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Dickeya zeae, a bacterial plant pathogen in the family Pectobacteriaceae, is responsible for a wide range of diseases on potato, maize, rice, banana, pineapple, taro and ornamentals and significantly reduces crop production; D. zeae causes soft rot of taro (Colocasia esculenta) and heart rot of pineapple (Ananas comosus). In this study, we used Pac...
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... corresponding analysis consisted of quantifying the fraction of each codon and amino acid count of the total number of codons and amino acids. The percentage of codon and amino acid profiles among the species was calculated and visualized in heatmaps (Figure 4A and 4B). Codon usage heatmap displayed a yellow color intensity for the usage of GC-rich codons like GCG, CGC, CTG, CAG, CGG, CCG, GGC, and GCC heatmap ( Figure 4A). ...
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... percentage of codon and amino acid profiles among the species was calculated and visualized in heatmaps (Figure 4A and 4B). Codon usage heatmap displayed a yellow color intensity for the usage of GC-rich codons like GCG, CGC, CTG, CAG, CGG, CCG, GGC, and GCC heatmap ( Figure 4A). The amino acid usage heatmap displayed that amino acids like Alanine (A), Arginine (R), Leucine (L), and Serine (S) (indicated as pink color scales) were used in higher frequency in the Dickeya species ( Figure 4B). . ...
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... usage heatmap displayed a yellow color intensity for the usage of GC-rich codons like GCG, CGC, CTG, CAG, CGG, CCG, GGC, and GCC heatmap ( Figure 4A). The amino acid usage heatmap displayed that amino acids like Alanine (A), Arginine (R), Leucine (L), and Serine (S) (indicated as pink color scales) were used in higher frequency in the Dickeya species ( Figure 4B). . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. ...
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... genes hecA2 and hecB (T5SS) were located near to the T3SS in all D. zeae complex. The hemagglutinin-coding loci hecB and hecA were present within the range of 68-100% nucleotide identity among the D. zeae complex strains [Locus tag of T5SS; EC1: W909_RS10375, W909_RS19830, Ech586: DD586_RS09475-RS22000, MS: C1O30_RS11550-RS11555, A5410: FGI04_07365-07405, and PL65: FGI21_02620-02625] (Figure S4 A). All D. zeae genomes harbored a hecB homolog. ...
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... an average of 20 genes were inserted into the T6SS cluster in all five genomes ( Figure S4B). We found substantial variations in the extra set of genes inserted between vgrG and impB ( Figure S4B). ...
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... an average of 20 genes were inserted into the T6SS cluster in all five genomes ( Figure S4B). We found substantial variations in the extra set of genes inserted between vgrG and impB ( Figure S4B). The inserted cluster was annotated as ankyrin genes, hypothetical proteins genes, the repeat-containing protein RhsAs (rearrangement hot spot), amidohydrolase gene, SymE genes, and ParDE genes. ...
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... /2021 subtype I-E CRISPR-associated protein, (B) indicates the subtype I-F CRISPR-associated protein and Figure 14C indicates the type III-A CRISPR-associated protein. Orange arrows represents CRISPR repeats. ...
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... CFBP 2052 generated the highest exopolysaccharide on solidSOBG, while strain PL6 showed the smallest colony growth on solidSOBG. PL65 and A5410 generated nearly similar swimming and swarming zones, which were greater in comparison to CFBP 2052 (Figure 14). The results of EPS production assay and mobility assays showed a statistically significant difference with p<0.01. ...
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... has been demonstrated that the mutation within chemotactic genes (cheW, cheB, cheY, and cheZ) caused a substantial reduction in swimming motility ( Antúnez- Lamas et al., 2009). The PL65 and A5410 isolated from taro and pineapple, respectively, showed similar swimming ability, but PL65 caused the highest virulence against taro corm among the three strains tested (Figure 14-15). Jahn et al. (2008) have proved that the mutation of the fliA gene encoding a sigma factor obstructed the bacterial motility and limited Pels production and the bacterial attachment to plant tissues in D. dadantii 3937. ...
