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This paper presents a development of a semi-active prosthetic knee, which can work in both active and passive modes based on the energy required during the gait cycle of various activities of daily livings (ADLs). The prosthetic limb is equipped with various sensors to measure the kinematic and kinetic parameters of both prosthetic limbs. This pros...
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... this section, the amount of negative and positive energy required to be dissipated or generated from able-bodied knee and ankle joints during ADLs are studied. The authors used normative gait data from three different references (Bovi et al., 2011, Riener et al., 2002, Winter, 1991 to estimate the amount of normalised positive and negative energy required at the knee and ankle joints during level ground walking and stair ascending/descending as shown in Figures 2 and 3. The analysis showed that the amount of normalised negative energy per person weight dissipated through the knee joint are 0.2576±0.021 ...
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In this paper, we have presented design and implementation of a 3D printed electromyography based bionic arm, having potential to be used by an upper limb amputee. The user flexes his or her muscles to electronically activate and control the arm. Our main goal was to obtain the fundamental control of the hand at a cost which makes bionic arm access...
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... Amputation is often a concern for a person, their family, and society. Lower limb amputations lead people to the loss of mobility, a deteriorated the quality of life, decreased functional performance, and difficulties in maintaining their normal daily activities (Awad et al., 2016). Compared to healthy individuals, the majority of these people tire faster, walk slower, and are less sedentary (Alejandro et al., 2020). ...
... These prosthetics typically consist of flexible springs or carboncomposite paper springs that can store and release energy to help the individual move forward during the standing and walking stages (Stephen et al., 2019;Dhokiaa et al., 2017). These prostheses are assembled using ready-made components and a custom-made socket to attach them to the limb residuum (Albert and Ali, 2012;Awad et al., 2016). To provide comfort to lower limb amputees, smart prosthetics, whose development requires a lot of effort (Xie et al., 2020), are now used in the field of biological rehabilitation. ...
Below-knee prosthetics are used to restore the functional activity and appearance of persons with lower limb amputation. This work attempted to design and manufacture a low-cost, novel, comfortable, lightweight, durable, and flexible smart below-knee foot prosthesis prototype. This prosthesis foot was designed according to the natural leg measurement of an adult male patient. The foot is composed of rigid PVC layers interspersed with elastic strips of PTFE, and the axis of the ankle joint is flexible and consists of metal layers and a composite of polymeric damping strips with different mechanical properties, making it flexible and allowing it to absorb shocks and store and release energy. The design, modeling, and simulation of the manufactured prosthetic foot were performed via the ANSYS 18.0 software and the finite element method (FEM), where a large number of parallel and oblique planes and sketches were created. This work included four adult patients weighing 50, 75, 90, and 120 kg with different walking cycles. The results show that the highest equivalent von Mises stress and total deformations for the prosthetic limb occur at the beginning of the walking step, while the highest equivalent elastic strains and strain energy release rates are observed at the end of the walking step, regardless of the weight. This prototype can satisfactorily perform the biomechanical functions of a natural human foot, and it can be produced in attractive sizes, models, and shapes to suit different levels of below-knee amputations for different ages and weights, especially for patients with limited income. RESUMEN Las prótesis debajo de la rodilla se utilizan para restaurar la actividad funcional y la apariencia de personas con amputación de miembros inferiores. Este trabajo intentó diseñar y fabricar un prototipo de prótesis de pie inteligente debajo de la rodilla, novedoso, cómodo, liviano, duradero, flexible y de bajo costo. Esta prótesis de pie fue diseñada según la medida natural de la pierna de un paciente masculino adulto. El pie está compuesto por capas rígidas de PVC intercaladas con tiras elásticas de PTFE, y el eje de la articulación del tobillo es flexible y está formado por capas metálicas y un compuesto de tiras amortiguadoras poliméricas con diferentes propiedades mecánicas, que la hacen flexible y le permiten absorber impactos y almacenar y liberar energía. El diseño, modelado y simulación de la prótesis de pie fabricada se realizó mediante el software ANSYS 18.0 y el método de elementos finitos (FEM), donde se crearon una gran cantidad de planos y bocetos paralelos y oblicuos. Este trabajo incluyó a cuatro pacientes