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Amount of organic waste per household (ohh) in kilogram as a function of property value (or income level). LO-Low income group, LM-Lower-middle income group, UM-Upper-middle income group, UP-Upper income group
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To develop an effective waste management strategy for a given region, it is important to know the amount of waste generated and the composition of the waste stream. Past research has shown that the amount of waste generated is proportional to the population and the average mean living standards or the average income of the people. In addition, othe...
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... Fig. 1 shows the organic waste generation per household as a function of the property assessment tax value groups, which is the surrogate for living standards of occupants of the household. Although a statistically significant relationship could not be obtained through regression analysis, the bar chart shows a relationship between the two ...
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Citations
... Additionally personal attitudes and other factors like education, average living cost, cultural patterns, age structure of households, and population have also been observed in literature to affect waste generation [46][47][48][49][50][51] . ...
... This was in agreement with the result of a similar question posed by Patrick et al. 62 using the same study area. However, there is the caveat that the cost of collection may not be affordable at present, and in the future, due to the rising cost of living (which is a factor affecting waste generation) as observed in literature [46][47][48][49][50][51] . www.nature.com/scientificreports/ ...
Increased urbanization and population lead to increased consumption of manufactured goods. This ultimately results in increased production of waste. Identifying its composition is crucial for planning an effective solid waste management strategy. This study assesses the characteristics and composition of the waste generated within the Uyo Capital City Development Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. This is to aid in developing a scientifically supported waste management pilot system for the state. Direct waste sorting and characterization were conducted on the municipal solid waste arriving at the landfill during the study period. Over 50% of the generated wastes are recyclables and composed of plastics, metals, and paper, while the fraction of organic waste is over 30%. Similarly, the waste generation per capita is 1.34 kg/person/day, while the generation forecast over the next ten years is estimated to increase by approximately 40%. Furthermore, over 9,000 surveys were completed by residents to establish a problem statement about the existing waste collection and disposal system, and possible solutions. Importantly, a majority of survey respondents were willing to source-separate their wastes and supported paying a fee for adequate waste collection. This strongly indicates that an integrated waste management system could be established to generate value from the collected waste. Supplementary revenue can be generated through composting, recycling, and land reclamation.
... Therefore, they tend to use disposable plastic packaging, like PET bottles (WBU8). Previous studies have shown the correlation that the education level has to waste generation [127,131,132]. Additionally, the higher value of PET bottles compared to other plastics may encourage collection and sale to waste banks. ...
Abstract
In Indonesia, plastic constitutes the second largest component of municipal solid waste; however, 58% remains uncollected. Most plastic recycling depends on informal sectors, accounting for only 10% of the total, leaving the remainder to potentially harm the environment. This paper analyzes how cities in Indonesia have tackled their plastic waste problems from the perspective of the integrated sustainable waste management framework. This study focuses on plastic waste management (PWM) in three cities: Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Magelang. Data were collected from 41 semi-structured interviews, a plastic waste composition data analysis, and site visits. The research outcomes include a comprehensive analysis of stakeholder roles, plastic waste flow, plastic waste composition data, and various challenges in PWM. This study identifies three main stakeholders in collecting plastic wastes: the Department of Environment as the main local government body, community-based waste banks, and private waste management companies. Most recyclable plastic waste is recovered through waste banks and private collection services. In 2022, the predominant types of plastic waste in Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Magelang City were soft plastics, thick plastics, and hard plastics, respectively. The challenges for the PWM stem from various aspects in political, legal, and institutional; environmental; financial and technical; and socio-cultural spheres. Positive trends towards an integrated system are observed, although full integration has not yet been achieved. The research recommends a multi-stakeholder cooperative approach involving municipal authorities, waste banks, and private collectors, responsive to local conditions and emphasizing sustainability aspects throughout waste management stages for a sustainable resource recycling in developing countries.
Keywords: integrated sustainable waste management; plastic waste management; Indonesia; multi-stakeholder; municipalities
... Different types of green and agricultural wastes are widely used as potent bulking agents for composting such as wood chip, wheat straw and rice husk [7]. The difference in organic waste is mainly based on the economic status of the particular country from which organic waste is generated [8]. The past few decades have seen very rapid raise in human population, urbanization, and an accelerating economy, which have led to a rapid rise in organic waste generation [9]. ...
