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![Fig. 1. OFDMA gain in the overlapped network scenario [21].](profile/Evgeny-Khorov/publication/327785405/figure/fig3/AS:811810039021570@1570562004650/OFDMA-gain-in-the-overlapped-network-scenario-21_Q320.jpg)
While celebrating the 21st year since the very first IEEE 802.11 “legacy” 2 Mbit/s wireless Local Area Network standard, the latest Wi-Fi newborn is today reaching the finish line, topping the remarkable speed of 10 Gbit/s. IEEE 802.11ax was launched in May 2014 with the goal of enhancing throughput-per-area in high-density scenarios. The first 802...
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... LTE, OFDMA is time-based, i.e., various tones correspond to different user equipment during one Transmission Time Interval (TTI). In 802.11ax, OFDMA is frame-based, i.e., an MU frame contains data to/from different users and various tones are assigned to the users for the entire frame duration, see Fig. ...
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IEEE 802.11ac based wireless local area network (WLAN) is emerging WiFi standard at 5 GHz, it is new gigabit-per-second standard providing premium services. IEEE 802.11ac accomplishes its crude speed increment by pushing on three distinct measurements firstly is more channel holding, expanded from a maximum of 80 MHz up to 160 MHz modes. Secondly,...
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... The emergence of new wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi 8 (IEEE 802.11bf), 5G Advanced, and 6G, has introduced additional challenges and opportunities for protocol optimization in firmware [48]. These technologies utilize advanced features like intelligent reflecting surfaces, cell-free massive MIMO, and sub-terahertz communication, which require sophisticated protocol handling and resource management [49]. ...
... Power management is a critical aspect of embedded firmware design for wireless communication chipsets, particularly in battery-operated devices where energy efficiency is paramount [48]. With the increasing demand for high-performance wireless connectivity and the proliferation of IoT devices, effective power management strategies in the firmware are essential to extend battery life and improve the overall user experience. ...
Wireless communication chipsets are the backbone of modern connectivity solutions, enabling seamless data transmission across diverse devices and networks. Embedded firmware plays a crucial role in optimizing these chipsets' performance, reliability, and security. This article explores innovative firmware strategies tailored specifically for wireless communication chipsets, addressing challenges such as signal processing, protocol implementation, power management, and security considerations. Drawing on recent advancements and industry best practices, the article highlights novel firmware architectures, algorithms, and optimization techniques that enhance the efficiency and functionality of wireless communication chipsets. This article aims to support engineers and researchers in developing next-generation connectivity solutions for a wide range of applications by providing insights into the design and implementation of embedded firmware for wireless chipsets.
Published in: Journal of Advanced Research Engineering and Technology
... The IEEE 802.11ax amendment introduced an essential improvement to the MAC layer, as highlighted by Khorov et al. [15]. As IEEE 802.11 deployments have increased in density (e.g., in malls, airports etc.) a purely none-deterministic MAC based on CSMA/CA is challenged when hundreds of Access Points (APs) coexist [15]. ...
... The IEEE 802.11ax amendment introduced an essential improvement to the MAC layer, as highlighted by Khorov et al. [15]. As IEEE 802.11 deployments have increased in density (e.g., in malls, airports etc.) a purely none-deterministic MAC based on CSMA/CA is challenged when hundreds of Access Points (APs) coexist [15]. At the MAC layer, IEEE 802.11ax introduces orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) on top of CSMA/CA. ...
... This way, they are guaranteed to not interfere with neighboring STAs running the same mechanism. It also allows parallel time-synchronized multi-stream and multi-user transmissions using the full capacity of the MIMO antennas [15]. ...
... These changes are listed below. 17 1. Introduction of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA); 2. Spatial reuse techniques to reduce the effects of interference in dense deployments; 3. Multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) in the uplink; 4. Higher order modulation schemes (1024QAM); and 5. Target wake up time (TWT) to reduce power consumption. ...
... As shown in Figure 8, blocks of 52, 104, and 242 tones are available for 20 MHz bandwidth. 17 Larger blocks are available for higher bandwidths. ...
The past decade has brought prolific developments to power systems that range from large‐scale renewable integration to digital twins. Modern power systems consist of highly variable generation clusters. Hence, monitoring and prediction of power generation has become a vital part of today's power systems. On the other hand, detailed real‐time information of power usage is also a key parameter for the control algorithms used for the demand side management. With this information flow, power systems become smart grids which offer improved service and enable many advanced operations. In this regard, the home area network (HAN), which collects the power consumption/generation of household devices, plays a key role. So far, a number of technologies such as ZigBee, Z‐Wave, and Power Line Communication (PLC) have been considered for the HAN. Yet, widely used wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, Wi‐Fi, was not identified as a prominent candidate due to the limitations in its latency and reliability. However, with the introduction of the IEEE 802.11ax standard, Wi‐Fi 6 was developed, and it demonstrates guaranteed latency and reliability for its users. Thus, with its widespread deployment in households, Wi‐Fi is becoming a natural candidate for HAN. In this article, we present a comprehensive HAN protocol based on Wi‐Fi 6 which can achieve guaranteed latency and reliability for HAN users. The results show that when an efficient resource allocation mechanism is in place, using Wi‐Fi for HAN does not adversely affect the other Wi‐Fi users in the normal WLAN.
