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Wenkvliegjes hebben een mierachtig uiterlijk en vallen op doordat ze met wapperende
vleugels over bladeren lopen. Daar danken ze ook de Nederlandse naam aan.
Veel soorten hebben een opvallend zwart vlekje in de vleugel. Deze vliegengroep is
in Nederland vrij goed bestudeerd. Het is dan ook opmerkelijk dat onder andere bij
onderzoek aan de fauna van...
This paper covers the first record of window flies, Scenopinidae (Diptera), in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: Scenopinus schulzi Enderlein, which is briefly characterized. This species was recorded in low numbers: three males and 13 female specimens. The occurrence of scenopinids in Fernando de Noronha is regarded as an extension o...
A new genus of odiniids (Odiniidae: Traginopinae) is described from Brazil, Pauximyia gen. nov., with two species, P. oliveirai sp. nov. (type species) and P. vidali sp. nov. A modified key to the Neotropical genera of the family and for the two Pauximyia gen. nov. species is provided.
Citations
... Soil tillage affects the vertical distribution of cocoons in the soil (Buhl 1960;Froese 1992). Ploughing did neither reduce the number of D. brassicae cocoons in the soil (Nielsen et al. 1994) nor the total emergence of adults in spring (Axelsen 1995), though the temporal distribution of the emergence was expanded. Still, some authors assume that ploughing is an important mortality factor for D. brassicae (Axelsen 1992c;Ferguson et al. 2004;Williams 2010b). ...
The use of insecticides in flowering oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) against pest insects such as the brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae W.) often conflicts with the protection of pollinating and beneficial insects. Dasineura brassicae is a major pest insect in European oilseed rape production. However, a comprehensive and sustainable pest control strategy within the framework of integrated pest management (IPM) does not exist, and little research on the insect has been published during the past two decades. This paper reviews the existing knowledge about D. brassicae along its life cycle and is intended to form the basis for further research activities on pod-damaging pest insects in oilseed rape. Important knowledge gaps are identified, regarding the significance of natural enemies, diapause induction, and predictions on damage potential, based on initial pest insect population. The short lifespan of the adults is particularly challenging in praxis. The implementation of IPM for D. brassicae is discussed on the basis of the four IPM steps (set an economic threshold, establish pest monitoring, preventive measures, and direct control measures) and remaining hurdles, as well as potential solutions for a better IPM, are identified. For D. brassicae, there is no science-based economic threshold and no applicable monitoring methods for farmers, which hinders a field-specific damage forecast and the precise timing of insecticide applications. Research into improved monitoring (e.g. selective attractants, real-time monitoring using remote-sensing technologies) appears to be a promising step towards an integrated pest management of D. brassicae.
... Indeed, its effects are more significant than those of pesticides, affecting larvae both directly and indirectly. Removal of organic residues from the soil surface by ploughing causes direct damage to larvae and alters habitat structure (porosity and moisture content) while taking away an important food source from dipteran population and affecting predator pressure [84,85]. Other agricultural practices that can affect dipteran abundance, by increasing it, are the ones related to an overall increase in plant biomass and dead organic matter, such as mineral fertilizers and addition of manure, which enhance abundance of Chironomidae, Sciaridae, Scatopsidae and Psychodidae larvae (but also attract dipteran females and increase oviposition) [86][87][88]. ...
The dramatic increase in soil degradation in the last few decades has led to the need to identify methods to define not only soil quality but also, in a holistic approach, soil health. In the past twenty years, indices based on living communities have been proposed alongside the already proven physical-chemical methods. Among them, some soil invertebrates have been included in monitoring programs as bioindicators of soil quality. Being an important portion of soil fauna, soil arthropods are involved in many soil processes such as organic matter decomposition and translocation, nutrient cycling, microflora activity regulation and bioturbation. Many studies have reported the use of soil arthropods to define soil quality; among taxa, some have been explored more in depth, typically Acari and Collembola, while generally less abundant groups, such as Palpigradi or Embioptera, have not been investigated much. This paper aims to evaluate and compare the use of different soil microarthropod taxa in soil degradation/quality studies to highlight which groups are the most reported for soil monitoring and which are the most sensitive to soil degradation. We have decided not to include the two most present and abundant taxa, Acari and Collembola, in this paper in consideration of the vast amount of existing literature and focus the discussion on the other microarthropod groups. We reported some studies for each taxon highlighting the use of the group as soil quality indicator. A brief section reporting some indices based on soil microarthropods is proposed at the end of this specific discussion. This paper can be considered as a reference point in the use of soil arthropods to estimate soil quality and health.