Co-composting of green leaves and kitchen waste at low initial carbon–nitrogen (C/N) ratios was carried out to improve the available nutrients. Composting was performed in a pile for a period of 42 days, and physico-chemical factors, including, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, total Kjeldahal nitrogen, total carbon, and germination index were investigated. The pH of the compost increased exponentially up to 21 days of treatment and it was found to be as its maximum at day 42 (7.69 ± 0.09). EC was observed at 3.1 ± 0.23 mS/cm after day 1 of treatment and it increased to 5.61 ± 0.48 mS/cm after 14 days of composting. EC decreased after 28 days of the composting process and was stable after 35 days. After 7 days of composting process, organic matter was 74.3 ± 2.8% and decreased as 54 ± 3.1% within 21 days. The total organic carbon content was determined as 39.2 ± 1.8% at day 1 and the stable organic carbon level was determined to be 24.1 ± 0.9% after 42 days. The total Kjeldahl nitrogen content of the compost was determined as 1.1% before initiating the composting process. After the third and fourth weeks, the total Kjeldahl nitrogen increased gradually (1.7 ± 0.2%) and it was 1.9 ± 0.15% in the compost after 28 days. The C/N ratio decreased after 1 week (31) and decreased to 15.7 after 28 days of composting. The C/N ratio was 12.1 after 42 days of composting showing maturity. The microbial population was observed during the composting process, and it varied significantly (p < 0.05). In 1 and 2 weeks of compost, the germination index was 42.3 ± 2.8% and 48.3 ± 2.6%, respectively, and it improved to 100% after 42 days of mature compost indicating suitability in soil amendment (p < 0.05). The organic nutrients improved soil microbial activity in the greenhouse. The organic amendments improved the health of the whole plant and improved the yield of green gram (p < 0.05). The applied organic nutrients improved peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and polyphenol oxidase activity in Vigna radiata seeds (p < 0.05).
... The photo-Fenton-like system (Scheme 1) can be considered a promising and effective method for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and achieves excellent results in removing organic contaminants. 48,49 Generally, the oxidation power of the used iron oxide nanomaterial compounds varied widely in the purication of the industrial formation water from one to another due to the inuence of the physical properties of contaminants that existed in the water rather than the properties of nanomaterials themselves, such as the size of nanomaterials, adsorption characters of the NMs, mechanism of the nanomaterials and photocatalytic behaviors. Therefore, the difference in the size of Fe 3 O 4 nano adsorbents was favorable for the diffusion of metal ions from water solution onto the active sites of the adsorbent surface of nanomaterials. ...
... Fe 3 O 4 nanomaterials are adequate for rapidly removing and decreasing metal ions from industrial water effluents. 48,50,51 The adsorption mechanism of contaminants from industrial water by modied iron oxide nanoparticles includes surface site binding, magnetic selective adsorption, electrostatic interaction, and a combination of modied ligands. Thus, the addition of specic metal ions of heavy transition metals to the nanomaterials can achieve high efficiency in the oxidation operation of COD content existing in the formation water. ...
The natural gas production industry faces the problem of the proper disposal of produced water and its treatment with significantly advanced technologies to meet the minimum quality standard for irrigation activities, commercial purposes, and consumption by living organisms. This study describes an effective method for reducing the COD (chemical oxygen demand) content in formation water using different metal oxide nanoparticles such as iron oxide (FO), iron zinc oxide (FZO), and iron vanadium oxide (FVO) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were synthesized and fully characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, dynamic light scattering particle size (DLS) analysis and zeta potential analysis. The experimental results revealed that the maximum reduction of COD content was 42.18% using FVO nanoparticles with a dose of 3 g L⁻¹ at 25 °C and pH = 6. Compared to commercial products [Redoxy and Oxy(OXYSORB)], the synthesized FO, FZO, and FVO nanoparticles demonstrated their superiority by achieving excellent results in decreasing the COD content of wastewater associated with natural gas production by more than 86%. This study introduces a promising technique for decreasing the COD content using metal oxide nanoparticles, which are eco-friendly, bio-safe, cheap, and nontoxic materials, and improving the quality of wastewater associated with natural gas production for its safe disposal through sewage and treatment plants.
