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An example of a typical dispersed settlement around Čadca town in the Horné Kysuce region of Slovakia.
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Special types of rural settlements in Slovakia, so-called dispersed settlements, are typical of several regions in the country. They are recognized as specific elements in a landscape and have a strong effect on local identity. They are a part of a historical landscape structure, constituting a unique natural and cultural heritage. For this reason,...
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... average elevation of the study area is 415 m a.s.l. and the highest point is Chotárny Vrch Hill (906.2 m a.s.l.). The study area is known for its specific traditional agri-structures related to dispersed settlements, such as terraced fields, a mosaic of meadows and pastures, and different forms of nonforest vegetation, usually tracking the land parcel division and creating geometric land cover patterns (Figure 2). The Horné Kysuce is an ethnographical region with a well-preserved ecosystem and a specific history. ...
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... Settlements in an area cannot be separated from residential houses and their supporting spaces or places. Based on population density, it has two types, namely dense or core settlements and scattered settlements [40]. The first type of charger has residential houses close to each other and can be found along rivers or suburban rural areas. ...
... En esta investigación se identificó que existe un concepto inconsistente de la "metodología mixta" en los estudios revisados; en algunos casos se le denomina metodología híbrida (Hossain et al., 2021), enfoque combinado (Greiner et al., 2021), método integrado (Dame et al., 2019), "marco triangulado" (Agariga et al., 2021;Lukman et al., 2022). Mientras que en otras investigaciones, se menciona como perspectiva de las partes interesadas (Pǎtru-Stupariu et al., 2016), análisis socio-espacial (Wubie et al., 2020) y en otros casos no se menciona o aparece en la descripción del método como algo secundario (Belčáková et al., 2021). Además, se encontró una diversidad de revistas y campos disciplinares donde se publican estas investigaciones, desde la Geografía, Ecología, Ciencias Ambientales, Sociales y Política (Agariga et al., 2021;Ewane, 2021). ...
... Uno de los insumos indispensable en esta metodología es en relación con los datos espaciales, se encontró que las imágenes del satélite Landsat (TM: Thematic Mapper, ETM+: Enhanced Thematic Mapea Plus y 0LI: Operational Land Imager), son las más empleadas (Al-Bakri et al., 2013;Teshome et al., 2022), el cual se registraron en un total de 68 artículos (Bruno et al., 2021;Kusiima et al., 2022;Mathewos et al., 2022). Mientras que las fotografías aéreas, son el segundo insumo más importante, se encontraron en 14 documentos (Ango et al., 2020;Belčáková et al., 2021;Gobster et al., 2022) y en otras investigaciones han utilizado mapas de cobertura y uso del terreno proporcionado por instituciones locales (González-Puente et al., 2014). El resto de las características de este enfoque metodológico se muestran en la tabla 3. ...
... Otros impulsores que se han reportado es la inversión extranjera (Ewane, 2021;Kuule et al., 2022;Rehman y Khan, 2022), la pobreza (Ewunetu et al., 2021), la construcción de casas de campo (Lukman et al., 2022), la corrupción (Daba y You, 2022), la extracción de agua (Assefa et al., 2022), la pérdida del valor económico de la producción agrícola tradicional (Fritz et al., 2022) y la narcoganadería (producción de ganado por el crimen organizado), esta ganadería ilegal induce a la deforestación, siendo una fuerza importante del cambio en algunos territorios (Devine et al., 2020;Devine et al., 2021). También se ha señalado que la población moderna no tiene interés en continuar con la forma de vida tradicional y abandonan el campo rural (Enow et al., 2021), la migración de la fuerza de trabajo a las ciudades (Belčáková et al., 2021) y la falta de conciencia de la población local y tomadores de decisiones (Ngwira y Watanabe, 2019). ...
