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Alteration of the forgetting curve through repetition according to Ebbinghaus (1885) and estimations from Paul (2007)
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Purpose
– The purposes of this paper are to implement a spaced repetition algorithm into a learning game, analyze the pros and cons of this implementation and make different considerations about designing the game to make the algorithm work in an optimal way. While games offer a promising way of engaging and motivating learners to deal with a certa...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... (1885) created a formula showing the degradation of memories: R = e (−t/S) where R is memory retention, S is the relative strength of memory, and t is time. The solid line in the following graphic (Figure 1) shows an example of this formula. It is called the "Forgetting Curve". ...
Context 2
... can be accomplished by limiting the moments when rewards can be gained to just these times. In any case the game should let the learners know about this by informing them for example with alerts when they launch the game (Figure 10). Another way to make the learners play the game only at calculated times can be derived from the motivational aspect of the game. ...
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Citations
... Haptic feedback can help to add a new sensory input when they are being exposed to the hazard. Building muscle memory by repeating the training in the VR environment will ensure that trainees have the best chance of not being injured once exposed to realworld hazards [5] . By adding in a serious game design, learning can be optimized and the competition to beat the previous score will aid in im proved learning. ...
This review focuses on the state of the art and reviews the areas of Serious Games and Virtual Reality applied to the industrial uses and in particular in the nuclear field. The field is vast and highly dynamic. The term Serious Games is defined and explored, and Virtual Reality (VR) concepts and technologies are covered. Related areas of demographics, Digital Twins and Gamification are discussed. The Learning Mechanics-Game Mechanics (LM-GM) model is described along with a case study to help deepen the understanding of the model. The review found several papers: the major concepts were categorized and key points were identified from each category. It was found that the LM-GM model can be an effective tool for designing Serious Games. It was also found that while the nuclear workforce is aging, the cohort over 30 years old have a large number of video game players and they are good candidates for effective training using a Serious Game VR tool. Looking from the Nuclear Industry perspective, there are only a few papers that cover both Serious Games and VR, showing a great opportunity for further research in this area especially with the nuclear digital twin becoming more and more an instrument for both operations and training.
... The concept behind spaced repetition is to discover a perfect interval between the repetitions for one learning item [9]. To gain the great learning results, the intervals between repetitions need to make bigger the better the learner achieves the respective intention [9]. ...
... The concept behind spaced repetition is to discover a perfect interval between the repetitions for one learning item [9]. To gain the great learning results, the intervals between repetitions need to make bigger the better the learner achieves the respective intention [9]. The best intervals are the longest feasible intervals that do no longer lead to forgetting. ...
... The best intervals are the longest feasible intervals that do no longer lead to forgetting. Spaced repetitions provide the concept of that guaranteed the way to improve the long-term memory sustainably [9]. The spaced repetition approach will strengthen memory, although at another efficiency using intervals. ...
Phonics is one of the techniques to teach kids to learn alphabet. This technique used the sound of alphabet to teach kids. This project is to improve word reading skills by learn how to spell. The user’s mood of study can increase by the time. The memorizing technique which is Spaced Repetition Algorithm that implemented in the application can help the slow learner that have problem to memorize. The spaced repetition approach will strengthen memory, although at another efficiency using intervals. The Fonik Application (FA) target user is slow learner. This project provides the video of lips motion of how to sound the alphabet using phonics technique. It also provides two tests to view the user understanding of the learner. The tests are test of pronunciation and test of hearing. In pronunciation test, user needs to input the voice of the word that display in the screen. Speech recognition will recognize whether the speech that user input is correct or wrong. In the hearing test, user need to recognize the sound of the phonics that have given and answer the right alphabet by choosing the correct alphabet.
... Spaced Practice and Games. Most research on spaced practice in games has focused on serious games in the context of education and verbal learning (e.g., [23,52,53]). The few studies that do focus on in-game skills support the idea that spaced practice has benefits [33,41,56]. ...
The development of skill in games is of interest to players and designers. Spaced practice in games, i.e., adding breaks to core gameplay, has been shown to improve performance over playing continuously; however, it is unclear if the benefits of spaced practice apply in complex games that combine several skills and elements. Further, many break-like activities are already present in games (e.g., cutscenes, mini-games, leaderboards, loading screens) and we do not know whether engaging with these as breaks reduces the benefits of spaced practice. We built a custom 2D platform game in which players wall-jump, swing, and double-jump through an obstacle course and used it as the core gameplay activity in two experiments-one to test if spaced practice improves performance in a complex game, and another to determine how spaced practice is affected by the choice of in-game break activity. We show that spaced practice significantly improves skill development in a complex platformer game; that spaced practice is effective across several types of ecologically-valid break activities; and that the use of short breaks does not subvert flow states during play.
