Fig 1 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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An example of broadcast transmission with two repetitions. At the packet generation, the channel is sensed as busy. Once the busy condition ends, the transmission starts after sensing the medium idle for a time interval (AIFS) followed by the random backoff. Two repetitions follow the first transmission, separated by a time gap (SIFS, which is shorter than the AIFS). Each transmission starts with a preamble indicating the presence of the packet. Given that the transmissions are in broadcast, no acknowledgment is returned.
Source publication
Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications have very strict throughput and latency requirements, even in scenarios with high mobility. IEEE 802.11bd is being developed as a WiFi amendment to improve V2X performance, allowing up to three repetitions per packet, along with other features. Message repetitions increase time diversity and enable maximum...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... a feature of IEEE 802.11bd, up to three repetitions can be optionally performed after the first transmission of the packet. More specifically, as exemplified in Fig. 1, a station accesses the channel through the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism which requires that the medium is idle for at least an arbitration interframe space (AIFS); the repetitions that may follow the first transmission are then separated by a time gap lasting a short inter-frame space ...
Citations
... To narrow the performance gap, IEEE 802.11bd [30][31][32] has been developed as the nextgeneration DSRC protocol to improve V2X performance. It allows up to three repetitions per packet, aiming to increase time diversity and enable maximum ratio combining at the receiver, thus improving the probability of correct decoding [32]. ...
... To narrow the performance gap, IEEE 802.11bd [30][31][32] has been developed as the nextgeneration DSRC protocol to improve V2X performance. It allows up to three repetitions per packet, aiming to increase time diversity and enable maximum ratio combining at the receiver, thus improving the probability of correct decoding [32]. Additionally, it adds extra modes of operation to enhance throughput and extend communication ranges by reducing the noise sensitivity level [26,33]. ...
Recently, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced new radio (NR) technology for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication to enable delay-sensitive and bandwidth-hungry applications in vehicular communication. The NR system is strategically crafted to complement the existing long-term evolution (LTE) cellular-vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) infrastructure, particularly to support advanced services such as the operation of automated vehicles. It is widely anticipated that the fifth-generation (5G) NR system will surpass LTE C-V2X in terms of achieving superior performance in scenarios characterized by high throughput, low latency, and enhanced reliability, especially in the context of congested traffic conditions and a diverse range of vehicular applications. This article will provide a comprehensive literature review on vehicular communications from dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) to NR V2X. Subsequently, it delves into a detailed examination of the challenges and opportunities inherent in NR V2X technology. Finally, we proceed to elucidate the process of creating and analyzing an open-source 5G NR V2X module in network simulation-3 (ns-3) and then demonstrate the NR V2X performance in terms of different key performance indicators implemented through diverse operational scenarios.
... To narrow the performance gap, IEEE 802.11bd [35,36,36,37] has been developed as the next-generation DSRC protocol to improve V2X performance. It allows up to three repetitions per packet, aiming to increase time diversity and enable maximum ratio combining at the receiver, thus improving the probability of correct decoding [37]. ...
... To narrow the performance gap, IEEE 802.11bd [35,36,36,37] has been developed as the next-generation DSRC protocol to improve V2X performance. It allows up to three repetitions per packet, aiming to increase time diversity and enable maximum ratio combining at the receiver, thus improving the probability of correct decoding [37]. Additionally, it adds extra modes of operation to enhance throughput and extend communication ranges by reducing noise sensitivity level [28,38]. ...
Recently, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced the New Radio (NR) technology for Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication to enable delay-sensitive and bandwidth-hungry applications in vehicular communication. The NR system is strategically crafted to complement the existing Long Term Evolution (LTE) Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) infrastructure, particularly to support advanced services such as the operation of automated vehicles. It is widely anticipated that the 5th generation (5G) NR system will surpass LTE C-V2X in terms of achieving superior performance in scenarios characterized by high throughput, low latency, and enhanced reliability, especially in the context of congested traffic conditions and a diverse range of vehicular applications. This article will provide a comprehensive literature review on vehicular communications from Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) to NR V2X. Subsequently, it delves into a detailed examination of the challenges and opportunities inherent in NR V2X technology. Finally, we proceed to elucidate the process of creating and analyzing an open-source 5G NR V2X module in network simulation-3 (ns-3) and then demonstrate the NR V2X performance in terms of different key performance indicators implemented through diverse operational scenarios.
... Rather than a new solution, it is a fully backward-compatible enhancement to IEEE 802.11p with the scope to improve range and throughput under specific scenarios [20]. More specifically, it is based on the same access scheme (CSMA/CA) and shares the same IEEE 802.11p preamble, and adds a number of new optional features [20,21]: new MCSs with modulations up to 256-QAM; additional pilot sequences, called midambles, to improve the channel estimation when the mobility is high and the packet length is particularly large [22]; up to three blind packet retransmissions (called blind because they are not related to acknowledgments) [23]; possible use of channel bonding [24]; and mmWave band [25]. ...
Direct communication between vehicles and surrounding objects, called vehicle-to-everything (V2X), is ready for the market and promises to raise the level of safety and comfort while driving. To this aim, specific bands have been reserved in some countries worldwide and different wireless technologies have been developed; however, these are not interoperable. Recently, the issue of co-channel coexistence has been raised, leading the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to propose a number of solutions, called mitigation methods, for the coexistence of the IEEE 802.11p based ITS-G5 and the 3GPP fourth generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE)-V2X sidelink. In this work, several of the envisioned alternatives are investigated when adapted to the coexistence of the IEEE 802.11p with its enhancement IEEE 802.11bd and the latest 3GPP standards, i.e., the fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR)-V2X. The results, obtained through an open-source simulator that is shared with the research community for the evaluation of additional proposals, show that the methods called A and C, which require modifications to the standards, improve the transmission range of one or both systems without affecting the other, at least in low-density scenarios.
