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Recorded distribution of Alkekengi officinarum in Kyrgyzstan, according to historical specimens examined (cultivated plants excluded) and recent observations.
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Background:
We continue the inventory of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with emphasis on the time and pathways of introduction of the species and their current status in the territory. Each taxon is discussed in the context of plant invasions in Central Asia. This work is a further development of the preliminary checklist of alien plants of...
Citations
... As a plant with great medicinal value, it also has a high commercial value (Li et al. 2020). It is common to find this plant species on cultivated land, roadsides, and public areas (Mardare et al. 2022;Sennikov and Lazkov 2022). In October 2020, in a public area in the municipality of Curitiba (25°26'22.6"S ...
In 2020, leaf spots were observed on Datura innoxia plants in Curitiba, Brazil. Alternaria alternata was identified after isolation from symptomatic leaves through morphological characterization, along with sequencing of the partial tef, gapdh, and rpb2 genes and phylogenetic analysis. Pathogenicity was proven using Koch’s Postulates. This is the first report of this species causing disease in Datura spp. worldwide.
... A monographic revision of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan has been started recently [53,54]. The purpose of this on-going project is to collect every historical record of alien vascular plants in Kyrgyzstan, with their evaluation in the context of historical events and plant introductions in Central Asia as a whole. ...
... Despite the rich data already uncovered by Sennikov & Lazkov [53,54], this work progresses slowly and currently provides detailed information on a fraction of alien plants of Kyrgyzstan. Furthermore, a brief format and the static nature of the previously published checklist [30] does not allow for the information on alien plants of Kyrgyzstan to be used in broad-scale analyses of global tendencies in plant invasions. ...
... Nevertheless, we can provide draft assessments of the residence status and invasion activity of every species, together with their estimated current impact on native environments, agriculture and human well-being, with distribution schemes based on the phytogeographic districts developed by Sennikov & Lazkov [53]. The published assessments [53,54] provide instructive examples of vectors and pathways of introduction, which reflect important trends in the history of plant invasions. ...
The first inventory of casual and naturalised alien plants of Kyrgyzstan is based on an overview of published data, which were re-assessed and re-evaluated using modern standards. Altogether, 151 alien species were registered in the country, of which nearly 40% became naturalised. The total number of alien plant species and the proportion of casual aliens are relatively low due to the harsh climatic conditions (high aridity and continentality) and predominantly high elevations. The highest number of alien plant species in Kyrgyzstan originated from the Mediterranean, which can be explained by some common climatic features between this area and Central Asia, but half of the ten most harmful aliens originated from the Americas. The intensity of plant invasions was the greatest during the period of the Russian Empire and the USSR, and this rapid accumulation of alien plants continues in independent Kyrgyzstan. The uneven distribution of alien plants in Kyrgyzstan is explained by different elevations and climatic conditions across its regions, as well as by the concentration of agricultural activities and human population along warm lowland depressions. More research is required to uncover pathways and particular times of introduction and to produce detailed distribution maps.
... IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) defines Invasive Species as "an alien species which becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitat, an agent of change and threatens native biological diversity" [4,5,9]. In the native distribution area (Central America), it is found in dry open forests and shrublands and in the secondary distribution area (North and South America, Europe, Africa, Southern Asia, Australia) it is found in private garden, cultivated lands, roadsides, public areas, waste ground, frequent near water holes or in areas of impeded drainage, ruderal places [15,23], but the most vulnerable predicted areas to plant invasion are paved roads, railway tracks, edges of dams, riverbeds and farming lands [17,32]. ...
... From literature rewired it is well known that this plant contains certain biologically active tropane alkaloids, like scopolamine and hyoscyamine which are the most well-known alkaloids [29,37]. In the native distribution area (Central America), it is found in dry open forests and shrublands and in the secondary distribution area (North and South America, Europe, Africa, Southern Asia, Australia) it is found in private garden, cultivated lands, roadsides, public areas, waste ground, frequent near water holes or in areas of impeded drainage, ruderal places [15,23], but the most vulnerable predicted areas to plant invasion are paved roads, railway tracks, edges of dams, riverbeds and farming lands [17,32]. ...
Downy thorn-apple Datura innoxia (Solanaceae) is an invasive plant species which can be introduced either accidentally or deliberately and have the ability to acclimatize in new environmental conditions. Scopolamine is a natural alkaloid which occur in several Datura species, including Datura innoxia. Occurrence of alkaloid in all plant organs is crucially important from the viewpoint of medical use, but also as a risk of toxicity for humans and animals, this paper presents the influence of alcoholic solvents on the separation ability of tropane alkaloids using a conventional extraction method (Soxhlet extraction) in order to investigate the content of scopolamine from Datura innoxia dry biomass from Romania at the maturity stage. Two solvents were selected, investigated and compared, including ethanol (96%) and 1-butanol (99.6%). The results showed that 1-butanol was most suitable for the extraction of scopolamine from Datura innoxia areal parts (leaves, flowers, seeds, stem and root) then ethanol because of the high degree of lipophilicity of this alkaloid. The quantitative analysis was performed using UV–VIS spectrophotometry technique. The calibration curve for the analyte under the optimum conditions was obtained with a proper correlation coefficient of 0.9930. Scopolamine was identified in all vegetative organs with higher concentration in 1-butanol and the total content (µg g−1) was 186.87 in leaves, 150.89 in flowers, 63.27 in seeds, 42.50 in stem and 58.10 in root. These studies provide new insights into the potential use of invasive plant species Datura innoxia for extraction of the content of tropane alkaloids, especially scopolamine using different solvents regarding the toxicity and therapeutic potential of this plant alkaloid.
Kyrgyz walnut-fruit forests are unique ecosystems inhabited by silvopastoral farm households that depend on forest resources for their livelihoods. Illegal logging, excessive collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and overgrazing of forest pastures negatively affect forest regeneration and biodiversity, ultimately impacting sustainable livelihoods in the region. Understanding farm heterogeneity is critical to identify targeted interventions that have the potential to improve livelihood sustainability for local populations. This study identifies and elucidates the typology of farms in walnut-fruit forests. Data were collected from 220 farm-households in three villages located within or in the buffer zone of protected areas. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to analyze quantitative data and aggregate farms into clusters according to forest resource availability and use, production means, and socioeconomic characteristics. Three distinct silvopastoral farming systems were identified, in which farmers collect and sell NTFPs, but also have: (i) relatively high NTFP income, medium-sized livestock herds, and low off-farm income; (ii) moderate NTFP income, large livestock herds, and high off-farm income; and (iii) low NTFP income, small herds, and moderate off-farm income. Overall, all types of farms showed different livelihood strategies; specific recommendations aimed at increasing sustainability were provided for each type. While both improved forages for livestock and grazing in forests are relevant for all types of farms, in some cases, value-added processing of NTFPs and contributions from off-farm activities such as tourism are necessary for the conservation and sustainable use of forests.
