1/AS:786330913099776@1564487307357/WMN-for-Community-Networking-7_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 2. An illustration of WiFi-based Long Distance link [12]](profile/Mohsin-Khalil/publication/334751313/figure/fig2/AS:786330913099777@1564487307385/An-illustration-of-WiFi-based-Long-Distance-link-12_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 5. Satellite Architecture for Internet services [17]](profile/Mohsin-Khalil/publication/334751313/figure/fig3/AS:786330913079296@1564487307460/Satellite-Architecture-for-Internet-services-17_Q320.jpg)
Over the years, cellular technologies have generally focused on providing services to urban areas, thus leaving the rural locations unaddressed in terms of network coverage. This is because the network providers perceive only those places as service-areas where high revenues may be foreseen. Therefore, the ultimate result is an increase in digital...
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Context 1
... terms of operational equipment, the WiFi link requires communication between two WiFi radios located at distant sites as illustrated in Fig. 2. In order to attain requisite gain on wireless link, directional antennae are utilized [13]. However, two impediments need to be addressed while using WiFi over long distances. One is the line of sight (LoS) requirement between the respective end points, and second is the susceptibility to interference. The first limitation can be ...
Citations
... Internet access has been essential in decreasing poverty and increasing continuous development, particularly in rural regions (Kenny, 2000;Khalil et al., 2019;Valentine et al., 2019). The improvement of economics and access to telecommunications is positively correlated with internet access (Kenny, 2000;Strover, 2001). ...
This study explored a relationship between internet access and literacy using quantitative data regarding students' reading performance. Data used in this study included reading scores provided by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the internet access data made available by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The reading scores dataset of selected OECD countries for the study was categorized into three groups based on internet access levels: very high, high, and moderate. One-way ANOVA was used to interpret and report any statistical significance of the dataset. The result indicated a positive relationship between high internet access levels and students' reading performance. This study implies that the constant provision of robust internet access could help eliminate the literacy gap in education worldwide, improving students' reading performance.
... En Colombia, en la región de Sucre mediante radioenlaces se crea una red de retorno (BackHaul) buscan reducir la brecha digital en áreas rurales que fueron escenarios de postconflicto armado extendiendo una red WiBack desde el municipio de Chalan y Ovejas [3]. En relación a lo anterior, se determina que los radio enlaces son sistemas inalámbricos que se adaptan fácilmente a cualquier entorno, son sistemas que pueden transmitir grandes cantidades de datos eficientemente mediante ondas electromagnéticas, de esta manera, el objetivo es diseñar un sistema de radioenlace que permita transmitir datos o proveer servicios ISP a la Unida Agroambiental el Vergel, desde la Universidad de Cundinamarca en Facatativá [4]. ...
... The information and services provided by these networks encourages local civic participation by providing them the opportunity of learning, developing skills through interactive training, discussing issues on forums, sharing cultural contents, establishing social networks and much more [14]. These networks provide community members information about local product, services, attractions, map directions and enable them to communicate their concerns to their local governments. ...
This paper presents a survey on the role of ICT community networks in the development of communities. We summarize here the work done in the field of community networking around the world and describe its evolution. We describe how e-networks are formed and explain the models on which communities are developed along with their type of interest. We further bring into account the benefits of community networks accrued on societies encompassing social and economic development, awareness, collective working, education/learning and training, civic participation, policy making, emotional impacts and overall sustenance of a community. We also identify the research issues that still remain a concern while implementing community networks.
... In [10], for instance, an overview of the main smart and cost-aware fronthaul and backhaul solutions for rural connectivity has been provided for the most common scenarios. Similarly, authors in [11] compared relevant communication paradigms to evaluate their effectiveness in rural environments, based on their network architectures, performance parameters, and deployability. On the other hand, authors in [12] firstly developed a simplified model to evaluate the required subscription fees for users living in rural and low income environments in order to amortize the costs of a 5G architecture, eventually proving that the UAV-based solution would be effective. ...
div>Despite coverage enhancement in rural areas is one of the main requirements in next generations of wireless networks (i.e., 5G and 6G), the low expected profit prevents telecommunication providers from investing in such sparsely populated areas.
Hence, cost efficient alternatives are required for extending the cellular infrastructure to these regions.
A concrete mathematical model that characterizes and clearly captures the aforementioned problem might be a key-enabler for studying the efficiency of any potential solution.
Unfortunately, the commonly used mathematical tools that model large scale wireless networks are not designed to capture the unfairness, in terms of cellular coverage, suffered by exurban and rural areas.
In big cities, in fact, cellular deployment is essentially capacity driven and thus cellular base station densities are maximum in the town centers and decline when getting far from them.
