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All patients underwent duplex ultrasound of the carotid artery by the same operator, and the common carotid artery intima-media thickness was measured 1 cm proximal to the carotid bifurcation (with the mean value of three measurements used) by a linear-array 12-MHz ultrasound transducer (Logiq e).
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Objective
Growing evidence indicates that depressive disorders (DDs) are an important risk factor for atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (IMT) and circulation inflammation markers in patients with DD.
Methods
A cross-sectional prospective study was undertaken co...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... patients underwent duplex sonography of the carotid artery by the same operator. The CCA-IMT was measured 1 cm proximal to the carotid bifurcation (with the mean value of three measurements used) after imaging with a 12-MHz linear-array transducer (Logiq e; GE Healthcare), as shown in Figure 1. All individuals were placed in the supine position on an examination bed with their head in slight extension and medially rotated. ...
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Citations
... Sonographic determination of cIMT has shown to be advantageous by being noninvasive, easily repeatable and radiation-free (Pignoli and Longo, 1988;Saleh, 2010;Wong et al., 1993). cIMT and imaging of carotid arteries by ultrasound could aid in mitigating further cardiovascular events, such as coronary artery disease (Saba et al., 2022) A potential atherogenic pathogenesis of depression has been increasingly studies, with cIMT being used as biomarker (Beutel et al., 2014;Bohman et al., 2010;Chen et al., 2006;Devantier et al., 2016;Faramawi et al., 2007;Guan et al., 2019;Hatch et al., 2015;Lee et al., 2014;Liu et al., 2021;Paranthaman et al., 2010;Pizzi et al., 2014;Poongothai et al., 2015;Prugger et al., 2015;Saleptsis et al., 2020;Smith et al., 2009;Violanti et al., 2013). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate whether cIMT is thicker in individuals with depression compared to controls and to discuss the findings potential clinical implications. ...
... Ten studies (Beutel et al., 2014;Devantier et al., 2016;Dietz and Matthews, 2011;Jones et al., 2003;Rice et al., 2009;Saleptsis et al., 2020;Smith et al., 2009;Spitzer et al., 2020;Tiemeier et al., 2004;Violanti et al., 2013) did not find an association between cIMT and depression. Beutel et al. and Jones et al. (Beutel et al., 2014;Jones et al., 2003) suggested that the development of an increase in cIMT requires time, and consequently, a cIMT increase may be more evident in patients with a history of depression than in those with a current depressive episode. ...
... Similarly, Dietz et al. (Dietz and Matthews, 2011) postulated that as measurable structural atherosclerotic changes take time to develop, and therefore, too young samples might not exhibit any significant abnormalities. The grade of depression severity was considered as a further potential cause of the negative association between milder forms of depression and cIMT (Saleptsis et al., 2020). Other authors questioned the validity of cIMT as marker for atherosclerosis, suggesting that marker plaque might be a better surrogate atherosclerotic than cIMT. ...
... In a population-based cross-sectional study, after controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, dyslipidemia, overweight/obesity, etc.), individuals with more severe symptoms of anxiety and/or depression were found to have higher cIMT values compared to their peers of the same age, gender, and race (Santos et al. 2015). In a prospective cross-sectional study comparing patients with depression and healthy controls, a positive correlation was found between cIMT and interleukin-6, triglyceride, and soluble P-selectin levels (Saleptsis et al. 2020). Increased cIMT has been showed in adolescents with bipolar disorder. ...
There are studies reporting different results on whether there is an increased incidence of cardiovascular problems in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this study was to examine carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), an early marker of atherosclerosis in children and adolescents with ASD. This single-center case-control study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Eighty-five children (36 children with autism and 49 healthy controls) aged 6–18 were enrolled. After a clinical interview, Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) were filled out and laboratory measures were collected for ASD group. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist and hip) of each participant were assessed. The cIMT was measured with an ultrasound probe on both sides of the neck. Age, gender, body mass index percentile and waist/hip ratio adjusted right/left common carotid arteries IMT and right/left bulb IMT were statistically significantly higher in the autism group than controls (0.45 ± 0.01 mm and 0.55 ± 0.01 mm, respectively, p < 0.001). We performed multiple linear regression analysis to determine statistically significant related factors of the cIMT in ASD. Early onset of autism symptoms were related with high carotid IMT (β = −0.496, p = 0.01). These findings suggest that atherosclerosis may begin earlier in children with ASD, which is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. The cIMT measurement, which is an easy and noninvasive method in the cardiovascular assessment and follow-up can be recommended for clinical use for individuals with ASD.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a serious health problem estimated to affect 350 million people globally. Importantly, MDD has repeatedly emerged as an etiological or prognostic factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development, including vascular pathology. Several linking pathomechanisms between MDD and CVD involve abnormal autonomic regulation, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction as an early preclinical stage of atherosclerosis. However, the cause of accelerated atherosclerosis in MDD patients remains unclear. Recently, the causal relationships between MDD and mediator (e.g., inflammation and/or endothelial dysfunction), as well as the causal pathways from the mediator to atherosclerosis, were discussed. Specifically, MDD is accompanied by immune dysregulation, resulting in increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), which could lead to depression-linked abnormalities in brain function. Further, MDD has an adverse effect on endothelial function; for example, circulating markers of endothelial dysfunction (e.g., soluble adhesion molecules, von Willebrand factor) have been linked with depression. Additionally, MDD-linked autonomic dysregulation, which is characterized by disrupted sympathovagal balance associated with excessive circulating catecholamines, can contribute to CVD. Taken together, activated inflammatory response, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic dysregulation could affect gradual atherosclerosis progression, resulting in a higher risk of developing CVD in MDD. This review focused on the pathomechanisms linking MDD and CVD with respect to neuroimmune regulation, and the description of promising biomarkers, which is important for the early diagnosis and personalized prevention of CVD in major depression.
