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Silicone oil is famous for its greater stability and high-temperature non-toxic use at low surface tension and high spreading power. It is the mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) with dimethicone and simethicone, therefore largely used in industrial products due to their unique properties like non-toxicity, high lubricity and stable film strips...
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Previous studies have reported silicone oil (SO) applied to needles and syringes in the vitreous of patients after intravitreal injections. We evaluated four syringes (SR 1-mL insulin, Saldanha-Rodrigues; BD 1-mL Tuberculin Slip Tip, Becton–Dickinson; BD Ultra-Fine 0.3 mL, HSW Norm-Ject Tuberculin, Henke Sass Wolf) and 10 needles (BD PrecisionGlide...
Citations
... This compound is considered relatively environment friendly as it predominantly degrades via abiotic routes, namely fragmentation into smaller oligomers and final decomposition into silica, water, and carbon dioxide [2][3][4]. PDMS is widely used as lubricants/antifoam additives in both mechanical systems and cosmetics, and its global production amounts to hundreds of megatons per year [5][6][7][8][9][10]. ...
We outline a molecular simulation protocol for elucidating the formation of silicone oil from trimethlyl- and dimethlysilanediole precursor mixtures. While the fundamental condensation reactions are effectively described by quantum mechanical calculations, this is combined with molecular mechanics models in order to assess the extended relaxation processes. Within a small series of different precursor mixtures used as starting points, we demonstrate the evolution of the curing degree and heat formation in the course of polymer chain growth. Despite the increasing complexity of the amorphous agglomerate of polymer chains, our approach shows an appealing performance for tackling both elastic and viscous relaxation. Indeed, the finally obtained polymer systems feature 99% curing and thus offer realistic insights into the growth mechanisms of coexisting/competing polymer strands.
... These fluids are characterized by their structural composition, featuring a main chain of repeating silicone-oxygen (Si-O) bonds, with various organic groups attached to the silicon atoms, adhering to the formula [RnSiO 4−n/2 ] m . This structural versatility yields a wide array of silicone fluids, including ethyl, methyl, methyl phenyl, methyl chlorophenyl varieties, and silicic acid esters [15][16][17]. Notably, silicone fluids have demonstrated unparalleled utility in aerospace bearing lubrication and in environments subjected to extreme conditions, such as radiation exposure [18,19]. However, their integration into broader applications is limited by poor miscibility with other lubricants and additives. ...
Lubricants must exhibit good tribological behavior at low temperatures to ensure reliable startups in very cold regions. This study investigates the performance of lubricants, with a specific focus on their capacity for high-temperature lubrication and ensuring reliable low-temperature startup in engines. Experiments were conducted to assess the friction and wear characteristics of polydiethylsiloxane in conjunction with a Si3N4 ball and M50 (8Cr4Mo4V) steel across a temperature range of −80 °C to 25 °C. The results indicate that the coefficient of friction, as determined through friction and wear tests at various temperatures, remained below 0.1. As temperatures progressively decreased, the system’s friction coefficient increased, and wear volumes recorded at 25 °C and −60 °C were 9749.513 µm³ and 105.006 µm³, respectively, culminating in lubrication failure at −100 °C. This failure is primarily attributed to the increased viscosity and decreased mobility of polydiethylsiloxane at extremely low temperatures. Additionally, the reduced temperature increases the strength of the quenched steel, leading to hard particles or protrusions on the material’s surface, which collide with the Si3N4 ball during friction, causing adhesion and spalling. Despite this, polydiethylsiloxane forms a stable protective oil film on the surface, enhancing the system’s lubrication performance. However, below −80 °C, this oil film begins to tear, leading to diminished lubrication efficacy. This study provides valuable data supporting the field of cryogenic lubrication.
... Therefore, examples may be laminates like automotive screens, filled polymers, fiber-reinforced epoxides, and even paint coatings of all types of materials. The other possibility is to combine the properties of different parts on a molecular scale, like it is appeared on large scale with the organic copolymers [41]. On a microscopic scale, the idea to unite organic with inorganic components demands an inorganic network formation process which is similar to thermal stability of organic components [31]. ...
Silicones have great importance in everyday life due to their extensive framework, permeable films, water resistance, and uniform skin-conditioning effects. Based on comparison with other organic materials, silicones have been proved to be very beneficial in the treatment of scars. This family of high-performing materials is classified into different types based on their structure and properties. A brief discussion on the behavior of silicones is also observed with respect to heat and light along with their mechanical, chemical, and physical properties. Whether it’s quarts, masonry work, or a building constructed from cement, all these things are silicones. It depicts those silicones are metallo-organic compounds of significant value and research.
... Among a large number of synthetic lubricating oils, polysiloxanes occupy a special place [1]. They are distinguished by unique properties, which include high thermal and oxidative stability, for example, in an inert atmosphere, destruction is observed when heated above 300°C (in air up to 250°C) [2], which is determined by high bond energy -Si-O-(~450 kJ/mol) [3]. ...
