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Alouatta pigra traveling on open ground across a villager’s yard in the Community Baboon Sanctuary, Belize. Photo by Laura K. Marsh.
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The study of primates in fragments is primarily driven by recognition that many tropical landscapes have already experienced, or soon will experience, deforestation and fragmentation. This recognition brings a desire to conserve the primates that are affected. From this perspective, we want to provide managers, researchers, and students with the in...
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... is not a surprise that there are proportionally more fragment studies that include howler monkeys since they are more tolerant of disturbed habitats than any other platyrrhines (Chiarello, Ferrari et al., Gilbert, Rodriguez-Toledo et al., Rodriguez-Luna et al., Marsh and Silver, Serio-Silva and Rico-Gray, McCann, Bicca-Marques, this volume; Figure 1). For the Neotropics, the challenge is to develop management plans that support howlers, but do not exclude other platyrrhines. ...
Citations
... Furthermore, studies conducted from 2011 to 2019 were approved by the Scientific Committee of the Faculty of Biosciences of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (projects SIPESQ #5933 and 7843). three size categories: small (<1 to 10 ha), medium (>10 to 100 ha) and large (>100 to 1,000 ha; sensu [38]). Small and medium fragments in Porto Alegre (S1-S3 and M1) and Viamão (S4-S6; Fig 1) were surrounded by anthropogenic matrices comprised of small human settlements, pastures, subsistence orchards, and small parcels of cultivated land (<0.5 to 2 ha). ...
Water is vital for the survival of any species because of its key role in most physiological processes. However, little is known about the non-food-related water sources exploited by arboreal mammals, the seasonality of their drinking behavior and its potential drivers, including diet composition, temperature, and rainfall. We investigated this subject in 14 wild groups of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) inhabiting small, medium, and large Atlantic Forest fragments in southern Brazil. We found a wide variation in the mean rate of drinking among groups (range = 0-16 records/day). Streams (44% of 1,258 records) and treeholes (26%) were the major types of water sources, followed by bromeliads in the canopy (16%), pools (11%), and rivers (3%). The type of source influenced whether howlers used a hand to access the water or not. Drinking tended to be evenly distributed throughout the year, except for a slightly lower number of records in the spring than in the other seasons, but it was unevenly distributed during the day. It increased in the afternoon in all groups, particularly during temperature peaks around 15:00 and 17:00. We found via generalized linear mixed modelling that the daily frequency of drinking was mainly influenced negatively by flower consumption and positively by weekly rainfall and ambient temperature, whereas fragment size and the consumption of fruit and leaves played negligible roles. Overall, we confirm the importance of preformed water in flowers to satisfy the howler's water needs, whereas the influence of the climatic variables is compatible with the 'thermoregulation/dehydration-avoiding hypothesis'. In sum, we found that irrespective of habitat characteristics, brown howlers seem to seek a positive water balance by complementing the water present in the diet with drinking water, even when it is associated with a high predation risk in terrestrial sources.
... Clearly, then, even populations of the same species may respond to threats in different ways, emphasising the need to avoid generalisations (Marsh et al. 2003;Isaac and Cowlishaw 2004). ...
Identifying the factors that determine local extinction of populations is crucial to ensure species conservation. Forest-dwelling primates are especially vulnerable to habitat fragmentation, although few studies have provided systematic evidence of local extinctions. Over an 11-year period, approximately 100 remnant populations of the endangered Coimbra Filho’s titi monkey (Callicebus coimbrai) have been found within the geographic range of the species in Bahia and Sergipe, Northeast Brazil. During the present study, extinction of 13 of these populations was recorded through intensive surveys. These extinctions were detected from evidence of intensive logging and clear-cutting, interviews with local residents and systematic searches of the sites where occurrence of the species had been confirmed in previous surveys. These local extinctions represent approximately 10 % of the known populations of C. coimbrai and up to 28.3 % of the area occupied by the species. Comparison of the vegetation structure in fragments where extinction was recorded and where the species still occurs indicated that sparser understorey may be a correlate of extinction, combined with the fact that extinctions occurred within fragments characterised by relatively high levels of anthropogenic disturbance. These findings reinforce the Endangered status of the species and the urgent need for intensification of conservation measures within the most impacted areas of the geographic distribution of C. coimbrai.