... This scale is nested in the country scale, and its MSW composition is derived generally by sorting the capacity of a waste collection truck at the landfill. The HSW generation in this scale is strongly related to the living level (Bandara et al. 2007;Mushtaq et al. 2020). Many studies rely on standard independent variables to model the waste generation such as population density (Chung 2010;Lebersorger and Beigl 2011;Keser et al. 2012), income or GDP (Ojeda-Benítez et al. 2008;Chung 2010), education (Keser et al. 2012), age (Lebersorger and Beigl 2011), and the type of domestic heating system (Dennison et al. 1996). ...
Urban planners require an understanding of the composition as well as the spatial distribution of household solid waste (HSW) components to design policies for various wards of a city. This paper aims to study the composition as well as the spatial dependency of the HSW components generated by the wards forming Annaba city in Algeria. The results of the HSW composition have revealed the high content of the organic matters which represents 50%, the textiles with 13.6%, and the plastics with 10% of the total quantity; the rest of the composition was 5.9% of paper and paperboard, 3% of metals, and 1% of glass. Furthermore, the result of the global and the local Moran indexes calculated and mapped through the ArcGIS 10.7 software shows that there is an evident spatial dependency for almost all the HSW components. Thus, 18% of the total quantity is produced by clustered wards, which propose the segregation of individual waste components at the source as an efficient way to support the reuse, recovery, and recycling. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have revealed that 60% of the emissions are the methane produced from the landfill, and 30% is due to the open burning in the air of waste.
... Rousta et al. (2015) has pointed out that knowledge about what to and where to sort out the waste fractions among the people also impact on recycling behaviour and that a lack of knowledge reduces the efficiency of waste management. It has already been revealed that a number of socioeconomic factors play an important role for municipal solid waste production/generation, such as; occupation, education, income scale and family composition (Bandara et al., 2007;Chen, 2018). Besides these personal features/factors, a study has considered that the social demographics also play an influential role along with economic incentives, awareness on knowledge, and system of collection (Sörme et al., 2019). ...
The generation of solid waste, more specifically municipal solid waste (MSW), has been considered one of the major global environmental problems since urbanization started. Among Scandinavian states, Denmark and Norway have placed in the top positions (1 and 2 respectively) for high MSW production. Sweden has a steady plan for MSW management/treatments by practising material recycle, biological treatment and energy recovery. The aim of this review is to compare municipal waste generation between Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. A systematic literature review was performed by screening academic and public articles to assess factors for better MSW management based on technological solutions. Key results include the importance of new tariffs & legislations, producer responsibilities for electronic products, municipality involvement, distribution of responsibilities, and infrastructure developments for better MSW management in Sweden. The application of modern technologies have also been considered for MSW management in Sweden. Societal participation (willingness, awareness and concern) in Sweden also plays a significant role in MSW management. A better packaging system, application of interactive visualization (gamification) in waste sorting, public awareness, and infrastructure development could significantly improve the waste sorting process and conversion of waste management from a linear economy towards a circular economy.
... Waste generation has been linked to a variety of demographic factors. Prior work has found a positive relationship between waste generation and income (Bandara et al., 2007;Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012), population density (Johnstone and Labonne, 2004) and degree of urbanization (Johnstone and Labonne, 2004;Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012) and a negative relationship with number of household members (Bandara et al., 2007). Waste composition is also an important factor in determining methods of waste disposal and reduction. ...
... Waste generation has been linked to a variety of demographic factors. Prior work has found a positive relationship between waste generation and income (Bandara et al., 2007;Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012), population density (Johnstone and Labonne, 2004) and degree of urbanization (Johnstone and Labonne, 2004;Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012) and a negative relationship with number of household members (Bandara et al., 2007). Waste composition is also an important factor in determining methods of waste disposal and reduction. ...
... Waste composition is also an important factor in determining methods of waste disposal and reduction. Bandara et al. (2007) found that waste composition in Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, was predominantly biodegradable organics or compostables, but other studies have noted variations in composition with location and income (Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012;Ozcan et al., 2016). In terms of global MSW composition, food and greens have a negative relationship with a country's income level, while nonperishable forms of waste, such as paper and cardboard, rubber and leather and plastic show a positive relationship, with all these categories increasing for high-income level countries (Kaza et al., 2018). ...
