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It is anticipated that through federal research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) programs such as these. a broad suite of cost-effective CO 9-capture technologies will be available for commercial deployment by 2020 to respond to any future climate change regulations imposed upon the nation's power generation sector.
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... One major technical barrier is the high energy penalties associated with such processes. For example, post-combustion capture from a coal-fired power plant by amine scrubbing can reduce the power plant's net efficiency by about 30% (Ciferno et al., 2009;Rochelle, 2009). Moreover, amine scrubbing is challenged by high-temperature sorbent evaporation and degradation, process equipment corrosion, and the need to modify steam cycles when retrofitting existing power and chemical plants (Lucquiaud and Gibbins, 2011;Rochelle, 2012). ...
Carbon capture from both stationary emitters and dilute sources is critically needed to mitigate climate change. Carbon dioxide separation methods driven by electrochemical stimuli show promise to sidestep the high energy penalty and fossil-fuel dependency associated with conventional pressure and temperature swings. Compared to a batch process, electrochemically mediated carbon capture (EMCC) operating in a continuous flow mode offers greater design flexibility. Therefore, this review introduces key advances in continuous flow EMCC for point source, air, and ocean carbon captures. Notably, the main challenges and future research opportunities for practical implementation of continuous flow EMCC processes are discussed from a multi-scale perspective, from molecules to electrochemical cells and finally to separation systems.
... Three examples of alternative CC technologies, namely, membrane, solid adsorption, and calcium looping, all using flue gas from a baseline PC-fired power plant, are investigated in this section. Amine-based (MEA) absorption scrubbing retrofitted to a PC-fired power plant is considered the BAT (Ciferno, 2007) to assess the feasibility of Alt Techs. The three aforementioned promising CCTs are assessed using a qualitative radar plot in this study and compared to MEA. ...
... Therefore, in a retrofitted power plant, more resources (requiring additional energy and materials) must be used to enable CO 2 capture. This includes material treatment and circulation, heat exchangers, solvent/sorbent regeneration, and CO 2 purification and compression (Ciferno, 2007). ...
... The NETL study (Ciferno, 2007) of the Conesville #5 unit in Ohio is a rare example of studies reported in great detail. The Conesville #5 unit, shown in Figure 5, is a 460 MWe gross PC power plant producing 9,440 t CO2 /day. ...
Numerous carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies are under development to reduce CO 2 emissions. To evaluate the status of a CCUS technology under development and identify potential gaps for further advancement, we have established a new technology assessment framework and are developing a decision-making tool, the technology development matrix (TDM), starting with available carbon capture technology (CCT) data. TDM is a data inventory system and screening tool. As a screening tool, it can be used for resource allocation decisions in research, development, and deployment (RD&D) by academia, government, and industry. It shares data with techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) tools as an inventory system. By using available data, this TDM framework has been demonstrated on amine-based (monoethanolamine) absorption post-combustion CO 2 capture, for pulverized coal (PC) power plant flue gas, as the best available technology (BAT) for comparison. Three groups of promising post-combustion CCTs under development are presented as Alternative Technology (Alt Tech) case studies, including membrane, solid adsorption, and calcium-based chemical looping. By using available data, preliminary analysis enabled technology benchmarking and highlighted knowledge, data, and technology gaps, all providing potential future RD&D focus.
... Post-combustion CO 2 capture is a widely used technique in the chemical processing industry [7]. Post-combustion capture technology can be retrofitted to existing significant point sources of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere, such as fossil fuel power plants, cement manufacturing industries, or refineries [21]. It collects and captures carbon dioxide primarily using sorption and the sorption/desorption principle. ...
... To tackle future challenges, an efficient and well-designed process plant that fulfills the efficient mass transfer among phases such as gas-liquid-solid (high fixation of CO 2 with low energy consumption) is required [3,7,[15][16][17]21,36]. ...
Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of our industrial society. It is released into the atmosphere, which has an adverse effect on the environment. Carbon dioxide management is necessary to limit the global average temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius and mitigate the effects of climate change, as outlined in the Paris Agreement. To accomplish this objective realistically, the emissions gap must be closed by 2030. Additionally, 10–20 Gt of CO2 per year must be removed from the atmosphere within the next century, necessitating large-scale carbon management strategies. The present procedures and technologies for CO2 carbonation, including direct and indirect carbonation and certain industrial instances, have been explored in length. This paper highlights novel technologies to capture CO2, convert it to other valuable products, and permanently remove it from the atmosphere. Additionally, the constraints and difficulties associated with carbon mineralization have been discussed. These techniques may permanently remove the CO2 emitted due to industrial society, which has an unfavorable influence on the environment, from the atmosphere. These technologies create solutions for both climate change and economic development.