... Yet, studies relating degree of frugivory and species presence within forest fragments have yielded different results. Currently there is no consensus regarding the use of primate characteristics to predict the vulnerability of a species in fragmented habitat (Johns & Skorupa 1987;Estrada & Coates-Estrada 1996;Onderdonk & Chapman 2000;Marsh et al. 2003;Boyle & Smith 2010a). Therefore, further data are necessary to determine whether a general pattern exists between diet specialization and survival in fragmented habitats. ...
The neotropical primate family Pitheciidae consists of four genera Cacajao (uacaris), Callicebus (titis), Chiropotes (bearded sakis) and Pithecia (sakis), whose 40+ species display a range of sizes, social organisations, ecologies and habitats. Few are well known and the future survival of many is threatened, yet pitheciines have been little studied. This book is the first to review the biology of this fascinating and diverse group in full. It includes fossil history, reviews of the biology of each genus and, among others, specific treatments of vocalisations and foraging ecology. These studies are integrated into considerations of current status and future conservation requirements on a country-by-country basis for each species. A state-of-the-art summary of current knowledge, Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Titis, Sakis and Uacaris is a collective effort from all the major researchers currently working on these remarkable animals.
... A rate of subpopulation extinction that exceeds the rate of patch recolonization characterizes a nonequilibrium metapopulation, which tends to shrink and disappear over time (Harrison and Hasting 1996 ). Dispersal and patch (re)colonization are particularly infl uenced by the landscape a patch is immersed in, including the presence of corridors and the pattern of land use in the matrix (Rodríguez and Mandujano 2009 ; Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1996 ; Marsh et al. 2003 ). While some species do not adapt and disappear, others cope relatively well with habitat fragmentation and degradation (Bicca-Marques 2003 ; Marsh et al. 2003 ; Michalski and Peres 2005 ; Wijesinghe and Brooke 2005 ). ...
... Dispersal and patch (re)colonization are particularly infl uenced by the landscape a patch is immersed in, including the presence of corridors and the pattern of land use in the matrix (Rodríguez and Mandujano 2009 ; Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1996 ; Marsh et al. 2003 ). While some species do not adapt and disappear, others cope relatively well with habitat fragmentation and degradation (Bicca-Marques 2003 ; Marsh et al. 2003 ; Michalski and Peres 2005 ; Wijesinghe and Brooke 2005 ). Primates have been particularly impaired by habitat loss, a threat that has a stronger effect on forest living species than those found on the savanna (Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000 ; Johns and Skorupa 1987 ). ...
... Dispersal and patch (re)colonization are particularly infl uenced by the landscape a patch is immersed in, including the presence of corridors and the pattern of land use in the matrix (Rodríguez and Mandujano 2009 ; Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1996 ; Marsh et al. 2003 ). While some species do not adapt and disappear, others cope relatively well with habitat fragmentation and degradation (Bicca-Marques 2003 ; Marsh et al. 2003 ; Michalski and Peres 2005 ; Wijesinghe and Brooke 2005 ). Primates have been particularly impaired by habitat loss, a threat that has a stronger effect on forest living species than those found on the savanna (Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000 ; Johns and Skorupa 1987 ). ...
The theories of island biogeography, metapopulation, and landscape ecology have been applied to study the infl uence of habitat loss, patch size, spatial isolation, and dispersal ability on species survival in fragmented landscapes. Here we test whether forest fragment size, distance to the nearest patch, and distance to the nearest potential mainland are good predictors of the presence of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in fragments immersed in a matrix domi-nated by ranching, farming, and eucalyptus forestry in south Brazil. We also infer to which model of metapopulation (classical, mainland–island/source–sink, patchy, and nonequilibrium) the set of howler monkey populations best fi t. From March 2003 to July 2005, we conducted censuses on 63 forest fragments and sighted brown howlers in 28 (occupancy index = 44 %). Fragment size (0.5–992 ha), distance to the nearest potential mainland (61–13,460 m), and distance to the nearest fragment (47–13,460 m) did not predict the presence of howler monkeys in these forest rem-nants. We conclude that the absence of brown howlers in many forest patches and the lack of relationship between their presence and fragment size and interpatch distances suggest that the set of populations in the study region best fi ts a nonequi-librium metapopulation model.