adultos que pesaban 50, 75, 90 y 120 kg con diferentes ciclos de caminata. Los resultados muestran que la tensión de von Mises equivalente más alta y las deformaciones totales para la extremidad protésica ocurren al comienzo del paso de caminar, mientras que las deformaciones elásticas equivalentes y las tasas de liberación de energía de deformación más altas se observan al final del paso de caminar, independientemente del peso. Este prototipo puede realizar satisfactoriamente las funciones biomecánicas de un pie humano natural y puede producirse en tamaños, modelos y formas atractivos para adaptarse a diferentes niveles de amputaciones por debajo de la rodilla para diferentes edades y pesos, especialmente para pacientes con ingresos limitados. Palabras clave: prótesis por debajo de la rodilla, amputación de miembro inferior, pie flexible de varias capas, simulación en software ANSYS 18.0, RSM, etapas del ciclo de marcha, estrés de von Mises
... Amputation is often a concern for a person, their family, and society. Lower limb amputations lead people to the loss of mobility, a deteriorated the quality of life, decreased functional performance, and difficulties in maintaining their normal daily activities (Awad et al., 2016). Compared to healthy individuals, the majority of these people tire faster, walk slower, and are less sedentary (Alejandro et al., 2020). ...
... These prosthetics typically consist of flexible springs or carboncomposite paper springs that can store and release energy to help the individual move forward during the standing and walking stages (Stephen et al., 2019;Dhokiaa et al., 2017). These prostheses are assembled using ready-made components and a custom-made socket to attach them to the limb residuum (Albert and Ali, 2012;Awad et al., 2016). To provide comfort to lower limb amputees, smart prosthetics, whose development requires a lot of effort (Xie et al., 2020), are now used in the field of biological rehabilitation. ...
Below-knee prosthetics are used to restore the functional activity and appearance of persons with lower limb amputation. This work attempted to design and manufacture a low-cost, novel, comfortable, lightweight, durable, and flexible smart below-knee foot prosthesis prototype. This prosthesis foot was designed according to the natural leg measurement of an adult male patient. The foot is composed of rigid PVC layers interspersed with elastic strips of PTFE, and the axis of the ankle joint is flexible and consists of metal layers and a composite of polymeric damping strips with different mechanical properties, making it flexible and allowing it to absorb shocks and store and release energy. The design, modeling, and simulation of the manufactured prosthetic foot were performed via the ANSYS 18.0 software and the finite element method (FEM), where a large number of parallel and oblique planes and sketches were created. This work included four adult patients weighing 50, 75, 90, and 120 kg with different walking cycles. The results show that the highest equivalent von Mises stress and total deformations for the prosthetic limb occur at the beginning of the walking step, while the highest equivalent elastic strains and strain energy release rates are observed at the end of the walking step, regardless of the weight. This prototype can satisfactorily perform the biomechanical functions of a natural human foot, and it can be produced in attractive sizes, models, and shapes to suit different levels of below-knee amputations for different ages and weights, especially for patients with limited income.
... www.nature.com/scientificreports/ In order to improve the amputee's QOL with lower limb extremity; lower prosthetic limbs are designed to retrieve some movement functions 9 and substitute the missing limb 10 . During rehabilitation, temporary lower limb prosthetics are used to make amputees accustomed to walking and performing daily life activities safely. ...
Amputation levels in Egypt and the surrounding neighborhood require a state intervention to localize the manufacturing of prosthetic feet. Amputations are mainly due to chronic diseases, accidents, and hostilities’ casualties. The prosthetic foot type is traditionally classified according to the number of axial rotational movements, and is recently classified according to the energy activeness of the foot. The localization of this industry needs a preliminary survey of the domestic technological levels with respect to the foot type. Upon the results of this survey, the energy storage response foot has appealing metrics to proceed with its manufacturing. A prototype manufacturing chain is designed and a set of these feet with a certain commercial size of 27 is manufactured. Resin impregnation technology for carbon fiber composites is followed in this work. The feet are tested according to ISO 22,675. Based on the dimensional and mechanical results, a manufacturing value chain is proposed with the prospective resin transfer molding technology. This value chain will guarantee the required localization as well as the natural growth of this value chain with all related activities like accreditation of practices as well as manpower certification.