... Polymeric membranes have attracted interests in pre-combustion CO 2 capture from the water-gas shift reaction exhaust for hydrogen production. Although pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and solventabsorption are well-established technologies for CO 2 separation, they have a series of limitations, including high investment and operating costs [322], high energy consumption [67,77,[323][324][325][326][327][328], and large consumption of toxic solvents, which need to be regenerated. Polymer membranes capable of withstanding the thermally and chemically challenging conditions encountered in syngas separation would represent a real breakthrough in the field. ...
... The H 2 and CO 2 permeance of α-Al 2 O 3 supported BILP-101 membranes prepared from interfacial polymerization during a 50:50H 2 /CO 2 mixed-gas permeation test increased with increasing temperature from 24 to 225 • C, and H 2 /CO 2 selectivity decreased in the same temperature range [339]. At 150 • C, the presence of 2.3 mol% water vapor caused a decrease in H 2 and CO 2 permeability and an increase in H 2 /CO 2 selectivity, as a result of competitive sorption between water and CO 2 molecules [322,324]. ...
Membrane gas separation at high temperatures and in the presence of aggressive chemicals, such as H2S, NH3, SOx, NOx and hot water vapor, is attracting interest from both a fundamental and industrial standpoint. To fully exploit the benefits of membrane technology, it is imperative to develop membrane materials that withstand thermally and chemically harsh conditions, as well as to understand the fundamental principles underpinning the transport of aggressive species in polymer membranes. In this paper, we review the state of the art of membrane separations in thermally and chemically aggressive environments, with emphasis on polymer membranes and polymer-based mixed matrix membranes. Guidelines for membrane materials selection in thermally and chemically aggressive environments are provided, major roadblocks to progress in the field are discussed, and possible strategies to remove such roadblocks are proposed. Research needs are identified and recommendations for future research directions in the field are provided. Finally, to put in broad perspective the performance of the most promising literature materials, selectivity-permeability upper bounds in the presence of complex gas mixtures containing aggressive species and in a wide temperature range are shown and discussed.
... However, the MEA has high energy consumption of regeneration, and the cost of releasing CO 2 and regenerating the MEA account for 70-80 % [10,11]. This is mainly because the desorption of solvent in the stripper column requires a large amount of energy which would lead to double cost of electricity so that it must be improved [11][12][13]. ...
Tertiary amine-based absorption process possesses high absorption capacity and low heat duty for CO2 capture. However, its slow CO2 absorption rate retards its industrial application. This work developed a core-shell magnetic [email protected]3O4-carbonic anhydrase composite to promote CO2 absorption into tertiary amine, e.g., diethanolamine (MDEA) due to its easy recovery from the solution. The catalytic performance of [email protected]@Fe3O4 that had three particle sizes were investigated. Experimental results revealed that the obtained [email protected]@Fe3O4 can achieve the relative activity as high as 95.2 % compared with the free counterparts. Large particle size of [email protected]3O4 was beneficial to activity but adverse to loading. Magnetic analysis shows that the developed [email protected]@Fe3O4 possessed remarkable magnetic response which made recycling more convenient.
... Today all coal fired power plants in the world emit approximately 2 billion tons of carbondioxide per year. The regulation of the carbon dioxide emissions implies the development of specific carbondioxide capture technologies that can be retrofitted to existing power plants as well designed into new plants with the goal to achieve 90% of carbondioxide capture limiting the increase in cost of electricity to no more than 35% [1]. ...
... Today all coal fired power plants in the world emit approximately 2 billion tons of CO 2 per year. The regulation of the carbon dioxide emissions implies the development of specific CO 2 capture technologies that can be retrofitted to existing power plants as well designed into new plants with the goal to achieve 90% of CO 2 capture limiting the increase in cost of electricity to no more than 35 percent [1]. ...
The main idea of this research paper is to provide an innovative way of capturing carbon dioxide emissions from a coal powered power plant. This research paper discusses the design and modeling of a carbon capturing membrane which is being used in an IGCC power plant to capture carbon dioxide from its exhaust gases. The modeling and design of the membrane is done using CFD software namely Ansys workbench. The design and modeling is done using two simulations, one describes the design and structure and the second one demonstrates the working mechanism of the membrane. This paper also briefly discusses IGCC which is environmentally benign compared to traditional pulverized coal-fired power plants, and economically feasible compared to the Natural Gas Combine Cycle (NGCC). IGCC power plant is more diverse and offers flexibility in fuel utility. This paper also incorporates a PFD of integrated gasification power plant with the carbon capturing membrane unit integrated in it. Index Terms: Integrated gasification combined cycle power plant, Carbon capture and storage, Gas permeating membrane, CFD based design of gas permeating membrane.
... In addition, the complex features of these power plants make it difficult to retrofit and improve their performance [17]. Oxy-fuel combustion process CO 2 capture method is applicable in all power plants, but it requires very high energy to extract oxygen [18]. Furthermore, if the oxygen in the combustion system is close to stoichiometric or less than that, a large amount of carbon monoxide is released [19]. ...