... We found that statistically there was no significant difference among the various concentrations used as treatments for FQ, RU, AH and controls on the composite macrobes extracted from sampled soils at p < 0.05 (Fig. 2). A similar evidence have been shown in the works of Greenslade et al. (2010) and Nielsen et al. (1994). Thus, in a short term, they reported that herbicides application on wheat field had minimal effect on most species of surface-active arthropods (Greenslade et al., 2010). ...
... Diptera are collected in our light trap design (water filled bowl as collector) whereas this group might be underrepresented in other designs. In a study by Nielsen et al. (1994) the occurrence of Diptera was not significantly impacted by pesticide use and, while tillage has been reported as a disturbance factor for terrestrial Diptera, some species are even specialized on the initial stages of succession after tillage (Frouz, 1999). Thus some Diptera species may be less affected by agricultural intensification and occur in high abundances in crop fields. ...
Although agriculture dominates much of Europe's landscape, there is virtually no information on foraging activity of bats in different crops. Additionally little is known about pesticide exposure of bats and related effects and there are currently no specific regulatory requirements to include bats in European Union pesticide risk assessments for the registration of these chemicals although other mammals are considered. To evaluate the potential pesticide exposure of bats, we studied bat diversity and activity as well as the availability of aerial prey insects in different crops and semi-natural habitats in south-western Germany in a landscape dominated by agriculture. In 300 accumulated sampling nights more than 24,000 bat call sequences were acoustically recorded and, in parallel, almost 110,000 insects of suitable prey sizes were sampled by light traps. A total of 14 bat species were recorded, among them the locally rare and for Germany critically endangered northern bat (Eptesicus nilssonii) and the barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellum), all of them also occurring over agricultural fields. In comparison to agricultural habitats, higher activity levels in forest sites were only found for Myotis species but not for species of the genera Pipistrellus, Eptesicus and Nyctalus. There were no significant differences in the availability of aerial nocturnal insects between forest, meadow and agricultural habitats. Comparing the different agricultural crops, significantly fewer bat call sequences and lower numbers of nocturnal insects were collected above the vineyards compared to orchards, cereal and vegetable fields. Highest activity levels of all bat species were recorded above agricultural fields situated next to forests. Given the high bat activity levels recorded at several agricultural sites, among them orchard and vegetable fields both known for their high pesticide inputs, and the availability of suitable prey insects, we conclude that pesticide exposure via ingestion of contaminated insect prey is possible. This potential risk is currently not considered in the European pesticide risk assessment scheme.
... The density values for Diptera larvae ranged from 240 to 1320 ind./m 2 and are comparable with investigations in other agricultural ecosystems. For arable fields in northern and central Europe, densities between 330 and 2540 ind./m 2 were detected (Carter et al. 1985;Nielsen et al. 1994;Frouz 1995). For these groups the management practices in this region seem to have a negligible impact on mean densities. ...
We investigated the effects of anthropogenic land change on soil fauna density, decomposition and feeding activity in five natural and reclaimed sites of the Sanjiang Plain, China. During the past 60 years, much of the land was converted from forests and wetlands to reclaimed agricultural land use areas. The highest feeding activity and mesofauna density, dominated by springtails, oribatid/gamasid mites and proturans, was found in the wetland site followed by a plantation forest and a secondary island forest. By contrast, two reclaimed soybean fields had significantly lower mesofauna densities and reduced feeding activities in the first six centimeters of the topsoil. The decomposition process after 60 days in these agricultural sites showed decreased values for mesofauna and microorganisms with increasing land use. The loss of functional guilds for the secondary decomposition process could explain the need for increasing fertilization to reach the same yield in the reclaimed soybean fields of this region. This investigation further underlines the outstanding role of the remaining fragmented wetland sites as a mesofauna biodiversity refugium and the importance of these communities in the feeding and decomposition processes in such ecosystems.
... Field observations and analysis of gut contents proved that wolf spiders regularly consume herbivore pest species (Sunderland et al., 1987): in agroecosystems the diet of lycosid spiders may constitute of up to 25% of aphids (Nyffeler & Benz, 1982). Adult Diptera and dipteran larvae, which are numerous in the soil in winter and spring (Nielsen et al., 1994), likely contribute substantially to generalist predator nutrition (Bilde et al., 2000). Diptera, feeding predominantly on detritus and living plant tissue, make up 25-32% of the food of wolf spiders (Edgar, 1970;Kajak, 1995). ...
There is evidence for both positive and negative effects of generalist predators on pest populations and the various reasons for these contrasting observations are under debate. We studied the influence of a generalist predator, Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer) (Araneae: Lycosidae), on an aphid pest species, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae; low food quality for the spider), and its host plant wheat, Triticum spec. (Poaceae). We focused on the role of spider density and the availability of alternative prey, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae; high food quality). The presence of spiders significantly affected plant performance and aphid biomass. Alternative prey and spider density strongly interacted in affecting aphids and plants. High spider density significantly improved plant performance but also at low spider density plants benefited from spiders especially in the presence of alternative prey. The results suggest that generalist arthropod predators may successfully reduce plant damage by herbivores. However, their ability to control prey populations varies with predator nutrition, the control of low-quality prey being enhanced if alternative higher-quality prey is available.