... For the sake of clarity, we keep a low level of detail adapted to the analysis carried out in this paper. Nevertheless, the reader can refer to [1][2][3] for more technical presentations. ...
Aggregation and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) are two fundamental features allowing access points and stations to benefit from the high physical transmission rates of the recent WiFi standards. They aim to pool frames with a unique overhead (mainly the physical header and the acknowledgment) to mitigate its impact on the throughput. Natural implementations of these features lead to nonFIFO (First In, First Out) service disciplines that may generate unfairness between frames. In this paper, we evaluate three stateless service disciplines that require a low level of resources (computation and memory). We prove that when OFDMA does not introduce additional delay, one of these greedy algorithms minimizes the overhead. Whereas this service discipline maximizes the system capacity, it generates strong unfairness between the stations. Instead, the two other algorithms may offer a good trade-off between capacity and fairness. These algorithms are evaluated through a theoretical framework and simulations that replay actual Wi-Fi traces.
... In the context of our channel experiments, we chose commonly used non-overlapping channels to minimize the potential for interference from adjacent networks. Specifically, we selected primary and secondary channel pairs as follows: 36 and 40 for 20 MHz, 36 and 44 for 40 MHz, 36 and 52 for 80 MHz, and 36 and 100 for 160 MHz [64], [65] both in 802.11 ac and 802.11ax networks. As shown in Figure 25 (a), we can see that our SWIDS framework effectively detect various MC-MitM attack variants with an average TPR exceeding 97% in both primary and secondary channels across different channel bandwidths at a 1-meter distance. ...
One of the advanced Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks is the Multi-Channel MitM (MC-MitM) attack, which is capable of manipulating encrypted wireless frames between clients and the Access Point (AP) in a Wireless LAN (WLAN). MC-MitM attacks are possible on any client no matter how the client authenticates with the AP. Key reinstallation attacks (KRACK) in 2017-18, and the latest FragAttacks in 2021 are frontline MC-MitM attacks that widely impacted millions of Wi-Fi systems, especially those with Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Although there are security patches against some attacks, they are not applicable to every Wi-Fi or IoT device. In addition, existing defense mechanisms to combat MC-MitM attacks are not feasible for two reasons: they either require severe firmware modifications on all the devices in a system, or they require the use of several advanced hardware and software for deployment. On top of that, high technical overhead is imposed on users in terms of network setup and maintenance. This paper presents the first plug-and-play system to detect MC-MitM attacks. Our solution is a lightweight, signature-based, and centralized online passive intrusion detection system that can be easily integrated into Wi-Fi-based IoT environments without modifying any network settings or existing devices. The evaluation results show that our proposed framework can detect MC-MitM attacks with a maximum detection time of 60 seconds and a minimum TPR (true positive rate) of 90% by short-distance detectors and 85% by long-distance detectors in real Wi-Fi or IoT environments.
... Further, Karamakar et al. [15] have presented a survey on enhanced PHY/MAC features of 802.11n/ac and studied the impact of new PHY features of 802.11n/ac on the upper layers of the network. There are also several surveys on PHY and MAC layer amendments of 802.11ac to design 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) [16]- [19]. For instance, the authors in [16] have reviewed 802.11ax standardization activities of MAC protocols to better support QoS and explained the challenges of collaboration between cellular and 802.11ax. ...
... Bo et al. [17] and Saloua et al. [18] surveyed different OFDMA MAC protocols for allowing multi-user access and propose a new taxonomy to classify those methods. Evgeny et al. [19] have presented a comprehensive tutorial on IEEE 802.11ax features such as OFDMAbased random access, spatial frequency reuse, MU-MIMO, power saving, and so on. Most of these surveys focused on features under a single-AP transmission environment. ...
The 802.11 IEEE standard aims to update current Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standards to meet the high demands of future applications, such as 8K videos, augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR), the Internet of Things, telesurgery, and more. Two of the latest developments in WLAN technologies are IEEE 802.11be and 802.11ay, also known as Wi-Fi 7 and WiGig, respectively. These standards aim to provide Extremely High Throughput (EHT) and lower latencies. IEEE 802.11be includes new features such as 320 MHz bandwidth, multi-link operation, Multi-user Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, and Multiple-Access Point (multi-AP) cooperation (MAP-Co) to achieve EHT. With the increase in the number of overlapping Access Points (APs) and inter-AP interference, researchers have focused on studying MAP-Co approaches for coordinated transmission in IEEE 802.11be, making MAP-Co a key feature of future WLANs. Additionally, the high overlapping AP densities in EHF bands, due to their smaller coverage, must be addressed in future standards beyond IEEE 802.11ay, specifically with respect to the challenges of implementing MAP-Co over 60GHz bands. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in MAP-Co features and their drawbacks concerning emerging WLAN. Finally, we discuss several novel future directions and open challenges for MAP-Co.
