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An agent-based model of migration: top: the spatial environment, where the lines represent migration pathways, and the nodes represent number of migrants. Purple nodes represent final destination sites, red nodes show migrant deaths, and green nodes show migrants en route (source: Hu 2016)
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The exodus of displaced populations is a recurring historical phenomenon, and the ongoing Syrian humanitarian crisis is its latest incarnation. During such mass migration events, information is an essential commodity. Of particular importance is geographical (e.g., pathways and refugee camps) and social (e.g., refugee activities and networking) inf...
Citations
... Nel periodo immediatamente precedente la crisi, la teorizzazione del Web 2.0 ha preparato un intenso percorso di innovazione, che ha reso di fondamentale importanza i contenuti generati dagli utenti di Internet, articolati soprattutto attraverso i blog e i social media (Curry et al., 2019;O'Reilly, 2010). Allo stesso tempo, i dispositivi utilizzati per la comunicazione e le prassi sociali associati ad essi sono mutati radicalmente e la ricerca ha evidenziato il ruolo cruciale assunto da Internet e dallo smartphone per i migranti (Leurs e Witteborn, 2021). ...
In Australia, i neomigranti mantengono un atteggiamento fondamentalmente critico verso la rete associativa storica. Gli ultimi arrivati non si riconoscono in un mondo associativo in gran parte ancora modellato sulle istanze delle generazioni più anziane. Questa diffidenza da parte dei giovani neomigranti è da intendersi però come un bisogno di associazionismo, come già osservato da Bartolini e Morga (2005). Se l'associazionismo italiano all'estero sta vivendo una fase di transizione, i neomigranti possono rappresentare un tassello fondamentale nel processo di rinnovamento e ricambio generazionale (Caldarini, Di Gregorio e Moffa, 2022; Caltabiano, 2022). L'obiettivo di questo capitolo è di esplorare questo bisogno calandolo nella realtà australiana. Il capitolo è diviso in due paragrafi. Nel primo si delinea un quadro generale delle condizioni dei neomigranti italiani in Australia. È un quadro segnato, per un verso, dalla politica migratoria australiana che incoraggia temporaneità e transitorietà e, per l'altro, da forme di aggregazione spesso slegate dal mondo dell'associazionismo storico e più consone al concetto di spazio digitale come piattaforma alternativa di socialità e associazionismo (digital togetherness e digital diaspora). Nel secondo paragrafo trovano spazio quattro esempi di forme associative contemporanee: il gruppo RPG Brisbane, il Nomit di Melbourne, il GIA di Sydney e il Made of Italy di Perth. Sono forme associative nuove, fondate o portate avanti da neomigranti italiani, che in alcuni casi si appoggiano al capitale (di risorse e umano) dell'associazionismo storico ma lo adatta ai nuovi bisogni migratori.
... It has happened historically before, and the current humanitarian crisis in Ukraine is its most recent manifestation. As a result, even though forced migration is a common historical occurrence, one can argue that current migration events are distinct in that they develop in a context that is rich in information and frequently involves participation (Curry et al., 2019). So, the use of crowd generated data informs people on the migration process and then views such events through an entirely new lens. ...
Every person is special in some aspects or areas that are very rare in this world. Specialization in any area which is pretty much comfortable for one person could be very tough for another person. Crowdsourcing makes the bridge between specialized persons and employers where employers hire those persons at competitive prices. The new term “crowdsourcing” originated in the last decade to make outsourcing a focused area. The small job market could be replaced by an open global market by proper utilization of crowdsourcing. In addition, there is a strong connection between crowdworkers and migrant workers studying themes and literature. This study has done thematic analysis using a literature review map to know the current research on crowdworkers as well as high-skilled migrant workers in crowdsourcing platforms that will help to identify strengths and limitations in this area. The results suggest that crowdsourcing can be an effective way to connect migrated workers with employers and to drive innovation and problem-solving in a range of industries. As a result, a critical examination of how crowdsourcing is connected to migrated workers is recommended in the future.
... In addition to these authoritative datasets, advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and online connectivity have revolutionized the ways migrants create, foster, and develop support networks during migration trajectories. These advances have led to the emergence of crowdsourced migration data, which have substantially increased the amount of openly available data (Curry et al. 2019). ...