Este artículo ofrece un análisis de la literatura internacional producido entre el año 2012 y 2022 sobre el abordaje del Cambio de Cobertura y Uso del Terreno (CCUT), a través de una metodología mixta. El fenómeno involucra múltiples interacciones con los factores físicos, sociales, económicos, políticos y culturales. Por esta razón, se requiere comprender de manera integral las causas, efectos y procesos que inducen estos cambios a nivel local y regional. La metodología mixta ofrece una perspectiva de análisis integral que combina datos cuantitativos (teledetección) y cualitativos (percepción social). El objetivo de esta investigación fue la revisión de estudios científicos que utilizan la metodología mixta aplicada al CCUT, para conocer el estado actual del conocimiento sobre los enfoques teóricos, metodológicos, y tendencias en este campo de investigación. Se encontró una literatura limitada en revistas de acceso abierto que aborden la problemática con este enfoque, una diversidad del término “metodología mixta”, no existe información explícita del método en los artículos revisados. Se identificaron herramientas y técnicas más empleadas de la investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa, las estrategias, los alcances y limitaciones que se han reportado en los diversos estudios. Se destaca la capacidad del enfoque metodológico para obtener una comprensión integral de la problemática, debido a que proporciona una información más completa de las causas y los efectos que conducen al CCUT. También se identificó una limitación importante como establecer vínculos previos de confianza con los actores locales para que puedan colaborar en el diseño y ser parte fundamental de la investigación.
... The cultural landscape depicts human creative activities in land use, adjustment, and landscape change characterized by the products of artifacts and spiritual-cultural elements of human civilization (Belèáková et al., 2021). A cultural landscape can also be interpreted as the interaction between humans and nature in shaping the environment and setting their activities. ...
The influence of globalization on traditional settlements is an unavoidable phenomenon. Globalization is forming a new relationship between global and local that is dynamic. To maintain the continuity of traditional settlement identity, strengthening local cultural values has a strategic role. Traditional settlements in the Cetho Temple area are among the pockets of Hindu Javanese community settlements that still survive on Mount Lawu. This settlement has a unique cultural landscape. The East direction is sacred for the Javanese Hindu community in the Cetho Temple area. This research aims to identify Hindu Javanese community settlementsâ architectural orientation and layout in forming cultural landscapes in the Cetho Temple area. The discussion of this study was supported by a qualitative dataset, which included interview data on local informants and community leaders. The data is then triangulated with observations in the study area. The studyâs findings showed that settlementsâ architectural orientation and layout in the Cetho Temple area influenced sacred orientation towards the East. First, the east direction becomes the consideration of the Hindu Javanese community in determining the direction of the house of residence. Second, the east direction considers the Hindu Javanese community in determining the direction of pawon(fireplace furnace). Third, the east direction is considered by the Hindu Javanese community in determining the orientation of the burial place. Fourth, the east direction is considered by the Hindu Javanese community in performing religious ceremonies and meditation. This result is helpful as a reference for planning and structuring the cultural landscape in the Cetho Temple area and can enrich the theory of structuring historical areas elsewhere.
... Therefore, it is critical to play engaged participation in the design stages, make a better contribution to urban life, and design adoption (Turan et al. 2016; Rapoport and el Sayegh 2005) focused on the value of the designer discovering, identifying problems, and the importance of the design is appealing to users, supporting their desires, and nally becoming culture-based. Furthermore, (Sanoff 2000) asserts that participatory studies have many bene ts (Belčáková et al. 2021), such as developing social capital and increasing a feeling of community. Therefore, one of the research objectives depends on activating the role of the community in the design, development, preservation, and operating environments for people. ...