... There are not data available for Jujuy and Tucuman. (CROCKETT 1998, BICCA-MARQUES 2003. However, when we consider isolated populations, the degree of antropic habitat fragmentation and the lack of forest corridors between fragments, the diagnoses of the IUCN are possibly underestimating the threat risks for all the species as they treat them as simple units (MCNELLY et al. 1990, LYNCH 1996. ...
... Studies on this species have already identified differences in population density, social structure and birth seasonality in their distribution area (THORINGTON et al. 1984, RUMIZ 1990, BROWN & ZUNINO 1994, ZUNINO et al. 1996, ZUNINO et al. 2001, KOWALEWSKI & ZUNINO 2004 Research that allows comparisons among protected and unprotected areas adds information to elucidate the consequences of habitat modifications on the behavior, ecology and demography of primate populations. In Argentina there is a lack of studies focusing on conservation biology on primates defined as a research focused on the antropic effects on primate populations, including health status and issues concerning long term survival of primate populations and species (MARSH et al. 2003, GILLESPIE et al. 2008. Although many studies refer to conservation problems, only 5.2% (n=4) of the papers published in the last 13 years have situated conservation as a main topic of research (SANTA CRUZ et al. 2000, KOWALEWSKI & ZUNINO 1999, OKLANDER et al. 2006, 2010 These institutions work to generate knowledge, and strategies that allow recovering the ecological function of the forests in areas under deforestation, cattle ranching and monocultures. ...
ABSTRACT. In this article we present a review of the research developed on wild
primate populations in Argentina. This article compiles information on which
primate species and which research topics, as ecology, behavior, genetics,
parasitology and conservation, have been priory studied by primatologists in the last
13 years, in the only five primate species that inhabit Argentina: Alouatta caraya
(Humboldt, 1812), Alouatta clamitans Cabrera, 1940, Aotus azarai (Humboldt,
1812), Cebus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809) and Cebus cay (Illiger, 1815). This review
also presents the current status of primatological studies in Argentina, the areas that
need further studies, and the conservation status of these primate species in our
country. We observed that there is a bias focusing research on Alouatta caraya and
deficient information on less known and more vulnerable primates in Argentina,
such as Alouatta clamitans and Cebus cay. We find few studies focusing primarily
in conservation. As a result, the application of current research into conservation
initiatives has been scarce. The high rates of deforestation in Argentina indicate the
urgent need of further studies on the effects of antropic habitat alteration on primates
in order to develop future management strategies, and to advise Provincial and
National government on the conservation status of these species in Argentina.
... Similar gaps exist in the primate literature (Marsh et al., 2003). Harcourt and Doherty (2005) found that forest fragment size correlated with primate species richness across the globe, except 0006-3207/$ -see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. ...
Habitat loss and fragmentation are global conservation concerns, but animal species do not respond to these threats in the same manner. At the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP), located 80 km north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, the distribution and persistence of six native primate species differ among fragments that were isolated in 1980s. We identified both landscape and species characteristics predicting the presence of primates in these forest fragments. Fragment size positively and distance to nearest forested area negatively predicted primate species richness in the fragments; however, these relationships were not straightforward because these two variables were correlated. The proportion of fruit in a species' diet was the most important factor predicting its presence in the forest fragments, with species relying primarily on frugivory faring poorly. Home range size was the second-best predictor of a species' presence; however, some species with large home ranges were present in the 10-ha forest fragments. The extent to which the individual primate species traveled in and out of the fragments varied, suggesting that further research is necessary to determine the primary factors that lead to the animals' use of the matrix. We conclude that in addition to conserving large tracts of habitat, reducing the isolation of the forest fragments through the creation of forest corridors and through the presence of additional forest fragments within the agricultural matrix may increase animal movement across the landscape. Such changes to the matrix may be critical for those species that do not readily traverse non-forested areas.
... Growing populations are forced to rely on land and resources outside park boundaries, particularly forest fragments and wetland areas. Forest fragments and wetlands provide numerous social and ecological services and while the park may remain intact, unprotected fragments, have become increasingly used, degraded, and converted to other land uses (Chapman, Chapman, & Chandler, 1996;Marsh et al., 2003). ...