In this paper, a new stochastic geometry-based model is implemented in order to show the coverage spatial variation among urban, suburban, and exurban settlements.
Indeed, by implementing inhomogeneous Poisson point processes (PPPs) it is possible to study the performance metrics in a realistic scenario where terrestrial base stations (TBSs) are clustered around the urban center while outer aerial base stations (ABSs) are uniformly distributed outside an urban exclusion zone.
Based on this, our simulation results can quantify the improvement, in terms of coverage probability, that even a surprisingly low density of ABSs can bring to peripheral regions depending on the extension of the exclusion zone, enabling us to draw insightful considerations.</div
... Moreover, by harnessing satellites geographical independence, wireless connectivity can be extended to the underserved and unserved areas, where NGSO systems can facilitate the deployment of 5G and beyond networks. Thus, NGSO satellites are expected to play a crucial role in bridging the digital divide by extending backhaul for 5G services and providing high-bandwidth links directly to the end users [8]. ...
The next phase of satellite technology is being characterized by a new evolution in non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellites, which conveys exciting new communication capabilities to provide non-terrestrial connectivity solutions and to support a wide range of digital technologies from various industries. NGSO communication systems are known for a number of key features such as lower propagation delay, smaller size, and lower signal losses in comparison to the conventional geostationary orbit (GSO) satellites, which can potentially enable latency-critical applications to be provided through satellites. NGSO promises a substantial boost in communication speed and energy efficiency, and thus, tackling the main inhibiting factors of commercializing GSO satellites for broader utilization. The promised improvements of NGSO systems have motivated this paper to provide a comprehensive survey of the state-of-theart NGSO research focusing on the communication prospects, including physical layer and radio access technologies along with the networking aspects and the overall system features and architectures. Beyond this, there are still many NGSO deployment challenges to be addressed to ensure seamless integration not only with GSO systems but also with terrestrial networks. These unprecedented challenges are also discussed in this paper, including coexistence with GSO systems in terms of spectrum access and regulatory issues, satellite constellation and architecture designs, resource management problems, and user equipment requirements. Finally, we outline a set of innovative research directions and new opportunities for future NGSO research.
... National governments increasingly seek to assert sovereignty over digital space [37][38][39], while media industries seek on one hand to cultivate international audiences while protecting their domestic market advantages [40,41]. However, it cannot be denied that despite government interference and the still-prevalent "digital divide," today's audiences have far greater access to foreign media, both commercial and social, than ever before in human history [42][43][44]. ...
Digital communication technology has created a world in which media are capable of crossing national boundaries as never before. As a result, language is increasingly the salient category determining individuals’ media consumption. Today, a single social media post can travel around the world, reaching anyone who speaks its language. This poses significant challenges to combatting the spread of disinformation, as an ever-growing pool of disinformation purveyors reach audiences larger than ever before. This dynamic is complicated, however, by the diversity of audience interpretations of message content within a particular language group. Both across and within national boundaries, a single message may be subject to a variety of interpretations depending on the cultural experiences and identities of its recipients. This study explores that dynamic through analysis of French language anti-vaccine and COVID-denialist disinformation. Using qualitative coding methodology, a team of researchers empirically identify common and far-reaching patterns of Francophone COVID disinformation narratives and rhetoric. These narratives and rhetorics are then subjected to hermeneutic close reading to determine likely variations in their reception across different French-speaking cultures. Data were gathered and analyzed between the dates of 24 March 2021 and 27 April 2021. Results of this study indicate the need for awareness on the part of public health officials combatting COVID disinformation online, for both the transnational reach of disinformation targeting speakers of a single language and for variations in meaning and salience across cultures within that language group.
... The pricing of services could be different in rural areas to attract in rural subscribers. 4) Business models: The lack of innovative business models is the major challenge for rural connectivity [2], [6], [7], [43]. The traditional business models are not suitable for rural scenarios as these focuses on high ARPU, high customer base, and high investment duration [3]. ...
... These solutions are not yet totally appropriate for use in rural areas at the current stage for a wide-area network. Different rural technologies are compared and their viability is assessed in terms of network architecture, performance, important characteristics, and deployment concerns in the [43]. ...
Rural connectivity is widely research topic for several years. In India, around 70% of the population have poor or no connectivity to access digital services. Different solutions are being tested and trialled around the world, especially in India. They key driving factor for reducing digital divide is exploring different solutions both technologically and economically to lower the cost for the network deployments and improving service adoption rate. In this survey, we aim to study the rural connectivity use-cases, state of art projects and initiatives, challenges, and technologies to improve digital connectivity in rural parts of India. The strengths and weakness of different technologies which are being tested for rural connectivity is analyzed. We also explore the rural use-case of 6G communication system which would be suitable for rural Indian scenario.