Verifying stakeholders' preference elements for public garden projects is one of the development methods in urban projects. Stakeholders' visual perceptions studies of landscape elements in Egypt are limited. The current research used a methodological approach based on a one-on-one photographic questionnaire to investigate the understanding of constructed wetland parks projects, technologies, and Landscape elements' visual perception. The questionnaire is used with different stakeholders engaged in a research project to create a newly constructed wetland park in Egypt. The research is part of a scientific project in Ten Ramadan city. It is a new city located in the northeast of Cairo. The paper highlights the importance of visual perception and preferences for landscape design elements to meet the community's needs. It clarifies that the local community needs to interact with this type of constructed wetland park in Egypt positively. Results may be used to drive community involvement policies and assist government officials, planners, designers in conserving the biodiversity of wetland parks. This paper demonstrates how the significance of landscape elements extends beyond the visual perception of the public park's design, contributing significantly to its visual dimension. Additionally, numerous aspects affecting landscape elements that can help users interact with the park elements will meet the new Egyptian cities' environmental needs associated with the hot climate and the desert nature.
... The landscape of a dispersed settlement is a reflection of human adaptation to nature (Ingrid Belcakova, 2021).The size, location and function of settlements are determined by landscape diversity. Following is the list of dispersed spaces of other surveyed villages: a wider range of possibilities. ...
Mountains have the most varied landscapes. There are deep valleys, densely wooded scarps and rolling pastureland (bugyals). The ‘geodiversity’ of the mountainous areas has given rise to a diversity of cultural landscapes. This diversity has also given rise to a diversity of settlements. Similar to the other mountainous areas the heterogeneous landscape of the high Himalayan region presents distinct types of settlements. These settlements are scattered, fragmented and vertically distributed. There is marked spatial and functional diversity in these settlements. This spatial and functional diversity of settlements is due to the diversity of the natural landscape. It is due to the diversity of terrain, climatic conditions and nature (or fertility) of the soil. The functional diversity of settlements is due to the differences in the suitability of the landscape for distinct land use. It is also due to the diversity of the socioeconomic factors; such as connectivity of the region. Furthermore, these spatially fragmented and functionally distinct parts of settlements present an integrated land use (functionally integrated land use), especially within a heterogeneous landscape. The aim of this research, therefore, is to define and describe the different types of landscapes that occur in the high Himalayan region. These landscapes sustain different (human) activities. It is an attempt to identify the functions of spatially distinct landscapes (i.e., production areas) of mountain settlements. The aim of this research is to explain how these landscapes are used differently. Another theme of this research is the spatial interdependence of settlements. It evaluates the relationship between landscape diversity and the land suitability for crop production or animal husbandry and other land use of these spatially distinct and different areas of mountain settlements. It evaluates the functionality (and functional relationship) of these settled spaces.
... The interaction of humans and nature creates various biocultural types of landscape that often embed high ecological and cultural values and reveal the link between nature and culture [9]. To ensure the effective protection and preservation of valuable biocultural landscape, it is necessary to involve the general public in landscape planning and Land 2022, 11, 72 2 of 15 management, since we face both the degradation and preservation of valuable landscape structures at the same time [10]. ...
The perception of the landscape by society is becoming an integral part of many studies in terms of the quality of the living environment, sport and recreation and building and developing social relationships. To evaluate the perception and appreciation of individual landscape types by society, we used an online questionnaire as a form of sociological survey. We used the statistical method of non-metric multidimensional scaling NMDS in R package to determine the variability of responses in relation to respondents. The relationship between demographic factors and landscape perception and landscape type preferences was evaluated. The results of multidimensional scaling show a strong relationship between young men and a preference for recreation over agro-tourism. The middle generation with university education looks more frequently for cultural monuments. University-educated middle-aged men perceive the natural landscape as degraded and endangered, and middle-aged men with secondary education understand the need for the protection of traditional agricultural landscapes. It is important to integrate people’s preferences and needs into the landscape planning and decision-making processes, so that they can contribute to the creation of development plans and other strategic documents.
... It is also a characteristic of the areas drained with innumerable streams. Many geographers believe that the landscape with a dispersed settlement is internally diversified in terms of the nature of the land cover and landscape diversity [10]. In fact, the dispersed settlement is an expression of rugged and undulating topography whereupon the land use is segregated in varieties that lead to the dispersed settlement [11]. ...