Forced migration of populations is a topic of increasingly national and international importance due to security , international relations, and humanitarian considerations. Despite its importance, there has been a dearth of quantitative research to support modeling and simulation of this topic, thus hindering our ability to better understand this phenomenon. Motivated by this gap, this research leverages the recent availability of diverse set of data related to forced migration, including regime legitimacy, violence, human rights violations , conflict, socio-political mobilization, intervening opportunities, and social media. The purpose of this article is to explore the applicability and utility of open-source data in a system dynamics model to forecast population displacement, and to illustrate the benefits of using a system dynamics approach to modeling displaced population on a national and international scale. Our results suggest that this proposed approach can be used to understand such migration processes and simulate possible scenarios.
... Bharti et al. [21] combined night-time lights satellite imagery and anonymized mobile phone CDRs to analyse the population displacement in the context of the internal political conflict in Côte d'Ivoire in 2010. Similarly, with the crowdsourcing approach, the relevant information can be mined and used to analyse migration pathways following conflicts, however with significant methodological challenges [22]. ...
This work contributes to the discussion on how innovative data can support a fast crisis response. We use operational data from Facebook to gain useful insights on where people fleeing Ukraine following the Russian invasion are likely to be displaced, focusing on the European Union. In this context, it is extremely important to anticipate where these people are moving so that local and national authorities can better manage challenges related to their reception and integration. By means of the audience estimates provided by Facebook advertising platform, we analyse the flows of people fleeing Ukraine towards the European Union. At the fifth week since the beginning of the war, our results indicate an increase in the number of Ukrainian stocks derived from Ukrainian-speaking Facebook user estimates in all the European Union (EU) countries, with Poland registering the highest percentage share (33%) of the overall increase, followed by Germany (17%), and Czechia (15%). We assess the reliability of prewar Facebook estimates by comparison with official statistics on the Ukrainian diaspora, finding a strong correlation between the two data sources (Pearson’s $r=0.9$ r = 0.9 , $p<0.0001$ p < 0.0001 ). We then compare our results with data on refugees in EU countries bordering Ukraine reported by the UNHCR, and we observe a similarity in their trend. In conclusion, we show how Facebook advertising data could offer timely insights on international mobility during crises, supporting initiatives aimed at providing humanitarian assistance to the displaced people, as well as local and national authorities to better manage their reception and integration.
... 21 By making use of different data sources and combining novel and traditional datasets, Voyage Viewer provides a more complete picture of migration around the world. Additionally, by using data from digital traces, some of the metrics shown in Voyage Viewer capture the process of migration from the viewpoint of migrants themselves (Curry et al., 2019). To explain in detail the different parts of Voyage Viewer, in this section we delve into the Inputs and Resources needed to build it, the activities and outputs it produces, and outline the outcomes we hope to achieve as charted in Figure 12.3. ...
... essential tools for the process of migration itself. Refugees, especially those travelling through non-conventional routes, may rely on geolocation, mapping software, and crowd-sourced data like OpenStreetMap (Curry et al., 2019) to find their way to their destination. They also depend on access to the internet to find relevant information about places where to stay along the way and where to find resources to support their trip. ...
Human migration is an important societal issue with wide-ranging implications, and timely and accurate insights are increasingly needed for understanding the key factors to ensure the well-being of populations. New data sources, such as usage data from mobile phones and applications, remote sensing and satellite images, social media, event and news databases, and financial databases, enable data scientists to collaborate with migration scholars, to equip them with new quantitative tools, to address certain data gaps, and to supply empirical evidence for building and testing theories while complying with ethical requirements. In this book, we provide an overview of the major data sources and link them to migration and mobility in a way accessible to both migration scholars and data scientists, highlighting the relevant issues from multiple aspects, and offering broad social scientific and technical coverage. We describe many case studies about the use of data science in migration and mobility, as well as related areas, such as humanitarian aid. Most importantly, we give a comprehensive treatment of the legal and ethical concerns, discussing surveillance and dataveillance, implications to power structures, and potential misuses of large scale data processing, which need to be addressed to reap the benefits of data science without harming data subjects, or vulnerable groups such as refugees and asylum seekers.
... A few attempts were made to study the refugee crisis especially in 2015-2016. For example, Curry et al. (2019) explored the discourses around refugees in several countries and, for example, found that most of the posts identified as images about refugees were posted from Greece, Turkey, Spain, Hungary, Italy, Germany, and the UK as expected, in line with what has been observed on Instagram in parallel. However, on Flickr, Algeria, Sudan, and Iraq had more substantial photograph density then the previous set of data which suggests other significant migration processes. ...