... In [9], for instance, an overview of the main smart and cost-aware fronthaul and backhaul solutions for rural connectivity has been provided for the most common scenarios. Similarly, authors in [10] compared relevant communication paradigms to evaluate their effectiveness in rural environments, based on their network architectures, performance parameters, and deployability. On the other hand, authors in [11] firstly developed a simplified model to evaluate the required subscription fees for users living in rural and low income environments in order to amortize the costs of a 5G architecture, eventually proving that the UAV-based solution would be effective. ...
It is required to design and deploy cost efficient alternatives for extending the cellular infrastructure to rural and remote areas. A concrete mathematical model characterizing and capturing the aforementioned problem might be a key-enabler for studying the efficiency of any potential solution. The commonly used mathematical tools that model large scale wireless networks are not designed to capture the unfairness, in terms of coverage, suffered by exurban and rural areas. In big cities, cellular deployment is essentially capacity driven and thus cellular base station densities are maximum in the town centers and decline when getting far from them. In this paper, a new stochastic geometry-based model is implemented in order to show the coverage spatial variation among urban, suburban, and exurban settlements. By implementing inhomogeneous Poisson point processes it is possible to study the performance metrics in a realistic scenario where terrestrial base stations are clustered around the urban center while outer aerial base stations are uniformly distributed outside an urban exclusion zone. Based on this, our simulation results can quantify the improvement, that even a surprisingly low density of ABSs can bring to peripheral regions depending on the extension of the exclusion zone, enabling us to draw insightful considerations.
... In [9], for instance, an overview of the main smart and cost-aware fronthaul and backhaul solutions for rural connectivity has been provided for the most common scenarios. Similarly, authors in [10] compared relevant communication paradigms to evaluate their effectiveness in rural environments, based on their network architectures, performance parameters, and deployability. On the other hand, authors in [11] firstly developed a simplified model to evaluate the required subscription fees for users living in rural and low income environments in order to amortize the costs of a 5G architecture, eventually proving that the UAV-based solution would be effective. ...
div>Despite coverage enhancement in rural areas is one of the main requirements in next generations of wireless networks (i.e., 5G and 6G), the low expected profit prevents telecommunication providers from investing in such sparsely populated areas.
Hence, cost efficient alternatives are required for extending the cellular infrastructure to these regions.
A concrete mathematical model that characterizes and clearly captures the aforementioned problem might be a key-enabler for studying the efficiency of any potential solution.
Unfortunately, the commonly used mathematical tools that model large scale wireless networks are not designed to capture the unfairness, in terms of cellular coverage, suffered by exurban and rural areas.
In big cities, in fact, cellular deployment is essentially capacity driven and thus cellular base station densities are maximum in the town centers and decline when getting far from them.
In this paper, a new stochastic geometry-based model is implemented in order to show the coverage spatial variation among urban, suburban, and exurban settlements.
Indeed, by implementing inhomogeneous Poisson point processes (PPPs) it is possible to study the performance metrics in a realistic scenario where terrestrial base stations (TBSs) are clustered around the urban center while outer aerial base stations (ABSs) are uniformly distributed outside an urban exclusion zone.
Based on this, our simulation results can quantify the improvement, in terms of coverage probability, that even a surprisingly low density of ABSs can bring to peripheral regions depending on the extension of the exclusion zone, enabling us to draw insightful considerations.</div
... Furthermore, networking in rural areas is a complicated task, requiring a relatively large investment in network infrastructure against low profitability and decline seen from the perspective of a service provider. Rural networks and their applications in health, education, and business community development are vital but require an initial investment [10]. ...
Access to information and communication technologies in rural areas of Ecuador in Manabí Province is limited, which is an obstacle to the development and quality of life of its inhabitants, ranging from the high cost of investment in the infrastructure, low population density, and little interest from the authorities generated by its location, up to the difficulties of access to connectivity. The Wireless Network Implementation currently has benefited more than 250 houses whose population is engaged in agriculture and livestock, allowing them to have Internet access. The applied methodology is V-cycle, with 10 access points distributed in the two rural parishes that were implemented in the town. To validate the operation, the infrastructure was tested and that its response times were adequate. A survey was conducted with 95% confidence and a margin of error of 7% to the inhabitants of rural communities for which they use the internet where 45.26% for education and learning, 36.84% for social networks, and 17.89% do it to search for jobs and information. In addition to this 90% of the respondents make daily use of the internet, which shows that the project is well received in the communities.