... Apart from the baseline distributed coordination function (DCF), Wi-Fi 6 includes multi-user (MU) enhancements in the downlink (DL) and the uplink (UL) for high-throughput applications, including orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) and multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO). Please see also an overview of these features in [4] and an in-depth tutorial in [5]. ...
p>Is Wi-Fi 6 ready for virtual reality (VR) mayhem? The common use case for untethered VR is running a video game on a powerful desktop and streaming the generated content to a head-mounted display (HMD) over Wi-Fi. In this work, we investigated a challenging use case using one Wi-Fi 6 access point (AP) and three HMDs. Specifically, we evaluated experimentally the performance of VR streaming in terms of latency using: i) the distributed coordination function (DCF), ii) orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in the downlink (DL) and the uplink (UL) and iii) multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO). We showed that VR streaming to three users, up to 100 Mbps each, works flawlessly using either DCF or DL OFDMA, with latency in the order of 50 ms. In addition, our study unveiled the disruption of tracking data transmissions in the uplink using UL OFDMA, which had a negative impact on latency by delaying game rendering.</p
... Apart from the baseline distributed coordination function (DCF), Wi-Fi 6 includes multi-user (MU) enhancements in the downlink (DL) and the uplink (UL) for high-throughput applications, including orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) and multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO). Please see also an overview of these features in [4] and an in-depth tutorial in [5]. ...
p>Is Wi-Fi 6 ready for virtual reality (VR) mayhem? The common use case for untethered VR is running a video game on a powerful desktop and streaming the generated content to a head-mounted display (HMD) over Wi-Fi. In this work, we investigated a challenging use case using one Wi-Fi 6 access point (AP) and three HMDs. Specifically, we evaluated experimentally the performance of VR streaming in terms of latency using: i) the distributed coordination function (DCF), ii) orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in the downlink (DL) and the uplink (UL) and iii) multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO). We showed that VR streaming to three users, up to 100 Mbps each, works flawlessly using either DCF or DL OFDMA, with latency in the order of 50 ms. In addition, our study unveiled the disruption of tracking data transmissions in the uplink using UL OFDMA, which had a negative impact on latency by delaying game rendering.</p
... After the DIFS period, it randomly selects a contention window (CW) size from 0 to 2 BE − 1. The value of BE increases by one each time there is a collision [45]. Similar to the 802.11 ...
Internet of Things (IoT) devices are increasingly popular due to their wide array of application domains. In IoT networks, sensor nodes are often connected in the form of a mesh topology and deployed in large numbers. Managing these resource-constrained small devices is complex and can lead to high system costs. A number of standardized protocols have been developed to handle the operation of these devices. For example, in the network layer, these small devices cannot run traditional routing mechanisms that require large computing powers and overheads. Instead, routing protocols specifically designed for IoT devices, such as the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks, provide a more suitable and simple routing mechanism. However, they incur high overheads as the network expands. Meanwhile, reinforcement learning (RL) has proven to be one of the most effective solutions for decision making. RL holds significant potential for its application in IoT device’s communication-related decision making, with the goal of improving performance. In this paper, we explore RL’s potential in IoT devices and discuss a theoretical framework in the context of network layers to stimulate further research. The open issues and challenges are analyzed and discussed in the context of RL and IoT networks for further study.
... Future direction of this research would focus on exploring cutting-edge wireless technologies, specifically the IEEE 802.11ax [44] and IEEE 802.11be [45] standards. The objective is to further advance seamless Train-to-Shore connectivity, achieving gigabit throughput-per-area in high-density scenarios while extending the range and bolstering the resilience of backbone to service diversity. ...
The next generation of railway customer-oriented services are expected to generate a large volume of data (~ 10s of TB). As a result, passengers' applications, safety, security, and Internet-on-Board (IoB) sensors challenge current Train Communication Networks. With the present Ethernet Train Backbone (ETB) specification of just 100 Mbit/s in total, railway passenger services will not support intelligent, seamlessly connected and mobile media on-board trains. In this paper, we propose a novel ETB design with experimental results demonstrating end-to-end 10 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s throughput results over existing conducting media on commercial railway carriages. This is equivalent to 100 Mbit/s per user on real-world railway rolling stock and shows that standard RailCat 5e cabling and new rail-approved 10 Gbit/s ETB active nodes (switches) fully support emerging trends and future-proof ETB configurations.