... refugee activities and networking) is crucial to migrants. Access to data and generated content about refugees is another potential source in understanding migration routes and migration determinants according to Mahabir et al. (2018) and Curry et al. (2019). This approach has mainly been developed in disaster and risk management studies (see, e.g., Schimak et al., 2015) and it still remains in its infancy due to the burden of collecting this data, often qualitative, in a systematic way. ...
... This approach has mainly been developed in disaster and risk management studies (see, e.g., Schimak et al., 2015) and it still remains in its infancy due to the burden of collecting this data, often qualitative, in a systematic way. In their review paper, Curry et al. (2019) show the value of crowd-generated data (especially open data and volunteered geographic information) to study migration events. Using a set of specific case studies, they show how migration-related information can be dynamically mined and analysed to study the migrant pathways from their home countries to their destination sites, as well as the conditions and activities that evolve during the migration process. ...
With the consolidation of the culture of evidence-based policymaking, the availability of data has become central to policymakers. Nowadays, innovative data sources offer an opportunity to describe demographic, mobility, and migratory phenomena more accurately by making available large volumes of real-time and spatially detailed data. At the same time, however, data innovation has led to new challenges (ethics, privacy, data governance models, data quality) for citizens, statistical offices, policymakers and the private sector. Focusing on the fields of demography, mobility, and migration studies, the aim of this report is to assess the current state of data innovation in the scientific literature as well as to identify areas in which data innovation has the most concrete potential for policymaking. Consequently, this study has reviewed more than 300 articles and scientific reports, as well as numerous tools, that employed non-traditional data sources to measure vital population events (mortality, fertility), migration and human mobility, and the population change and population distribution. The specific findings of our report form the basis of a discussion on a) how innovative data is used compared to traditional data sources; b) domains in which innovative data have the greatest potential to contribute to policymaking; c) the prospects of innovative data transition towards systematically contributing to official statistics and policymaking.
... We hypothesise that an increase in the number of Google searches will, following a delay of about one to three days, translate to a rise in the number of refugees. According to Curry et al., trigger events happen immediately before migration, usually within a time frame of 1-2 days before emigration occurs and are events that the individual perceives as threatening their integrity (Curry et al. 2018). ...
This study was created due to the need to predict the migration flows of refugees from Ukraine to the EU in the absence of official data. We present a descriptive analysis of Big Data sources, which are helpful in determining, as well as for estimating and forecasting refuge emigration flows from Ukraine and help crisis managers. The objective of this study was to test the usefulness of Big Data and Google Trends (GT) indexes to predict further forced migration from Ukraine to the EU (mainly to Germany). The primary methodological concept of our approach is to monitor the digital trace of Internet searches in Ukrainian, Russian and English with the GT analytical tool. The control mechanism for testing this sort of Big Data was performed by comparing those insights with the official databases from UNHCR and national governments, which were available two months later. All tested migration-related search queries (20) about emigration planning from Ukraine show a positive linear association between the Google index and data from official UNHCR statistics; R2 = 0.1211 for searches in Russian and R2 = 0.1831 for searches in Ukrainian. Increase in migration-related search activities in Ukraine, such as "граница" (Rus. border), кордону (Ukr. border); "Польща" (Poland); "Германия" (Rus. Germany), "Німеччина" (Ukr. Germany) and "Угорщина" and "Венгрия" (Hungary) correlate strongly with officially UNHCR data for externally displaced persons from Ukraine. The results show that one-fourth of all refugees will cross into Germany. According to Big Data insights, the estimated number of expected refugees until July 2022 is 5.9 Million refugees and mid-2023 Germany can expect 1.5 million Ukrainian refugees.
... We hypothesise that an increase in the number of Google searches will, following a delay of about one to three days, translate to a rise in the number of refugees. According to Curry et al., trigger events happen immediately before migration, usually within a time frame of 1-2 days before emigration occurs and are events that the individual perceives as threatening their integrity (Curry et al. 2018). ...
