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Two new species are added to the 32 Alternaria species known on plants of Asteraceae. The newly described species are A. silybi from Silybum marianum and Alternaria simmonsii from Sonchus sp.
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... Strain MF P024011 and MF P024021 had i nsufficient mo rphological differe nce with A. helianthiinficiens strains. Thus we postulate that Alternaria simmonsii Gannibal (Gannibal 2010) [MB#518504] is a synonym of Alternaria helianthiinficiens E.G. Simmons, Walcz & R.G. Roberts (Simmons 1986) [MB#534400]. ...
Alternaria helianthiinficiens previously has been found as a pathogen of sunflower and cosmos in northern hemisphere. This fungus comprises a monotypic lineage which obviously is a separate group that has not been formally described as a section. Information about morphology, distribution, and pathogenic characters of this species is very limited. During this study, two taxonomic novelties were entered. A new section, A. sect. Helianthiinficientes, was described. Alternaria simmonsii was acknowledged to be a synonym of A. helianthiinficiens. The present work allowed definition of Arctium sp. and Sonchus sp. (both are family Asteraceae) as new hosts for A. helianthiinficiens. Isolates of this plant pathogenic fungus were obtained from several new places in the Southern European part of Russia. Six strains were tested on nine asteraceous plants and supported pathogenicity of all strains and susceptibility of all hosts. All strains were more aggressive for Helianthus annuus and Xanthium sibiricum than for other plants regardless on host from which they were isolated. Moderate aggressiveness was detected for Cirsium arvense and H. tuberosus while expansion of lesions on Arctium tomentosum, Artemisia vulgaris, Sonchus arvensis, Tanacetum vulgare, and Taraxacum officinale was sufficiently slower.
... Another species from genus Alternaria was also identified on the diseased seedlings. The appearance of spores and conidiophores of this fungus corresponds to the description of Alternaria silybi (Gannibal), isolated from milk thistle leaves by Gannibal [22]. Alternaria sp. ...
Introduction: : Milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is an important medicinal plant. Achenes of milk thistle contain sylimarin, protecting liver cells against toxic compounds.
Objective: The aim of the research was to find an optimum method of evaluation of milk thistle seed germination.
Methods: Ten seed samples were tested. The seeds were germinated: on top of blotter paper, on top of blotter paper after seed disinfection, between pleated blotter paper, in rolled blotter paper and in sand. Germination at the first and final counts, the percentages of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were determined. The correlation coefficients between seed germination, evaluated with various methods, and seedling emergence were calculated. Moreover, fungi associated with seeds and diseased seedlings were identified.
Results: The lowest percentage of normal seedlings was observed after germination on the top of blotter. Highly significant positive correlations were noted between seedling emergence and seed germination at the final count evaluated in rolled paper, between pleated paper and in sand. The fungi from genera: Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Verticillium were frequently identified on seeds and seedlings.
Conclusions: Infestation with fungi significantly affected milk thistle seed germination and plant emergence. Germination in rolled blotter paper may be recommended for evaluation of milk thistle seed germination, as the most practical and significantly correlated with seedling emergence.
... The morphologically similar species, A. radicina and A. carotiincultae were separated into 2 distinct lineages based on sequence analyses of genes including EF-1α, β-tubulin, and Alt a 1, and these results were consistent with those obtained using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat analysis [32]. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis previously revealed that genetic clusters among isolates of A. tenuissima and A. solani were revealed to be associated with the location of origin and the host plants, respectively [33,34]. Molecular studies have demonstrated a clear distinction between large and small-spored Alternaria species which resulted in Alternaria species being classified into 6 genetic groups [22,35,36]. ...
In the course of survey of endophytic fungi from Bangladesh pumpkin seeds in 2011~2012, two strains (CNU111042 and CNU111043) with similar colony characteristics were isolated and characterized by their morphology and by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd), and Alternaria allergen a1 (Alt a1) sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of all three sequences and their combined dataset revealed that the fungus formed a subclade within the A. alternata clade, matching A. burnsii and showing differences with its other closely related Alternaria species, such as A. longipes, A. tomato, and A. tomaticola. Long ellipsoid, obclavate or ovoid beakless conidia, shorter and thinner conidial size (16~60 [90] × 6.5~14 [~16] µm) distinguish this fungus from other related species. These isolates showed more transverse septation (2~11) and less longitudinal septation (0~3) than did other related species. Moreover, the isolate did not produce any diffusible pigment on media. Therefore, our results reveal that the newly recorded fungus from a new host, Cucurbita maxima, is Alternaria burnsii Uppal, Patel & Kamat.
... Ostrčilová [17] and Ondřej (2006) consider Alternaria silybi to be the most important milk thistle pathogen except a specific fungus Septoria silybi. Gannibal (2010) observed [5] only leaf blotches and numerous sporulation of fungus Cercospora sp., but he didn't found spores of Alternaria silybi in any living tissue. Milk thistle is also a host of rusts Puccinia cruchetiana, P. laschii var. ...
... Alternaria silybi, described by[5] Gannibal(2010) in Russia as a new species pathogenic for milk thistle, was found only in peripheral lesions on several leaves originating from the site Citonice (2013).Description of the isolated pathogen Alternaria silybi: the conidiophores were individual, unicellular, with ellipsoidal or ovoid conidia of the size 49-81×7-12 µm, with 5-8 transversal septa and one longitudinal septum in 1-4 cells. The rostrum was fibrous, 55-164×2.5-3 ...