A method is proposed for the preparation of antiwear additives based on quaternary ammonium salts of dialkyldithiocarbamic acids by non-catalytic interaction of stoichiometric amounts of the corresponding diamine, carbon disulfide, and tetraalkylammonium chloride in the presence of sodium hydroxide in which the interaction of the initial components is carried out in one stage. All synthesized additives are highly soluble in polyorganosilicone oils, and at a concentration of 0.5–1.0 wt % they exhibit antiwear activity, which is expressed in a significant decrease (in some cases more than twice) in the diameter of the wear scar when tested on a four-ball friction machine. It has been shown that an increase in the length of alkyl groups in the anionic part of the additives leads to a more effective antiwear effect, the same trend manifests itself with an increase in the number of carbon atoms of alkyl groups in ammonium salts. The influence of the concentration of additives on the antiwear properties of lubricating compositions has been studied. The proposed type of additive is a promising friction modifier for silicone lubricants.
... Silicone oil composed of synthetic organosilicon compounds bears superior chemical and heat-resistance stability, low surface tension, high spraying and penetration capability, low viscosity, etc. It also has high lubricity, great retaining moisture, and excellent film strip formation and, thus, is considered to enhance the lubrication performance of mechanical systems in industrial applications such as thermostat fluids, cosmetics, vitreoretinal surgery, and emulsions [38,39]. The silicone oil emulsions are, thus, considered to own promising fuel properties such as those stated above. ...
Emulsions that mix two or more immiscible phases are broadly applied in pharmaceutics, chemistry, and industries. The phase inversion temperature (PIT) method is an emulsifying approach to preparing an emulsion with low energy consumption and cheap equipment. The effects of surfactant characteristics and processes of cooling or heating on the fuel properties of emulsions composed of silicone oil by the emulsifying method, such as mean droplet sizes of the de-ionized water phase, were considered herein. The application of the silicone oil emulsion as engine fuel was first evaluated. The results show that the emulsions added with the polyol surfactant mixture appeared to have a larger mean water-droplet size, a larger number of dispersed water droplets, a wider range of dispersed-water sizes, and lower kinematic viscosity than those with Brij 30 surfactant. Increasing the surfactant concentration of either Tween 20 mixed with Span 80 or Brij 30 surfactant increased kinematic viscosity and the number of dispersed droplets while decreasing mean droplet sizes. After being subjected to fast heating and then fast cooling, the silicone oil emulsion appeared to form many smaller dispersed droplets than those being proceeded with slow cooling. The emulsion of silicone oil was found to have adequate engine fuel properties.
... Silicone monomer is a vital raw material for producing silicone oil, silicone rubber, silicone resin, and silane coupling agents. Thousands of organosilicon products can be created from just a few basic monomers [11,12]. The main types of silicone monomers include methyl-chlorosilane (referred to as methyl monomer), phenyl-chlorosilane (referred to as phenyl monomer), methyl-vinylchlorosilane, ethyl-trichlorosilane, propyltrichlorosilane, vinyl-trichlorosilane, γ-chloropropyltrichlorosilane, and fluoro-silicone ...
Waste silicon powder produced during the production process of organosilicon materials is a major environmental concern that can lead to pollution and resource wastage. As a result, it is crucial to find efficient ways of recovering and utilizing this waste material. In this study, the morphology of waste silicon powder was systematically studied, and an optimized purification method was proposed based on a hydrometallurgical process and phase analysis. The complex composition of waste silicon powder presents a significant challenge during its recycling. However, the results of this study showed that metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE), followed by mixed acid system leaching, is the most effective method for removing impurities from the material. The superior order of different acid systems for removing metallic impurities was HCl < HF < HF + HCl < HF + H2O2 < CuACE. It is worth noting that CuACE treatment has a remarkable ability to remove more than 95% of Fe through hydrometallurgy.
... It is a colorless liquid with several properties, including superior electrical resistance, temperature tolerance, innocuity, and low surface tension. The kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, and specific heat of the silicone oil are 50 mm 2 /s (at 298.15 K), 0.96, 573.15 K, and 1.51 kJ/kg·K, respectively [24]. ...
The effects of emulsification variables, such as surfactant type and heating/cooling emulsion processes, on the emulsification characteristics of silicone oil’s emulsions prepared by the phase inversion temperature method were investigated in this study. The water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions have been widely applied to enhance burning efficiency and reduce both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. The silicone oil was emulsified with de-ionized water with the assistance of nonionic surfactants to form oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the Span 80 and Tween 20 surfactant mixture was set equal to 10 based on their weight proportions and the respective HLB values of the two surfactants. The experimental results show that the emulsions with the Span 80/Tween 20 surfactant mixture appeared to have a higher phase inversion temperature and a larger electrical conductance. On the other hand, it has a lower emulsification stability and a narrower range of phase inversion temperature than the emulsions prepared with a Brij 30 surfactant (polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether). The increase in surfactant concentration from 1 wt.% to 10 wt.% decreased the electrical conductance and phase inversion temperature while increasing the suspensibility and absorbance value for the emulsions prepared with either Span 80/Tween 20 mixture or Brij 30.