... This also applies to arable land (e.g. Dabrowska-Prot and Karg, 1974;Jones, 1976;Nielsen et al., 1994;Frouz, 1999). In arable soil Cecidomyiidae, Chironomidae and Sciaridae are usually predominant taxa (e.g. ...
... uchs, 2000). In two Danish cereal fields the three families contributed 84-92% of all dipteran larvae and 85% of adult dipterans emerging in spring (Nielsen et al., 1994). Nielsen and Nielsen (2002) studied the density and phenology of soil gallmidges (Cecidomyiidae) emerging from the fields. ...
... The high number of sciarids and other dipterans reared from sugar beet substrates was explained by the higher water content and palatability compared with cereal substrates . The relatively low abundance of sciarids recorded from the Danish cereal fields might be explained by the negligible litter fall during the growing season, the comparatively low food quality of straw and harvest residuals, and the effect of post harvest management on the spatial distribution of organic matter supplied to the soil (Hansson et al., 1990;Nielsen et al., 1994;Frouz, 1999). Regular occurrence of soil management tend to maintain cropped fields at an early stage of succession inhabited by an impoverished pedofauna limited to early colonizers (Delettre and Lagerl. ...
In April–October 1990–95 soil sciarids emerging in two Danish barley fields were recorded by means of emergence traps. In 1990–92 the fields were conventionally tilled, in the autumn of 1992 one of the fields was abandoned as annual set-aside (1993) and in 1994–95 most of the field was recropped. In the cropped and uncropped fields 480–527 ind. m−2 and 369–433 ind. m−2 emerged, respectively. Ten sciarid species were recorded, eight of which are well-known farmland inhabitants. Apparently, abandonment affected Scatopsciara atomaria negatively, whereas Corynoptera perpusilla was encouraged. The predominant species were probably bivoltine or trivoltine. In Lycoriella castanescens, Scatopsciara atomaria, Corynoptera perpusilla and Bradysia trivittata the female proportion increased significantly during the season. It is assumed that the primary sex ratio of the species is spanandrous. The seasonal change in sex ratio might arise from the unusual modes of reproduction demonstrated in Sciaridae. In Lycoriella castanescens, Bradysia trivittata and Corynoptera perpusilla a significant seasonal increase in wing length was recorded, whereas the wing length of Scatopsciara atomaria and Bradysia rufescens decreased significantly during the season. This suggests a seasonality in the production of large, potentially migrant females. In arable fields sciarid life history traits such as sex ratio, adult biometry and fecundity might be facultative.
... Elles présentent une grande diversité de taille et de fonne, de besoins écologiques et de positions dans la chaîne alimentaire (Brauns, 1954 ;Smith, 1989). Quelques unes d'entre elles jouent un rôle très important dans le fonctionnement biologique du sol intervenant dans la décomposition de la matière organique et la libération de nutriments (Perel el al., 1971;Szab6, 1974;Pobozsny, 1976Pobozsny, , 1978Deleporte, 1987 (Chotko, 1978;Bolger and Curry, 1980;Kajak el al., 1985;Delettre and LagerlOf, 1992;Weber, 1992Weber, , 1993Nielsen et al., 1994;Frouz and Syrovatka, 1995). Les principaux facteurs qui affectent les peuplements de larves de diptères sont 1'humidité et la quantité et qualité de la matière orgamque. ...
... Hovemeyer (1992) a ainsi observé une augmentation dans la quantité et la diversité des larves de diptère dans le sol après avoir réalisé une application de litière sur un sol de forêt. Le labour se trouve parmi les facteurs les plus néfastes qui affectent l'abondance des larves de Diptère dans les agroécosystèmes (Delettre et LagerlOff, 1992 ;Nielsen et al., 1994). Il affecte directement les larves à cause de la perturbation mécanique produite pendant le labour mais aussi à cause de la disparition de la couche de litière à la surface du sol qui réduit la nourriture pour les larves (Nielsen et al., 1994) en plus de perturber le régime hydrique ou de modifier la pression des prédateurs. ...
... Le labour se trouve parmi les facteurs les plus néfastes qui affectent l'abondance des larves de Diptère dans les agroécosystèmes (Delettre et LagerlOff, 1992 ;Nielsen et al., 1994). Il affecte directement les larves à cause de la perturbation mécanique produite pendant le labour mais aussi à cause de la disparition de la couche de litière à la surface du sol qui réduit la nourriture pour les larves (Nielsen et al., 1994) en plus de perturber le régime hydrique ou de modifier la pression des prédateurs. Cependant, l'application de matière organique sous forme de fumier ou compost organique augmente significativement l'abondance de diptères dans les champs (Bolger and Curry, 1980;D'Arcy-Burt and Blackshaw, 1991 ;Weber, 1992). ...