There are several methods to reduce CO2 emissions, including optimization of energy consumption by increasing the efficiency of a powerplant, using renewable energy, and Carbon Capture Plant (CCP). In this study, the methods of increasing efficiency and the application of CCP have been performed simultaneously. To increase efficiency, the newly proposed method of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Flue-Gas Injection (FGI) into the Heller tower of the powerplant was developed. Then, the CO2 captured plant (using MEA chemical Absorption), which is embedded inside the Heller towers, was investigated. Energy and exergy analysis was performed for each component and finally for the whole powerplant under crosswind conditions.
The results show that the addition of the CCP inside the tower will even reduce the efficiency of the base cycle by as much as 9%, and in windy conditions, this reduction will be even greater. However, by using the FGI in the Heller tower, the cycle efficiency will increase by 1%.
The highest destruction of exergy (41% relatively) happened in the combustion chamber. The CCP had the second-highest exergy destruction, which was estimated to be about 22% for no injection mode and 20% for injection mode relatively. HRSG and the cooling tower had the highest exergy destruction after the CCP.
Finally, in view of rising carbon prices in the coming years, among the three proposals, the second plan (FGI with CCP) is economically feasible from 2030 with a return-on-investment rate of 35.63% and the Net Present Value (NPV) of 142480. Moreover, this plan is worthwhile from the environmental point of view.
... Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) generated during fossil fuels combustion is currently considered the most important greenhouse gas that leads to global warming and climate change [1][2][3], which have motivated research activities toward developing low-cost and efficient technologies to capture CO 2 . Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a promising strategy that has the potential to greatly mitigate CO 2 emissions from large industrial sources (power plant, natural gas extraction, Etc.) [4]. ...
Low-cost carbonaceous adsorbents with microporous structures and a moderate specific surface area (up to 1630 m2 g−1) were prepared from different amazonian nutshells by one-step chemical activation with KOH for CO2 storage. In-depth micropore structure analysis and surface characterization were performed using adsorption isotherms at 298 K and carbon dioxide isotherms at 273 K. The Brazilian nutshell and Cascara Capuassau exhibit a remarkable CO2 uptake capacity of 5.14 mmol g−1 and 5.13 mmol g−1 at 273 K, respectively up to 1 atm. The highest CO2 adsorption at 298 K equal to 3.67 mmol g−1 was observed on activated carbon produced from Cascara Capuassau. The low-pressure CO2 capacities are well correlated with the volume of small micropores (<0.7 nm) rather than the total micropore volume and surface area. The great mesoporosity of activated carbons is beneficial to ensure higher CO2 capture at high uptake pressure.
... As is well known, gaseous emissions from industrial processes, especially CO 2 and CH 4 , contribute to climate change by way of the greenhouse effect [1][2][3]. For CO 2 , abatement has typically been performed by amine scrubbing, which is both energy intensive and produces high amounts of chemical waste. Meanwhile, CH 4 abatement is usually accomplished by combusting it as a fuel source or by catalytic conversion into another byproduct [4,5]. ...
Activated carbon produced by etching with CO2 is an attractive adsorbent material because of its ultrahigh surface area above 1000 m²/g and substantial pore volume. This being stated, because etched carbon was only reported recently, many of its properties, such as its textural properties, high-pressure adsorption capacities towards CO2, N2, H2, CO, and CH4, and dynamic performance, have never been thoroughly investigated. Accordingly, this study explored these characteristics for the first time. The textural and adsorptive properties were also assessed for zeolite 5A, a metal-organic framework (Ni MOF-74), and activated carbon provided by Ingevity corporation to allow for comparison to established benchmarks. The textural properties were assessed by a combination of N2 physisorption at 77 K and CO2 adsorption at 273 K using a combination of t-plot, Dubinin–Radushkevich, 2D-NLDFT, and Horvath–Kawazoe models. Therein, it was determined that the etched carbon had a hierarchical porosity, with pores appearing in both the ultramicro- and meso-porous ranges. From the adsorption isotherms at 298 K and 0–20 bar, the etched carbon exhibited adsorption capacities of 20, 9, 5, 4.5, and 1 mmol g⁻¹ for CO2, CH4, CO, N2, and H2 respectively, indicating that the samples high (i.e., 95%) pore volume made it selective towards multiple species at high pressure. Having said this, when the material was examined for dynamic CO2 adsorption from N2, H2, and CH4 mixtures at 25 °C and 1 bar, it achieved CO2/CH4, CO2/H2, and CO2/N2 selectivities of 2.4, 15.4, and 6.6 mol/mol, respectively, meaning that it can be used for kinetic separations. The high dynamic selectivity was retained for CO2/H2 at 20 bar, however, the CO2/CH4 breakthrough fronts were much broader compared to the low-pressure experiments, meaning that the two species' diffusivities were competitive. As such, EC-RF was concluded to be effective for low-pressure CO2 separations as well as for high pressure CO2/H2 separations. More importantly, this study provides an in-depth characterization and better understanding of EC-RF's properties, which is imperative to its use as an adsorbent material.