Citations
... Therefore, during this stage, the site of infection is created where the pathogen enters the developing fruit. This pathogen remains latent in the ovary, however its activity increase between two to three weeks before ripening, when sugar levels increase rapidly and enzyme levels like polyphenol oxidase (PPO) decline, (Rohrbach and Johnson 2003;Pires de Matos 2017;Pires de Matos 2019;Boluk et al. 2020;Boluk et al. 2021). ...
Cano-Reinoso DM, Soesanto L, Kharisun, Wibowo C. 2021. Review: Fruit collapse and heart rot disease: Pathogen characterization, ultrastructure infections of plant and cell mechanism resistance. Biodiversitas 22: 2477-2488. Fruit collapse and bacterial heart rot are diseases in pineapple caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi (later classified as Dickeya zeae) which are increasingly prevalent in the last decade, causing devastating production loss in pineapple cultivation. Yet, comprehensive knowledge to tackle such diseases is limited, understandably due to the relatively new emerge of the diseases. Here, we review the causes of bacterial heart rot and fruit collapse, stages of infection, typical symptoms and the occurrence of resistance mechanisms in plants. In pineapple, the fruit collapse is noticeable by the release of juice and gas bubbles, also the shell of the fruit that turns into olive-green. Meanwhile, bacterial heart rot is characterized by water-soaked zones on the leaves, the formation of brown streaks on the lamina and in the mesophyll, and light-brown exudate in the blisters. The most common means of penetration into the host plant used by this type of pathogen is through plant natural openings, injuries and wounds, and entire surfaces. Concurrently, plants and fruits develop disease-resistant mechanisms to inhibit infection growth under this pathogenic attack. These mechanisms can be divided into hypersensitive reactions, locally acquired resistance, and systematic acquired resistance. In addition, pathological infections produce an interaction of the cell wall with pectolytic enzymes. Understanding the membrane breakdown process carried out by these enzymes has become critical to a pineapple protect ion plan. This review suggests that future research to tackle fruit collapse and bacterial heart rot can be focused on disease-resistant mechanisms, and their effects on the cell wall status with an enzymatic characterization.
... Therefore, during this stage, the site of infection is created where the pathogen enters the developing fruit. This pathogen remains latent in the ovary, however its activity increase between two to three weeks before ripening, when sugar levels increase rapidly and enzyme levels like polyphenol oxidase (PPO) decline, (Rohrbach and Johnson 2003;Pires de Matos 2017;Pires de Matos 2019;Boluk et al. 2020;Boluk et al. 2021). ...
Cano-Reinoso DM, Soesanto L, Kharisun, Wibowo C. 2021. Review: Fruit collapse and heart rot disease: Pathogen characterization, ultrastructure infections of plant and cell mechanism resistance. Biodiversitas 22: 2477-2488. Fruit collapse and bacterial heart rot are diseases in pineapple caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi (later classified as Dickeya zeae) which are increasingly prevalent in the last decade, causing devastating production loss in pineapple cultivation. Yet, comprehensive knowledge to tackle such diseases is limited, understandably due to the relatively new emerge of the diseases. Here, we review the causes of bacterial heart rot and fruit collapse, stages of infection, typical symptoms and the occurrence of resistance mechanisms in plants. In pineapple, the fruit collapse is noticeable by the release of juice and gas bubbles, also the shell of the fruit that turns into olive-green. Meanwhile, bacterial heart rot is characterized by water-soaked zones on the leaves, the formation of brown streaks on the lamina and in the mesophyll, and light-brown exudate in the blisters. The most common means of penetration into the host plant used by this type of pathogen is through plant natural openings, injuries and wounds, and entire surfaces. Concurrently, plants and fruits develop disease-resistant mechanisms to inhibit infection growth under this pathogenic attack. These mechanisms can be divided into hypersensitive reactions, locally acquired resistance, and systematic acquired resistance. In addition, pathological infections produce an interaction of the cell wall with pectolytic enzymes. Understanding the membrane breakdown process carried out by these enzymes has become critical to a pineapple protect ion plan. This review suggests that future research to tackle fruit collapse and bacterial heart rot can be focused on disease-resistant mechanisms, and their effects on the cell wall status with an enzymatic characterization.