... One concern of spaced repetition is, of course, spacing, or, more precisely, the amount of time between input and training sessions to achieve the best learning effect. According to Wozniak (1994), the intervals should be as long as possible to obtain the minimum frequency of repetitions, but short enough to ensure the knowledge is still remembered (Schimanke et al., 2014). Ellis (1995) proposes 'expanding rehearsal': 'a given item should be initially tested after a brief delay; if the learner successfully recalls it, then the delay should be systematically increased; whereas if the learner is wrong the delay should be shortened' (20). ...
... One concern of spaced repetition is, of course, spacing, or, more precisely, the amount of time between input and training sessions to achieve the best learning effect. According to Wozniak (1994), the intervals should be as long as possible to obtain the minimum frequency of repetitions, but short enough to ensure the knowledge is still remembered (Schimanke et al., 2014). Ellis (1995) proposes 'expanding rehearsal': 'a given item should be initially tested after a brief delay; if the learner successfully recalls it, then the delay should be systematically increased; whereas if the learner is wrong the delay should be shortened' (20). ...
The integration of emerging mobile technology into the education domain has become increasingly ubiquitous. This research reviewed the advantages and challenges of mobile learning, discussed the key factors that promote effective vocabulary learning and conducted a survey to investigate and identify the ten most popular word learning apps. Based on the results, we analysed the key features of the popular apps and summarised the elements that play crucial roles in leading to successful learning. Based on such analyses, we also developed a comprehensive framework for designing and evaluating vocabulary learning apps, covering dimensions, such as content quality, multimodal presentation, engagement, personalisation, repetition and usability. A popular app, Vocabulary.com, was also assessed utilising the proposed framework. Users, evaluators, designers and developers of word-learning apps are expected to benefit from this research by being provided with a comprehensive understanding of app-facilitated vocabulary learning and essential features of effective word learning apps.
... The amount of research investigating spaced practice in digital games is limited, with the majority focusing on serious games in the context of education and verbal learning (e.g., [29,95,96]) rather than on in-game perceptual-motor skills. When limiting our search to this latter topic, we found only two relevant experiments: a 1985 experiment by Metalis [75], and a 1999 experiment by Shebilske et al. [102]. ...
Games allow players to fulfill the need for competence by providing well-designed, increasingly difficult challenges. To meet these challenges, players repeatedly attempt to achieve objectives---and through this repetition, they improve their game skills. Players are keenly aware of whether they are making progress during these attempts, and they want to get better as quickly as possible. Previous research suggests that one way of improving skill development is by taking breaks between periods of activity (called ``spaced practice''). However, there is little knowledge about whether this idea works in games, what the optimal break length is, and whether the effects last. We carried out a study comparing spaced and continuous practice in a Super Hexagon clone, using five-minute play intervals and five break lengths (no break, two minutes, five minutes, ten minutes, one day). We found that spaced practice led to significant gains in performance, particularly for novices. This result shows that players can achieve an immediate improvement in skill development, simply by scheduling short breaks in their play session; designers can also make use of this result by building rest periods into the structure of their games. Our study also indicated that breaks are valuable both in the short and the longer term---in a retention test after one day, all of the groups performed similarly, suggesting that even if a player does not use spaced practice initially, taking a break after the play session can still lead to improvements. Our study provides new information that can aid in the design of practice schedules for perceptual-motor tasks in games.
... Existing applications use this technique to teach Cartesian product and relationships, highlighting the role of classification and categorization of content [30]. Additionally, implementation of spaced repetition in games and mobile learning, validate the flexibility that this technique affords in adapting to different platforms [29]. Modern approaches in this area depend on using machine learning and data science for personalized learning [31]. ...
Virtual Reality (VR) provides a unique opportunity for non-native speakers of a language to learn within an immersive platform. This may be particularly useful for English Language Learners (ELLs), who may face many difficulties learning English and acclimating to their new environment and culture. However, many current educational tools use a static, one size-fits-all approach to teach students. We believe that empirical research in VR pedagogy-specifically focused on how to personalize and adapt to, and support second language learners (e.g., ELLs) in these interactive and immersive systems-is an important step in providing educational equity to those that may easily fall behind their peers due to cultural and language barriers. In this paper, we discuss the current state of ELL education, and propose personalized and adaptable VR educational tools to help reach a wide range of users with different skills, abilities, and needs.
The present research firstly investigated how Chinese and Hong Kong students evaluated five commonly used word learning APPs. Data concerning their perceptions and experience of using these APPs were collected through interviews and questionnaire surveys. Questions concerning their expectations of effective word learning APPs were also asked. The collected data were coded and analyzed to identify common features or points mentioned by the students. The results showed that students highly value features like enabling users to choose specific target groups of words, having vivid visual aids, providing pronunciations, detailed and accurate definitions and examples, and allowing users to interact with other users. The second part of this research asked the students to compare a wording learning APP developed by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University to the APPs that they had used previously, evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of different word learning APPs. The results of the research are consistent with Zou’s (2016, 2017) arguments that the availability of various aspects of word knowledge are conducive to effective word learning as it promotes greater degree of elaboration on the target vocabulary. Moreover, the results support Zou and Xie’s (2018) argument that personalized learning is essential to learner engagement and learning effectiveness.