... In order to improve the amputee's QOL with lower limb extremity; lower prosthetic limbs are designed to retrieve some movement functions [9] and substitute the missing limb [10]. During rehabilitation, temporary lower limb prosthetics are used to make amputees accustomed to walking and performing daily life activities safely. ...
Amputation levels in Egypt and the surrounding neighborhood requires a state intervention to localize the manufacturing of prosthetic feet. Amputations are mainly due to chronic diseases, accidents, and hostilities’ casualties. The prosthetic foot type is classified traditionally according to the number of axial rotational movements, and recently according to the energy activeness of the foot. The localization of this industry needs a preliminary survey of the technological levels with respect to the foot type. Upon the results of this survey, the energy storage response foot has appealing metrics to proceed with its manufacturing. A prototype manufacturing chain is designed and a set of these feet with a certain commercial size of 27 is manufactured. The feet are tested according to ISO 22675. Based on the successful results, a manufacturing value chain is proposed with the prospective resin transfer molding technology. This value chain will guarantee the required localization as well as the natural growth of this value chain with all related activities like accreditation of practices as well as manpower certification.
... The designed prosthesis can also bear a load of 8 kg and a hooking angle of 53.5°. M I Awad [4] developed a semi-active prosthetic leg for a preliminary assessment and testing which works under both active and passive modes. The mechatronic system designed by the author yields good results for a back driving mechanism to restore the negative energy and to provide the positive power based on the requirement. ...
Prosthetic legs (PL) are mainly used to perform leg amputations more easily. The design and performance of these legs mainly depend on the material selection and manufacturing methods. In the present study, alternative materials are considered for PL such as Al alloy, Ti alloy, Uni directional Carbon fiber epoxy (UDCFE), and combined composite material (CF, UDCFE and Ti alloy) to perform static and fatigue analysis . Static analysis was performed under four different load conditions 60 kg,70 kg, 80 Kg and 90 kg. Fatigue analysis was done under low cycle fatigue conditions. Theoretical calculations are evaluated at various inclinations of the foot 10°, 20°, and 30° with the ground. The results obtained theoretically are compared with Ansys results. The best material which gives the lesser value of deformation and lower damage factor is selected for the design. Further, experimental studies were suggested based on the results obtained from this work.
... In other paper or research they used a hydraulic pump instead of sensors and transmitters, they designed the whole prosthetic leg in such a way that it was solely dependent on the pump and the motor for swing phase and stance phase controls [12] .Apart from prosthetic support there are few cases which can be corrected only with the help of surgery, in such conditions the part by part measurements of the subject is taken for reference [16] . ...
Transfemoral amputation is a condition where the person above the knee area is amputated due to some infection, cancer or trauma. Due to this their mobility is eminently compromised, their lifestyle gets affected and also the individual’s self-confidence is distraught. The only way to aid this condition is to provide a prosthetic to provide support and mitigate easy movement. Usually, prosthetics are not selected due to high cost. In India there are around two lakh thirty thousand amputees in need of prosthetic care but are hesitant to opt for one, for the reason that they are expensive. Most of them go for cosmesis due to this demographic. In this work, we focus on developing a mechanical knee joint prosthesis where the pylon or the shank is replaced by a shock absorber in order to reduce the transient mechanical force acting on the artificial leg. By replacing the basic design with the shock absorber, it also enables the subject to perform other activities such as jumping and jogging with ease as the force is dispersed evenly on the prosthesis. In this we also perform von mises analysis, strain analysis and displacement analysis and carry through a comparative analysis between two commonly used materials in making the prosthetic against carbon fibre and prove the efficacy of carbon fibre.
... The prosthetic lower limb consists of off-the-shelf components and a custom-made socket attached to the residual limb. Awad et al. [178] fabricated prosthetic leg components, including ankle-foot and knee, which can work under both passive and active modes based on energy consumption during various activities. The fabricated prosthetic knee is equipped with various sensors to monitor and regulate the prosthetic status, change in environment, and estimate the user intent of the motion, as shown in Figure 12(A). ...