... Phenyl silicone oil refers to a class of methyl silicone oil products in which part of the methyl group is replaced by the phenyl group (Scheme 1) [1,2]. Phenyl silicone oil is widely used as high-and low-temperature lubricants for electronics and electrical appliances [3][4][5], lubricants for various bearings, and matrix raw materials for personal care products and other high-end fields, because of its unique chemical structure, which gives its superior performances such as a high refractive index, radiation resistance, and excellent lubricity [6][7][8][9]. ...
Phenyl content is a crucial quality indicator for phenyl silicone oils, but the current ¹H NMR method for determining it is still unreliable because of the possibility of interference from methylphenylcyclosiloxane or solvents such as toluene and xylene. Here, a novel method for the determination of the phenyl content in phenyl silicone oils for has been developed using gel permeation chromatography–ultraviolet detection (GPC-UV) analysis. Under optimized parameters, the standard curve has been established in the linear range of 5–1000 μg mL⁻¹ with a squared correlation coefficient of more than 0.999, and a quantification limit of 0.972 μg mL⁻¹ has been obtained. Potential interference-causing substances, such as methylphenylcyclosiloxane, toluene or xylene, and various silicone oils can be readily ruled out using the GPC-UV method. The phenyl content in 9 samples of phenyl silicone oil that were readily available was determined with a recovery in the range of 84.63–106.74%. The amount (0.613 mg g⁻¹) of phenyl in sample H1 by GPC-UV was in good agreement with that (0.603 mg g⁻¹) by the ¹H NMR analysis.
... SO must displace retinal aqueous humor to work as an internal tamponade. This function depends on four physical parameters, including specific gravitation, buoyancy, interfacial tension, and a viscosity [18]. Silicone oil floats in the vitreous cavity because the specific gravity is 0.97; its bubbles' surface tension may change after injection into the eye. ...
... Moreover, interfacial tension is the interaction between two immiscible chemicals, such silicone oil and aqueous humor. Current silicone oils have viscosities ranging from one thousand (MW 37 kDa) to five thousand cSt (MW 65 kDa) [18,19]. ...
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a serious and emergency condition that may cause visual disturbance. Treatment includes pars plana vitrectomy with a tamponade such as intraocular gas or silicone oil (SO). In many countries, silicone oil is still favorable compared to intraocular gases as tamponade for reattachment of retinal detachment surgery. The application provides a higher anatomical success rate, especially in cases of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) that were previously considered untreatable. Objective assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the eye with silicone oil tamponade is a challenge because of the limitations and difficulties in taking images. This study aims to assess the RNFL thickness changes in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients using SO tamponade and its subsequent removal conducted on a total of 35 post-operative RRD patients. Central macular and RNFL thickness, as well as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), were recorded at the time of tamponade and after the removal of the SO at 1, 4, and 8 weeks, respectively. The results showed that the changes in RNFL thickness significantly decreased in the group of ≤6 months, especially in the superior and temporal quadrants, and BCVA increased after SO removal (p < 0.05). Central macular thickness was significant (p < 0.001) at the end of the visit. Improved visual acuity is associated with decreased RNFL and central macular thickness after SO removal.
... Moreover, owing to its superior thermal constancy and excellent heat transfer characteristics, it is widely used in freeze dryers as refrigerants and oil-filled heaters in laboratories and pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, it is a noncombustible, toxic-free, and odor-free material [39,40]. On the other hand, the V 2 O 5 /ZnV 2 O 6 material was synthesized at a low-reaction temperature (100°C). ...
Developing unique electroactive materials is essential for meeting the escalating exigency of high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Various vanadate-based transition metal oxides have recently attracted much interest as anode materials because they can deliver good capacity and excellent cycling stability and enable shields to adapt to the volume variations during lithium insertion/deinsertion. Herein, novel two-dimensional porous vanadium oxide (V2O5)/zinc vanadium oxide (ZnV2O6) composite flake-like architectures (VO/ZVO CFAs) with rock-textured surface morphology were prepared via a facile and ecobenign silicone oil bath-assisted wet-chemical technique, followed by annealing treatment. The possible formation mechanism is explained. When examined as an anode for LIBs, the VO/ZVO CFA-400 (annealed at 400°C) electrode showed superior reversibility with good rate performance compared to the other prepared electrodes. The VO/ZVO CFA-400 electrode exhibited a higher specific capacity of 844 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after 150 cycles, whereas 645 and 743 mAh/g remained for the VO/ZVO CFA-300 and VO/ZVO CFA-500 electrodes, respectively. Interestingly, the VO/ZVO CFA-400 electrode delivered an excellent reversible capacity of 1146 mAh/g after 600 cycles at 500 mA/g. Moreover, when operating at the high current densities of 1000 and 2000 mA/g, the VO/ZVO CFA-400 electrode revealed good reversible capacities of 497 and 340 mAh/g over 500 cycles, respectively. The excellent electrochemical performance of VO/ZVO CFAs might be ascribed to unique morphological structures and the significant number of porous sites constructed from strongly interconnected tiny nanoparticles.