... Chironomidae, Sciaridae and Cecidomyiidae, constituting 67-927o of the dipteran fauna (e.g. Jones 1976;Biichner 1994;Nielsen et al. 1994;Weber & Biichs 2000). Unfortunately, most contributions to abundance and density of soil Diptera are on the family or subfamily level only; this is particularly so within chironomids, sciarids and cecidomyiids due to taxonomic di lliculties. ...
... Unfortunately, most contributions to abundance and density of soil Diptera are on the family or subfamily level only; this is particularly so within chironomids, sciarids and cecidomyiids due to taxonomic di lliculties. Nielsen et al. (1994) analyzed the winter abundance of soil dipteran larvae in two Danish fields. In the same fields adult Diptera emerging from the soil 199V94 were collected by means of emergence traps. ...
... Emerging Lestremiinae were recorded from April to October, whereas Cecidomyiinae emerged from May to late July. In the same fields winter densities (1990-91 and l99l-92) of larval Lestremiinae and Cecidomyiinae were 97410 m-2 and 110-315 m-2 respectively (Nielsen et al. 1994). In the Danish cereal fields at least 15 species of Lestremiinae emerged from the soil, but 4 species, viz. ...
In 1990-94 soil cecidomyiids were recorded from two Danish cereal fields by means of emergence traps. During the study period one of the fields was abandoned as annual set-aside and most of it recropped the following year. In the cropped fields about 800–850 cecidomyiids emerged per sqm from April to October. The subfamilies Lestremiinae and Cecidomyiinae emerged in approximately equal densities, but in different periods; the present paper mainly deals with the Lestremiinae, all of which are mycetophagous in the larval stage. The change from cropped field to set-aside with a secondary plant succession resulted in a drastic decrease in lestremiine density, possibly chiefly owing to changes in surface soil structure. However, after ploughing and recropping the density increased again. At least 15 species of Lestremiinae were found, but only four made up more than 90%. The phenology and seasonal density of the most abundant lestremiine species in cropped fields and set-aside are discussed. In Danish cropped fields Campylomyza flavipes, C. fusca and Monardia toxicodendri are bivoltine, while L. cinerea is trivoltine. In addition, at least three of the species are very expansive due to frequent, passive wind transport, thus they seem well adapted to unstable environments like cropped fields.
... Diptera are reported as a major food for B. lampros in several studies (Mitchell 1963; Sunderland 1975; Hengeveld 1980; Pollet & Desender 1987, 1989). Diptera larvae, which are numerous in the soil in winter and spring (Carter, LagerloÈ f & Steen 1985; Nielsen et al. 1994), might also constitute an important food source for mature as well as immature life stages of generalist preda- tors. ...
1. The Collembola is one of the important prey groups for generalist arthropod predators in agro-ecosystems. Differences in the quality of available species may play a significant role in the build-up of a community of natural enemies. The value of some common epigeic and hemi-edaphic Collembola as prey for adults and larvae of the carabid beetle Bembidion lampros was assessed in laboratory experiments.
2. Consumption capacity, egg production and the efficiency of converting prey into eggs were used as quality criteria for beetle adults, kept on diets of the collembolans Isotoma anglicana, Isotoma notabilis, Isotomurus prasinus, Folsomia fimetaria and Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, with fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster used as a high quality comparison prey. Survival, developmental time and teneral adult weight were used as quality criteria for beetle larvae on diets of Isotoma anglicana, Isotoma notabilis, F. fimetaria, D. melanogaster and a starvation treatment.
3. Collembola were offered to adults in dead and live treatments to assess the cost of prey capture and handling in relation to prey quality.
4. Bembidion lampros ate more dead than live Collembola. Egg production declined over time on all collembolan diets, indicating a lower quality of all species compared with D. melanogaster, but there was considerable variation between species. The highest food conversion efficiency occurred on F. fimetaria, L. cyaneus and D. melanogaster, while Isotoma notabilis could not be utilized by B. lampros for egg production.
5. Larvae completed development with low mortality on Isotoma anglicana and F. fimetaria, although there were differences in developmental time. The two Collembola seemed to be of relatively higher quality for larvae than for adults. Significantly higher teneral weight occurred on a diet of D. melanogaster compared with the Collembola.
6. The effect of Collembola quality on the beetle fecundity and larval developmental time suggests that agricultural management for natural enemies, should aim to benefit the species composition of the prey population.