This study was created due to the need to predict the migration flows of refugees from Ukraine to the EU in the absence of official data. We present a descriptive analysis of Big Data sources, which are helpful in determining, as well as for estimating and forecasting refuge emigration flows from Ukraine and help crisis managers. The objective of this study was to test the usefulness of Big Data and Google Trends (GT) indexes to predict further forced migration from Ukraine to the EU (mainly to Germany). The primary methodological concept of our approach is to monitor the digital trace of Internet searches in Ukrainian, Russian and English with the GT analytical tool. The control mechanism for testing this sort of Big Data was performed by comparing those insights with the official databases from UNHCR and national governments, which were available two months later. All tested migration-related search queries (20) about emigration planning from Ukraine show a positive linear association between the Google index and data from official UNHCR statistics; R2 = 0.1211 for searches in Russian and R2 = 0.1831 for searches in Ukrainian. Increase in migration-related search activities in Ukraine, such as “граница” (Rus. border), кордону (Ukr. border); “Польща” (Poland); “Германия” (Rus. Germany), “Німеччина” (Ukr. Germany) and “Угорщина” and “Венгрия” (Hungary) correlate strongly with officially UNHCR data for externally displaced persons from Ukraine. The results show that one-fourth of all refugees will cross into Germany. According to Big Data insights, the estimated number of expected refugees until July 2022 is 5.9 Million refugees and mid-2023 Germany can expect 1.5 million Ukrainian refugees. Keywords: refugee, forecasting refugee flows, Ukraine, big data, Google trends, forced migration, UNHCR
... Bharti et al. [21] combine night-time lights satellite imagery and anonymized mobile phone CDRs to analyse the population displacement in the context of the internal political conflict in Côte d'Ivoire in 2010. Similarly, with the crowdsourcing approach, the relevant information can be mined and used to analyse migration pathways following conflicts, however with significant methodological challenges [22]. ...
This work contributes to the discussion on how innovative data can support a fast crisis response. We use operational data from Facebook to gain useful insights on where people fleeing Ukraine following the Russian invasion are likely to be displaced, focusing on the \acl{EU}. In this context, it is extremely important to anticipate where these people are moving so that local and national authorities can better manage challenges related to their reception and integration. By means of the Ukrainian-speaking Monthly Active Users estimates provided by Facebook advertising platform, we analyse the flows of people fleeing the country towards the European Union. At the fifth week since the beginning of the war, our results indicate an increase in the number of Ukrainian-speaking Facebook users in all the EU countries, with Poland registering the highest percentage share ($33\%$) of the overall increase, followed by Germany ($17\%$), and Czechia ($15\%$). We assess the reliability of prewar Facebook estimates by comparison with official statistics on the Ukrainian diaspora, finding a strong correlation between the two data sources (Pearson's $r=0.93$, $p<0.0001$). We then compare our results with data on arrivals in Poland and Hungary reported by the \acs{UNHCR}, and we observe a similarity in their trend. In conclusion, we show how Facebook advertising data could offer timely insights on international mobility during crisis, supporting initiatives aimed at providing humanitarian assistance to the displaced people, as well as local and national authorities to better manage their reception and integration.
... The study analyzes the reaction of Twitter users on how they expressed three types of emotions (fear, sympathy, and solidarity) regarding terrorism [96]. The literature evaluation also identified some studies that use spatiotemporal techniques inclusive of Exodus 2.0 [101] and the national-scale Twitter data mining pipeline [104]. In addition, Ref. [97] used visual analytics system-based spatiotemporal analysis to study public behavior in order to implement effective response planning and decision making using social media data. ...
... Notably, Exodus 2.0 by [101] is based on spatiotemporal and thematic analysis. The Exodus system supports the analysis of migrants' pathways. ...
The end goal of technological advancement used in crisis response and recovery is to prevent, reduce or mitigate the impact of a crisis, thereby enhancing sustainable recovery. Advanced technological approaches such as social media, machine learning (ML), social network analysis (SNA), and big data are vital to a sustainable crisis management decisions and communication. This study selects 28 articles via a systematic process that focuses on ML, SNA, and related technological tools to understand how these tools are shaping crisis management and decision making. The analysis shows the significance of these tools in advancing sustainable crisis management to support decision making, information management, communication, collaboration and cooperation, location-based services, community resilience, situational awareness, and social position. Moreover, the findings noted that managing diverse outreach information and communication is increasingly essential. In addition, the study indicates why big data and language, cross-platform support, and dataset lacking are emerging concerns for sustainable crisis management. Finally, the study contributes to how advanced technological solutions effectively affect crisis response, communication, decision making, and overall crisis management.