Waste generation and subsequent plastic pollution pose a major threat to both human and environmental health. Furthering our understanding of waste at individual levels can inform future waste reduction strategies, education and policies. This study explores the components and perceptions among individuals using survey data combined with a mini-review. An online Qualtrics survey was distributed pre-COVID-19 following a global social media challenge, Futuristic February, which directed participants to collect their nonperishable waste during February 2020. Participants were asked about their waste generation, perceptions toward waste and plastic pollution issues, and environmental worldview using the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale (n = 50). We also conducted a mini-review of eight waste and plastic pollution statements from our survey in both popular media and scientific journal articles. Survey results indicated participants had an overall pro-ecological worldview (M = 4.32, SD = 0.88) and reported cardboard and paper (66%) as the most commonly occurring nonperishable waste category. Across categories, food packaging was the most common waste type. Participants were most uncertain about statements focusing on bioplastic or biodegradable plastic, respectively (44% and 30%), while the statement on microplastic toxicity obtained 100% mild or strong agreement among participants. Uncertainty for reviewed statements varied depending on the topic and group. Popular media and scholarly articles did not always agree, possibly due to differences in communication of uncertainty or terminology definitions. These results can inform future policy and educational campaigns around topics of misinformation.
... All the university campus waste management studies show that per capita waste production on campus is lower than their national levels ( Table 2). The wide differences in the studies may not be directly explained by the properties of the study area or waste production versus income relationship as concluded in the previous studies for municipal waste [46,47]. For instance, Canada has the highest GDP per capita [48] compared to other countries given in Table 2. ...
The solid waste management (SWM) approach for the protection of resources known as “zero waste” (ZW) has become popular in recent years. Waste characterization is the first step to pursuing a comprehensive and sustainable SWM strategy. The aim of this study is to determine the waste characterization and recycling potential of the Istanbul Technical University (Türkiye) Ayazağa Campus before (2019) and after (2022) the ZW management strategy. The campus was divided into four distinctive groups, which are (1) academic (2) administrative (3) dormitory and (4) cafeteria. First, an initial field study was conducted afterwards, the new containers were placed. Students and campus personnel have been trained within the scope of ZW management practices through both in-person and online seminars. The final phase of the study, the second field work, was completed. The waste generation rate in the pilot areas fluctuates between 0.045 and 0.190 kg/cap/day, but it decreases to 0.011–0.117 kg/cap/day in the second field study. The first field study had a potential recycling rate of 76.3%, but then it dropped to 68.2% in the second study. Recycling rate increased from 16.3 to 26.1% over the same period. However, further studies are still required to assess the ZW’s public awareness activities. Consequently, this study enhances the understanding of current SWM performance on campus and provides suggestions to achieve the ZW goal.
... The population growth and the increasing GDP per capita are the main factors in increasing waste production in Abu Dhabi State (AL Braiki, 2017). Bandara et al. (2007) also compared the composition and quantity of waste in terms of income level, household size, and age structure of the household as these affect the quantity and composition of solid waste and prove that there is a positive relationship between income and waste generation. ...
... This variation is linked to numerous variables that influence consumption behaviors and waste production. According to a study Bandara et al. (2007), the amounts of municipal solid waste increase with the rise in economic development, urbanization rate, and income levels. As income and living standards increase, the consumption of goods and services rises, resulting in increased waste production. ...
The objective of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of municipal waste production and its impact on urban environmental sustainability in greater Amman. The GIS techniques were used to analyze the distribution pattern within the municipality regions and the factors that affect this pattern. The analysis shows that the presence of a positive correlation is significant at a 0.01 confidence level between the population size, and education level type graduate, postgraduate, and read and write with 0.888, 0.754, and 0.687, respectively. There is an obvious positive relationship between the income level and waste production, and this is shown clearly in the Western part of Amman. On the other hand, the low‐income level in the Eastern part of Amman has resulted in a lower amount of municipal solid waste production. The amount of waste generated in the city of Amman represents a significant increase in the rates of municipal solid waste production, rising from 0.77 kg per capita per day in 2007 to 0.84 kg per capita per day over the past 15 years. The increase in economic and commercial activities in some regions has played the main role in increasing the quantities of solid waste produced in the central business regions. This result provides a better vision for the environmental management planners and decision‐makers regarding solid waste production management in Amman municipality.
... Since MSW generation is related to its socio-economic indices (Vu et al., 2019;Xiao et al.,2022), 39 socio-economic factors are selected including parameters describing local living standards and economic development (Kannangara et al., 2018), occupation status (Bach et al., 2004), age (Lindh, 2003), race structure (Bandara et al., 2007), building types (Kontokosta et al., 2018), and household (Benítez et al., 2008). A complete list of selected features is shown in Table S3. ...