The high mountain settlements are often described by the diversity of their geographical spaces. This diversity is defined by differences in land use. In fact, the landscape shapes the land use and it gets shaped by the land use. The rural communities adopt a diversity of livelihood strategies and adapt the land use according to the diversity of the landscape. Therefore, every village has a diversity of landscapes with a diverse mosaic of land use. The multifunctionality of the landscape adds to the sustainability of mountain settlements. These landscapes are shaped to enhance economic possibilities or opportunities. The economic possibilities or opportunities of the mountain settlements are further enhanced by the spatial organization of settlements at different landscapes. Landscape diversity influences livelihood diversification and diversity of crop production and animal husbandry. It enhances the economic viability and sustainability of the mountain communities and also the settlements. This research presents the spatial and functional diversity of the high mountain settlements. This research also presents the relationship between landscape diversity, adaptability, in the form of land use diversity and consequent sustainability of mountain settlements. To present the relationship between spatial and functional diversity of mountain settlements it makes an intensive study of the mountain settlements of Har ki Dun (Uttarakhand Himalayas).
... Data on the current overall state of "kopanice" are not known, some authors deal with individual municipalities resp. groups of municipalities (Belčáková et al. 2021, Huba 1986, 1989Lauko 1985Lauko , 1990Petrovič 2004Petrovič , 2005, Petrovič, Muchová 2013, Šolcová, 2008ab) but complete areas of dispersed settlement have not been studied since 1961. ...
In this paper we will focus on one of the five areas of dispersed settlement in Slovakia – Novobanská štálová area and the forecast of its development on the example of selected characteristics (household income and its use, population). The analysis of historical development by using historical maps can relatively and accurately locate areas with permanently low intensity of use and areas that have fulfilled a stabilizing function in the cultural landscape throughout the observed development. At the same time, based on the analysis of the historical development of settlements, we can interpret the trend of the development of land use in the future. The originality of this type of landscape with a dispersed type of settlement also in the sense of the European Landscape Convention lies in its limited occurrence. Besides Slovakia, it occurs only in the Czechia and especially on the Czech-Slovak border. The analysis of demographic characteristics of selected municipalities also indicates qualitative and quantitative changes leading to the gradual extinction of the territory. The presented area as a part of small dispersed settlement has some unique cultural, historical and natural values, which are a reflection of human life and activities in difficult mountain conditions.
The distance between sample sets is calculated in this paper using VR technology by combining the K-means clustering algorithm to select data objects. Continuous optimization of the objective function leads to optimal clustering, expressed as the clustering effect. The output is performed at the cluster center of each data point, and the density function of the target nodes is sorted based on the given parameters to calculate the neighborhood map of the data points and create the matrix. Based on the perception degree test before and after the innovation of landscape cultural heritage inheritance by VR technology, the overall perception degree of residents and tourists rose to 8 after the innovation. VR technology can help expand the protection and inheritance of minority landscapes and promote the sustainable development of traditional culture.
The dispersed habitat and scattered settlements are the most significant element of the mountainous landscape. As the landscape and ecological factors in the mountainous areas, restrict the concentration of population, dispersed settlements are basic adaptations to the mountainous landscape. The purpose of this paper is to provide a geographical account of the dispersed mountain settlements. Employing a case study, it attempts to map the geography of these scattered settlements. The analysis shows different arrangements of these scattered settlements in the high mountain region of Har ki Dun. The evaluation of the spatial distribution of settlement of Har ki Dun is a means to analyse the adaptations of the mountain inhabitants to their environment. In mountainous areas, the dispersed settlements are the product of land and land use diversity. The areas of scattered settlements are an expansion of sedentary life and extension of agriculture and animal husbandry over the diverse mountainous landscape. The scattered location of settlements exist due to less favourable topography, less suitable climatic conditions and restricted availability of soil for agricultural production. It is also a product of the attempts to use every available arable land and grassland. The end product of this extensification is the diversity or the richness of the (agri)cultural landscape and diversity of settlements. This study also presents the spatial distribution of these scattered settlements.
