Table 4 - uploaded by Adrian Pritchard
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A large body of research exists on the motivation to follow sporting and leisure events. However, the main focus of these studies has been on those who attend events (direct consumers). Little research has extended the investigation of sporting and leisure consumption to include those who consume sport by other means such as the media (indirect con...
Context in source publication
Citations
... The optimal portfolio, leisure consumption and retirement options under the utility of the invariant alternative elastic function has been studied [14]. The study of sociology has covered the motivations and preferences of leisure consumption [15][16][17], characteristics and trends [18,19], experience and quality [20,21], the construction of leisure consumption theory models [22], and the investigation of capacity and structure [1,23]. ...
... To more clearly examine the leisure consumption changes for urban residents, the four times nodes of 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 were selected according to the uniform distribution rule; with the addition of 1998, the comparison of five years of the interprovincial period of urban residents' leisure consump-tion was possible. It can be seen that the leisure consumption ranges of urban residents in the five years are [975,2863] 15,414]. The analysis found that: consumption data of the main cities Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Tianjin and Guangdong have always been in the dominant position. ...
This study aimed to find the spatiotemporal evolution rules of the leisure consumption of urban residents in China. Based on the measurement of the marginal propensity of leisure consumption for urban residents over the past 20 years, a mixed regression of leisure consumption and disposable income showed that, the growth rates of education, culture, entertainment, transportation, communication, and healthcare large, and these growth trends remain obvious. The coefficient of variation of leisure consumption shows that, transportation and communication consumptions differ among regions. The differences in education, culture, and entertainment consumption have rapidly converged. The spatial correlation analysis of the Moran index showed that, the regional association degree of leisure consumption is not obvious, but there is a clear mutual pull regarding education, culture and entertainment consumptions. Based on the results, suggestions were proposed to further expand the leisure consumption needs of residents, so as to achieve sustainable and sound development of residents’ leisure.
... Some researchers established the benefits of TV watching, as, after a loss in the interpersonal sphere, television viewing can play a valuable role in adaptation processes [56]. Despite recognized temporal enjoyments in viewing, several studies pointed to its potential harms, including links to the "bedroom culture" phenomenon, lower physical activity, and self-control [6,25,44,[57][58][59][60]. However, some research indicates that television as a leisure preference, especially for shared viewing with the family, can be a good tool for socializing and relaxation [7]. ...
This study intended to explore which leisure preferences contribute to mindfulness, psychological capital, and life satisfaction and assess whether mindfulness, psychological capital, and life satisfaction are associated with different leisure preferences. This study applied the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-12), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the instrument to evaluate the prevalence of leisure preferences. A sample consisted of 586 participants, 104 males and 478 females. The mean age of participants was 42.06, SD = 13.29. The results show that respondents who did not spend free time watching television scored higher on life satisfaction, mindfulness, and psychological capital. Participants who preferred attending events scored higher on life satisfaction and psychological capital. Participants who preferred spending time with family as a leisure preference scored significantly higher on life satisfaction, mindfulness, and psychological capital, including PsyCap overall, PsyCap work, PsyCap relationship, and PsyCap health. The findings also reveal that time spent with family is significantly associated with life satisfaction. Besides, males’ life satisfaction was significantly associated with time spent in nature, while females’ satisfaction was associated with spending time with family and participating in events. Males’ mindfulness was significantly associated with book reading, and females’ mindfulness was associated with not watching television. Males’ psychological capital was significantly associated with spending time with family and book reading, and females’ psychological capital was associated with not watching television but spending time with family, participating in events, and spending time in nature. The findings also showed that mindfulness mediated the link between watching television and life satisfaction, and psychological capital mediated links between spending time with family, participating in events, and life satisfaction. The findings demonstrate that life satisfaction is also significantly associated with spending time with family as a leisure preference. This study also revealed a significant negative association between age and spending time with friends or family, evidencing the possible loneliness of elderly respondents. Due to limitations of this study, including sample size and characteristics, cultural context, and research design, the research findings would preferably be regarded thoughtfully.