... A) Schematic illustration of a prosthetic knee mechatronics system attached to the human body[178]. (B) Neuro-prosthetic leg system equipped with sensing system for restoring sensory feedback. An encoder is mounted in the prosthetic knee, and a sensor is attached under the prosthetic foot for J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f monitoring flexion. ...
Wearable electronics offer a robust and emerging framework for invasive and on-skin electronics that are expected to be long-lasting, lightweight, flexible, and conformable. Critical health data monitoring, such as body temperature, wrist pulse, and blood glucose, can be retrieved and evaluated using next-generation electronic devices fabricated with advanced materials and innovative strategies. Over the past years, these devices have revealed an unprecedented transformation in a variety of other applications, including smart prosthetics, assistive robotics, energy harvesting and storage, display sensors, defense, and so forth. Here, we review the latest advancements in wearable electronics, focusing on three significant areas, including (Ⅰ) personalized health monitoring that enables the recording of several physiological and biochemical signals, (Ⅱ) assistive robotics and prosthetics for limb movements and realizing pain or touch sensations to enable disabled patients, while performing their daily tasks (Ⅲ) information and communication, which includes infrared (IR) sensing and holograms. The categorization of wearable electronics such as mountable, textile-based, implantable, and skin-like electronics are briefly summarized. Furthermore, this review provides in-depth insights into the opportunities and constraints for designing next-generation wearable electronics. As a result, this study includes a thorough introduction, overview, limitations and future prospects of wearable electronics, making it a valuable resource for advancing the development of future electronics.
... Control algorithm (Awad and Abouhussein 2016;Tucker et al. 2015) is employed in which the controller supervises the joint position trajectory, however the output of those algorithms isn't always guaranteed. ...
This systematic review focuses on control strategies and machine learning techniques used in prosthetic knees for restoring mobility of individuals with trans-femoral amputations. Review and classification of control strategies that determine how these prosthetic knees interact with the user and gait strategy inspired algorithms for phase identification, locomotion mode, and motion intention recognition were studied. Relevant studies were identified using electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Rehabilitation and Related Therapies) up to April 2021. Abstracts were screened and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Out of 278 potentially relevant studies, 65 articles were included. The specific variables on control approach, control modes, gait control, hardware level, machine learning algorithm, and measured signals mechanism were extracted and added to summary table. The results indicate that advanced methods for adapting position or torque depiction and automatic detection of terrains or gait modes are more commonly utilized, but they are largely limited to laboratory environments. It is concluded that a correct combination of control strategies and machine learning techniques will enable the improvement of prosthetic performance and enhance the standard of amputee’s lives.
... 3,4 Since this research is concerned with gait prediction, it focuses only on lower body limbs. Lower body prostheses can be passive, 5 semi-active, 6 or active prostheses. 7 Passive knees are usually low torque mechanical devices, While Semi-active knees use controlled damping but they cannot generate very high forces. ...
This paper aims to enhance the accuracy of human gait prediction using machine learning algorithms. Three classifiers are used in this paper: XGBoost, Random Forest, and SVM. A predefined dataset is used for feature extraction and classification. Gait prediction is determined during several locomotion activities: sitting (S), level walking (LW), ramp ascend (RA), ramp descend (RD), stair ascend (SA), stair descend (SD), and standing (ST). The results are gained for steady-state (SS) and overall (full) gait cycle. Two sets of sensors are used. The first set uses inertial measurement units only. The second set uses inertial measurement units, electromyography, and electro-goniometers. The comparison is based on prediction accuracy and prediction time. In addition, a comparison between the prediction times of XGBoost with CPU and GPU is introduced due to the easiness of using XGBoost with GPU. The results of this paper can help to choose a classifier for gait prediction that can obtain acceptable accuracy with fewer types of sensors.
... Five muscles in lower limb (Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medias, Vasti, Soleus, and Gastrocnemius) are mainly contributing to the human locomotion. These muscles control the accelerations of the center of mass within the vertical, fore aft, and mediolateral directions whilst human beings stroll and run at their desired speeds [12][13] . Vastus intermedius, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus medialis and Rectus femoris contribute majorly for the knee motion [14] . ...