Rapid population growth, high population density, and intensive agriculture charac-terize the landscape surrounding Kibale National Park in western Uganda. Forest fragments and wetlands scattered throughout the agricultural landscape provide important natural resources for local people. These forest fragments, however, also provide habitat for animals that raid crops and threaten local agricultural practices, leading to human–wildlife conflict in the buffer zone of the park. Using a geographically stratified, random sampling technique to select study sites, 130 households outside Kibale were interviewed to understand human–agriculture–wildlife conflicts and how these problems vary spatially and demographically. Primates were the most common taxa associated with crop raiding, with vervet and redtail monkeys ranked as the worst crop raiders overall. Baboons and elephants were also problematic in agricultural areas proximate to the park boundary. Despite the problems reported, most respondents prefer to live closer to forest fragments and wetlands because of greater access to natural resources.
... Nonetheless, population density of howlers is variable in the literature (0.6–80.9 individuals/km 2 ) and here, 10.6 individuals/km 2 . The island howler density is relatively low vs. an average among published studies, many of which are in fragmented landscapes (22 individuals/km 2 ,Table II); however, it is similar to that of large forest reserves (Chiarello and Galetti 1994) or in large forest tracts (Crockett 1998; Marsh et al. 2003). Perhaps lower densities are normal in large, protected areas. ...
Brown howlers (Alouatta clamitans) are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Because only 7.5% of this fragmented forest remains in Brazil, there is an urgent need for studies of its ecology. Understanding island populations, still poorly researched in the relatively well-studied Alouatta, can provide important information for understanding habitat fragmentation and conservation. We studied brown howlers on the northern portion of the coastal and protected island, Ilha do Cardoso State Park. We used distance sampling methods on 5 transects to estimate population density of the howlers. Estimated howler density on the island is 10.6 individuals/km2, with a total of 36 (21-62) individuals in a 3.4 km2 area. The density is low, but similar to that of other large and preserved areas. By triangulating on vocalization and following groups, we estimate that there are 10 groups with an average of 4.5 individuals per group. Groups comprise 42% adult females, 27% adult males, 20% juveniles, 7% infants, and the remaining 4% subadult males. Howlers apparently use all appropriate habitats, including Atlantic Forest of plains and slopes. We believe that the howler population is maintaining a typical replacement on the island, with low birth rates and high survival rates, but long-term studies are required to test this. Small group size and associated social structure may be due to the particular environmental conditions on Ilha do Cardoso State Park.
... These unprotected forests provide a number of ecological services such as stabilization of the local climate, erosion control, nutrient uptake, and carbon sequestration (Laurance and Bierregaard, 1997). Forest fragments also serve as species corridors, habitat, and breeding and feeding grounds (Onderdonk and Chapman, 2000;Marsh, 2003). ...
... Despite their socio-economic importance, only recently has research addressed tropical forest fragments (Chatelain et al. 1996;Laurance and Bierregaard, 1997), but most research has focused on South America (Laurance and Bierregaard, 1997). Previous African studies have addressed the effects of fragmentation on animal and tree species (Hill and Curran, 2003;Marsh et al. 2003;Stouffer and Bierregaard, 1995). However, little work has studied the role forest fragments play in providing resources such as fuelwood, timber, poles, thatching, handcraft materials, indigenous medicines, and edible plants to communities (Turner and Corlett, 1996;Gillespie and Chapman, 2005). ...
... Moreover, fragmentation literature discusses landscape fragments and biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems, but there is very little discussion of aquatic systems (Pickett et al. 1997). While the use of forest fragments as a means to sustain livelihoods is well documented elsewhere in the world, East Africa is strikingly absent from the literature (Marsh et al. 2003), as are studies on the smaller, interstitial wetlands and forest patches characteristic of western Uganda. Little research has addressed anthropogenic influences of land-cover change, or the resulting effects of altered ecosystems back onto the communities. ...
Description
Eighteen peer-reviewed papers explore the latest information on theoretical and applied ecology, especially as it relates to characterizing environmental risks to wildlife and the requirements of environmental managers.
Until recently, many areas which have low to moderate levels of chemical contamination were subjected to intrusive remediation efforts; the consequence being substantial destruction of existing wildlife habitat and low potential for enhancing better quality habitat at the affected site. This new ASTM publication addresses these issues. Topics cover