Milk thistle is grown in the Czech Republic as a medicinal herb; silymarin is isolated from its achenes and used for the production of liver and gallbladder medicine. The quality and content of the active compound is influenced not only by environmental factors, but also by pests and pathogens. The occurrence of pests of milk thistle variety ´Silyb´ was observed in two localities during the years 2011–2013. In the year 2011 the mycoflora of seeds of four milk thistle varieties was determined. Representatives of 15 species were isolated from the seeds, most of them saprophytic. 21 fungal species were isolated and identified from milk thistle plants during the vegetation; Septoria silybi among the most important ones. Possibilities of protection of milt thistle against pathogens are discussed.
The medicinal plant Silybum marianum has long been utilised as a hepatoprotective treatment. It has been used to treat a variety of liver conditions marked by functional impairment or progressive necrosis. Silymarin compound mostly found in seeds of this plant that is helpful in curing of different diseases. Holy thistle is pharmacologically important and mostly use in treating the liver cancer in humans as well as in animals. Seeds of this plant improve antioxindant system in animals which increase resistance against the liver disease. Dihydro flavanol and flavonolignan, two derivatives of flavonoids, are mostly used in medical and therapeutic procedures. Some other components of this plant are silydianin, silibinin, and silybin. This plant is most effective in protection of the renal, hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerosis activities cardiovascular protection, prevention of the insulin, cancer and Alzheimer prevention.
Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus including saprobic, endophytic, and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. It has been separated into 29 sections and seven monotypic lineages based on molecular and morphological data. Alternaria sect. Porri is the largest section, containing the majority of large-spored Alternaria species, most of which are important plant pathogens. Since 2015, of the investigations for large-spored Alternaria species in China, 13 species were found associated with Compositae plants based on morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. There were eight known species and five new species (A. anhuiensis sp. nov., A. coreopsidis sp. nov., A. nanningensis sp. nov., A. neimengguensis sp. nov., and A. sulphureus sp. nov.) distributed in the four sections of Helianthiinficientes, Porri, Sonchi, and Teretispora, and one monotypic lineage (A. argyranthemi). The multi-locus sequence analyses encompassing the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS), glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a 1), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1), and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), revealed that the new species fell into sect. Porri. Morphologically, the new species were illustrated and compared with other relevant large-spored Alternaria species in the study. Furthermore, A. calendulae, A. leucanthemi, and A. tagetica were firstly detected in Brachyactis ciliate, Carthamus tinctorius, and Calendula officinalis in China, respectively.
The fungus, A. sonchi is known as a leaf pathogen of representatives of the genus Sonchus. It is capable of producing phytotoxic and antitumor metabolites. In order to determine prospects for strain selection with better bioactivity the level of natural intraspecific variability was evaluated. The species was found to have wide distribution in Russia and considerably variable in pure culture. The fungus was shown to be variable at molecular level by analysis of Alt a 1 gene sequences. A. sonchi isolates were significantly different by their metabolite profile and biological activity of metabolites.
The evaluation of all available descriptions of Alternaria species allowed the assignment of another 71 species to A. sect. Porri, in addition to the 46 species previously included on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. We assess that this section encompasses 117
species, which are listed. An emended and somewhat expanded description of A. sect. Porri is presented.
The achenes of milk thistle contain a variety of lipids, proteins and biologically active substance, which is why they are used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, as well as an ingredient of functional food and animal feed. The yield of milk thistle is de-termined by both agrotechnological factors (sowing date, cultivation regime, fertilization) and the health status of plants. The study was conducted over the years 2009–2011 in ex-perimental plots located in Tomaszkowo (NE Poland). The experiment involved the fol-lowing treatments: 1. N 0 PK, 2. N 0 PKMg, 3. N 0 PKMg+microelement B, 4. N 1 PK, 5. N 1 PKMg, 6. N 1 PKMg+B, 7. N 2 PK, 8. N 2 PKMg, 9. N 2 PKMg+B, 10. N 3 PK, 11. N 3 PKMg, 12. N 3 PKMg+B (where: N 0 – without nitrogen fertilization, N 1 – 40 kg · ha -1 /ammonium nitrate/, N 2 – 80 kg · ha -1 , N 3 – 120 kg · ha -1 , P – 40 kg · ha -1 /triple super-phosphate/, K – 117 kg · ha -1 /60% potash salt/, Mg – 20 kg · ha -1 /kieserite/ before sow-ing, B – foliar application/Bormax/). The structure of fungal communities colonizing the stems of milk thistle was analyzed at the laboratory. Achene yield was determined after harvest. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the stems of milk thistle was affected by weather conditions, and macronutrient and B fertilization. Potential pathogens had a 50–80% share of the fungal community. The predominant species was Alternaria alternata, fungi of the genus Fusarium were identified less frequently (six species), while Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea and Phoma spp. were encountered only sporadically. The abundance of A. alternata was lower in treatments without N fertilization and with N fertilization at 40 kg P · ha -1 . In contrast to A. alternata, fungi of the genus Fusarium were less abundant in treatments with Mg and Mg+B fertilization. The yield of milk thistle achenes increased in response to increasing rates of nitrogen fertilization.