... I. Jones (2000) posited that football fandom fits Stebbins's (1992) classic definition of serious leisure characterised by perseverance in the activity, a long-term career as a fan, significant personal effort utilised, selfbenefits achieved, existence of a unique ethos, strong identifications as well as importance of group membership. Pritchard and Kharouf (2016) found that under the context of cricket, while direct consumption in the form of attending the games is still preferred, indirect consumption through other means like media boasted a greater level of engagement and complement the experiences of basking in reflected glory. ...
... While the subjectivity or even deficiencies of such extrapolations should not be ignored, the considerable power of sport fandom in rendering Chinese fans socially and culturally cohesive as a group has been empirically bolstered by the findings of this study. Whilst most of the Chinese fans follow Wu on the media because of the physical and financial restrictions of directly attending his games in Europe, results of this study reveal a prominent degree of engagement and in-depth experiences of such indirect consumption, resonating with findings of previous studies (Connell, 2018;Pritchard & Kharouf, 2016). ...
This study examined how Chinese football fans identify themselves with Lei Wu, currently the only Chinese footballer playing in a European mainstream league. Chinese fans’ social media posts about Wu were compared after scoring vs. not scoring, and after playing vs. playing, in several matches in a row. Qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative (chi-square tests) analyses were conducted. Two major dimensions of identification with Wu emerged, namely athletic (identification with Wu’s athleticism) and socio-cultural (identification with Wu as a Chinese icon). There was stronger socio-cultural identification with Wu when he scored goals, but this aspect of identification did not vary based on whether or not he made league appearances. The study makes a unique contribution by studying fandom as a mechanism for expressing cultural pride. The results are discussed in terms of the cultural and policy contexts of contemporary China.
... Germany Development of a measurement scale of footballfan satisfaction with a great importance placed on identification and tangible aspects. Consideration of fans as consumers Pritchard and Kharouf (2014) Cricket ...
Purpose
The central objective is to determine the main components of a brand that become a “beloved” brand in the minds of consumers applied to football teams.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted a quantitative causal study using partial least squares (PLS) with a sample of 824 participants using an online questionnaire.
Findings
Brand love is a construct composed of five dimensions: passion, connection with the brand, intrinsic rewards, emotional attachment and thinking and frequent use. It also demonstrates that the consequences of brand love for football teams are loyalty, willingness to invest and word-of-mouth communication.
Research limitations/implications
Managers of large football clubs must emphasize achieving an emotional connection with their fans and develop their marketing strategies on building long-term emotional relationships which will result in greater investments.
Practical implications
Given the competitive and international environment of the sports sector, the conclusions will be of use for managers of sports clubs and companies that develop sponsorship strategies. Another important contribution is the theoretical contribution of the brand in football teams and the psychological understanding of fans as consumers.
Originality/value
This is the first attempt to establish a model of the background and causes of brand love with respect to football teams and a context also not analysed as is the Spanish one. The analysis does not only focus on the emotional relationship but also include how the possible investment of the fans is modelled.
... Mega events have acquired a new dimension in its relation with the digital environment. This attains particular importance given that many consumers follow these events online instead of attending live or watching them on TV (Pritchard & Kharouf, 2016). When following a mega event online, consumers often interact with others, receive up-todate communications, share their views and engage with various contents online. ...
Despite the advances in theory about how organisations should manage consumer experience, there is a lack of understanding about how variables such as consumer-to-consumer interaction, content engagement and effective communication affect consumer online experiences, with this being particularly evident in the event industry. This study examines online event experiences and their effects on consumers’ behavioural intentions towards mega events. Using a sample of 1726 participants from four countries (United States, United Kingdom, Brazil and South Africa), a structural equation model was conducted. Results indicate that online content engagement and effective communication influence consumers’ online experience and positively affects their behavioural intentions towards the event. Online consumer-to-consumer interaction also showed a positive effect on consumers’ future behavioural intentions. The findings highlight the need for event organisers to reconsider the rising importance of consumers who are likely to follow the event online and to understand the factors that shape their online experience.
