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![An equilibrium Ni-Zn phase diagram thermodynamically calculated by Su et al. [33].](publication/322128312/figure/fig3/AS:1086527677440067@1636059793933/An-equilibrium-Ni-Zn-phase-diagram-thermodynamically-calculated-by-Su-et-al-33.jpg)
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Mechanical ball milling assisted by sintering in the solid state was used in this research to produce the Zn-Ni x system alloy. The derivative powder compositions of Zn-Ni x ( x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) were obtained to study the Ni effects on the microstructural and mechanical properties. It is worth remarking that conventional methods are not...
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... The effect of sintering on grain size depends on the process of necking formation. The formation of necking occurs as a result of sintering and diffusion driven by the desire of particles to minimize energy [63]. For the sintering process, there are three important stages, namely the initial stage, the intermediate stage, and the final stage. ...
In the development of advanced materials and various technological applications, the preparation and sintering processes have become two important factors in determining material characteristics. This research focuses on two main aspects, namely the effect of fish bone preparation by soaking in acetone and the surface area of the material in the sintering process as part of the process of developing better materials. This research aims to determine the effect of soaking fish bone powder with acetone and the effect of the surface area of sintered fish bones to produce hydroxyapatite (HA). The immersion process with acetone is included in the sample preparation stage, while the sintering process is included in the material synthesis stage. These two things can affect the characteristics of the HA produced after analysis from the X-ray diffraction test. The HA structure obtained from all samples is hexagonal with cell parameter values a = b ≠ c and space group P 63 / m, where all samples have a value range of a = b = 9,42 Å and c = 6,88 Å. HA crystallinity was identified through the XRD peak at 2θ = 25,8 (002); 31,7 (211); 32,1 (112); 32,8 (300); 34,0 (202); 39,7 (310); 46,6 (222); 49,4 (213); 50,4 (321). The PAF-900 and CAF-900 samples are similar to HA in JCPDS 01-089-4405 whose compound formula is Ca5(PO4)3(OH) while the PWAF-900 sample is similar to HA in JCPDS 01-075-3727 whose compound formula is Ca5(PO4)3(CO3)0.01(OH)1.3. The percentage of crystallinity of PAF-900, CAF-900, and PWAF-900 respectively was 84,767; 73,506; and 71,962% with HA grain sizes of 0,8964; 0,6808, and 0,7398 nm. The HA density of PAF-900 and CAF-900 samples is 3,149 g/cm3 while PWAF-900 is 3,146 g/cm3. Based on this description, it can be concluded that the soaking preparation stage with acetone produces HA with the chemical formula Ca5(PO4)3OH with a higher percentage of crystallization and is denser compared to HA obtained without going through the soaking preparation stage with acetone. The sintering stage also plays an important role in increasing the crystallization percentage. The surface area of the material being sintered also influences the percentage of crystallization and the grain size of the resulting HA. Sintered fish bone powder produces a greater percentage of crystallization and grain size than fish bone chunks
... Formation of necking occur due to sintering and diffusion that was driven by the desire of the particle to minimize the energy [1]. For the sintering process, there are three essential stages which are the initial stage, intermediate stage, and final stage. ...
The process of sintering involves applying pressure and heat to the materials without melting them in order to fuse the particles together into a solid mass. The fusion between the particle are also known as interparticles necking which plays an important role in producing high-density products. Increasing in necking size between particles will allow the formation of smaller pore sizes which help to produce stronger and higher hardness materials. The necking also plays an essential role in producing high porosity products that are commonly used for medical applications which still required high tensile value and hardness. For this, proper process parameters were required to produce larger necking growth. To get a better understanding of this matter, the effect of powder and processing parameters will be reviewed in this article. The parameters for different processes such as conventional sintering, microwave sintering, selective laser melting, and others will be discussed in this paper as well.
... Powder metallurgy (PM) techniques offer some possibilities to affect the mechanical properties by further decreasing both the grain size and the size and distribution of intermetallic particles [5,20,21]. Another important factor is the possibility to increase the solid solution solubility of the alloying elements in the matrix above equilibrium conditions by the application of mechanical alloying. This promotes the formation of metastable microstructures with a direct effect on mechanical and corrosion properties [22][23][24]. ...
Zinc and its alloys are considered as promising materials for the preparation of biodegradable medical devices (stents and bone fixation screws) due to their enhanced biocompatibility. These materials must achieve an ideal combination of mechanical and corrosion properties that can be influenced by alloying or thermomechanical processes. This paper presents the effects of different mechanical alloying (MA) parameters on the composition of Zn-1Mg powder. At the same time, this study describes the influence of preparation by MA on Zn-6Mg and Zn-16Mg alloys. The selected powders were compacted by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. Subsequently, their microstructures were studied and their mechanical properties were tested. The overall process led to a significant grain refinement (629 ± 274 nm for Zn-1Mg) and the formation of new intermetallic phases (Mg2Zn11, MgZn2). The compressive properties of the sintered samples were mainly related to the concentration of the alloying elements, where an increase in concentration led to an improvement in strength but a deterioration in ductility. According to the obtained results, the best properties were obtained for the Zn-1Mg alloy.
... Here, the analyzed and fixed temperature is 385 • C for the sintering process. This is compared with [34], in which the nickel was added up to 20% of the weight and where they reached 357 • C. The increase in sintering temperature for the present alloy is due to the addition of the Ti and Cu mixed in the matrix. ...