... Mega events have acquired a new dimension in its relation with the digital environment. This attains particular importance given that many consumers follow these events online instead of attending live or watching them on TV (Pritchard & Kharouf, 2016). When following a mega event online, consumers often interact with others, receive up-todate communications, share their views and engage with various contents online. ...
The developments in information technology have enabled mega events to be experienced beyond their geographical location, but there is still a limited understanding of customers’ online experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine online event experiences and its subsequent effects on customers’ future behavioural intentions. Using a sample of 1,726 participants from four countries (United States, United Kingdom, Brazil and South Africa), a structural equation model was conducted with SmartPLS. Results indicate that online content engagement and effective communication influence a custumer’s online experience and behavioural intentions in all countries.
... For many teams, they simply do not have the supply to handle demand for big games. Empirical evidence is mixed, and contradictory, with support being found for both substitution and symbiotic effects (Pritchard & Funk, 2006;Pritchard & Kharouf, 2016;Trail, Robinson, & Kim, 2008). It appears the conditions of the sport and its environment shape channel choices. ...
... The interaction of such factors encourages a "typology of consumption practices-that usefully represents the variety of ways in which consumers interact with consumption objects" (Holt, 1995, p. 2). Pritchard and Kharouf (2016) noted sports consumers "display a range of consumption patterns and experiences, using them to meet a diverse range of needs" (p. 438). ...
... In summary, research to date has extended sport consumption to begin to explore those who consume sport by means other than live attendance (Pritchard & Kharouf, 2016). Noting there is considerable growth in opportunities to consume sport (both in attendance and broadcast settings), a situation evolves where "multiple entities fight for attention through the creation of experiences" (Foster et al., 2016, p. 361). ...
... Unveiling sports fans' motives and foreseeing their behavior is important to sports marketers, and most research focuses on a team performance model as the main driver of fan behavior (Hunt et al., 1999;Pritchard & Kharouf, 2014). Likewise, Hunt et al. (1999) subdivided fans into several categories: ...
Social media networks have become essential to the modern business world, and are especially vital for sports firms and athletes. Social media networks are new channels for firms to connect with their audience and establish a social customer relationship. For sports firms, athletes play a special role, as they are the firms’ ambassadors and the focus of virtual communities of fans. For most athletes, social media is a powerful tool to take advantage of their time in the spotlight. However, social media has much more potential. This work analyzes the social media profile and content created by six well-known sports figures—Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, Tom Brady, Aaron Rodgers, LeBron James, and Kevin Durant—to develop a model (STAR) for social media use. The adoption of this model can enhance fan engagement online and therefore increase athletes’ and firms’ brand value and connectivity with consumers.
This study examined the roles of community-related factors (participating companies’ support, resource preservation, and sociocultural exchange) in festival marketplaces in Taiwan. It assessed the factors that predict the impact of regional revitalization via tourism consumption. The study employed convenience sampling, a questionnaire survey of 627 employees working for participating companies attending the Taiwanese festival marketplace, and a structural equation modeling approach to analyze the research model. Festival marketplaces enhance a destination's image and are used in marketing strategies to shape its regional revitalization. Our findings confirm that the attractiveness of a festival marketplace indicates that resident participation helps attract tourists to a community and positively impacts regional revitalization. The festival marketplace is an element of event tourism and a regional revitalization strategy. The multiple identities of the participating companies’ employees act as bridges between companies and residents. This study demonstrates the significance of this finding.
Cricket is one of the most popular sports worldwide. As per ICC’s first-ever market survey (Media Media Release. (2018), First global market research project unveils more than one billion cricket fans. available at https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/759733 (accessed on 12 Dec 2019).), the fan count has exceeded the billion mark and 70, 88 and 92% of fans globally are interested in test, ODI and T20I cricket respectively. It has become an all-season sport barring rainy and snowy conditions.