According to the modern era, zinc is one of the best replacements for human bio-implants due to its acceptable degradation, nominal degradable rate, and biocompatibility. However, alloying zinc with other nutrient metals is mandatory to improve the mechanical properties. In this research, Zn-4Ti-4Cu was alloyed with calcium and phosphorous through a powder metallurgical process to make guided bone regeneration (GBR). First, the sintering temperature of the alloy was found with the usage of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Tensile and compression tests showed the suitability of the alloy in strength. The microstructural characteristics were provided with EDS and SEM. The different phases of the alloy were detected with X-ray diffraction (XRD). We can clearly depict the precipitates formed and the strengthening mechanism due to titanium addition. An electrochemical corrosion (ECM) test was carried out with simulated body fluid (Hank’s solution) as the electrolyte. Cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance properties were studied and discussed.
... times the melting point of the metal powders. This process can also be used for the fabrication of biodegradable Zn-based alloys [114,115]. The maximum density of ~95% was achieved via hot pressing (HP), a process that simultaneously applies compression and sintering of the part [116,117]. ...
Biodegradable metals (BMs) gradually degrade in vivo by releasing corrosion products once exposed to the physiological environment in the body. Complete dissolution of biodegradable implants assists tissue healing, with no implant residues in the surrounding tissues. In recent years, three classes of BMs have been extensively investigated, including magnesium (Mg)-based, iron (Fe)-based, and zinc (Zn)-based BMs. Among these three BMs, Mg-based materials have undergone the most clinical trials. However, Mg-based BMs generally exhibit faster degradation rates, which may not match the healing periods for bone tissue, whereas Fe-based BMs exhibit slower and less complete in vivo degradation. Zn-based BMs are now considered a new class of BMs due to their intermediate degradation rates, which fall between those of Mg-based BMs and Fe-based BMs, thus requiring extensive research to validate their suitability for biomedical applications. In the present study, recent research and development on Zn-based BMs are reviewed in conjunction with discussion of their advantages and limitations in relation to existing BMs. The underlying roles of alloy composition, microstructure, and processing technique on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Zn-based BMs are also discussed.
Zn-Cu alloys have been considered as potential candidates for bioimplant applications due to their moderate corrosion rate and admirable mechanical properties with non-toxic nature to the human body. However, with the incorporation of advanced reinforcements, such as carbon allotropes, the properties and applicability of a Zn-Cu alloy matrix can be further enhanced. In this research, graphene (Gr) nanoplatelets reinforced Zn-Cu/Gr nanocomposites were synthesised through a modified electro-codeposition method with different concentrations of Gr (25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) in the electrolyte bath. The prepared powder samples were compacted and sintered to form pellets. The pellets were tested for mechanical and in-vitro corrosion. The obtained micro-hardness, compressive yield strength (CYS) and ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of Zn-Cu/Gr (100 mg L−1) nanocomposite are 151 HV, 340 MPs and 362 MPa with increments of 84.1%, 118% and 70.7% compared to pure Zn-Cu alloy, respectively. The reduced wear rates and friction coefficients of Zn-Cu/Gr nanocomposites are attributed to crystallite size refinement and Gr content. The electrochemical corrosion rate is reduced by 66.6% from 33 × 10−3 mm year−1 for pure Zn-Cu alloy to 11 × 10−3 mm year−1 for Zn-Cu/Gr (100 mg L−1) nanocomposites, owing to Gr barrier protection. The in-vitro cytotoxicity assessment reveals that the prepared Zn-Cu/Gr nanocomposite is non-toxic for Gr concentration up to 50 mg L−1 in the electrolyte bath. The results show that a non-toxic Zn-Cu/Gr nanocomposite with outstanding tribo-mechanical and anti-corrosion properties can be synthesised by the proposed method.
The effect of Ni nanoparticles in the properties of Zn-Ni x advanced alloys was evaluated. • The synthesis of Zn-Nix alloys is feasible for additions of Ni Nano and microparticles. • Advanced alloys were synthesized in a short time by the mechanical milling process. A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Nanoparticles Zn-nix advanced alloys Sintering Microstructure Mechanical properties A B S T R A C T Zn-Ni 5 , Zn-Ni 10 , Zn-Ni 15 , and Zn-Ni 20 advanced alloys were prepared by mechanical milling and synthesized by sintering reaction in solid-state. This research aims to study the effect of Ni nanoparticles on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the Zn-based alloys. The morphological evolution of the microstructure and phase's formation of Zn-based alloys were examined through the optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and SEM-EDS elemental mapping. Its mechanical properties such as hardness and Young's Modulus were determined by Vickers microindentation and the ultrasonic method, respectively. The results showed that the intermetallic phases were not formed during the mechanical milling process regardless of the working conditions (4 h, 200 rpm). These intermetallic phases only appeared after the sintering stage (357 • C, 1 h), which is associated to atomic diffusion and resulted in the formation of NiZn, Ni 3 Zn 22 , NiZn 3 , Ni 5 Zn 21 , δ-NiZn, and ɣ-ZnNi phases. The microstructure, hardness, and Young's Modulus have significant changes, compared to the same materials synthesized with Ni microparticles. The results showed that the mechanical properties were affected due to the addition of Ni.
The first ternary intermetallic phase - Ni11.4+xZn19.8In14.9-y (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2; 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.1) in the Ni-Zn-In system is presented. The structure of the phase has been analysed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Due to the similar X-ray scattering factors for Ni and Zn, a combination of X-ray and neutron diffraction has been employed to identify accurate sites of Ni and Zn in the structure of the Ni-Zn-In phase. The phase is structurally complex and adopts a narrow homogeneity range. The structure crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm (63) and contains 46 atoms per unit cell which bears all types of disorder phenomena (vacancies, mixed site occupancies, and positional disorders) that is typical for complex metallic alloys. The structure is mostly tetrahedrally close-packed and is generated mainly by two types of endohedral clusters: a 12-atom cluster that is closely related to an icosahedron and an 11-atom polyhedron that is related to twinned cuboctahedron. The phase is stabilized at valance electron concentration between 1.82 and 1.83 e/a.
