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Alizarin Red-stained sections of bone regeneration, taken from differently treated surgically-created osseous defects after 8 weeks. C= normal control sample, I= defective sites + autologous bone, II= defective sites left empty, III= defective sites + PRP+ HA/TCP scaffolds, IV-defective sites + HA/TCP scaffolds + hADSCs + PRP, scale bars in all the photos = 100 µm.
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Background:
Due to the known disadvantages of autologous bone grafting, tissue engineering approaches have become an attractive method for ridge augmentation in dentistry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted to evaluate the potential therapeutic capacity of PRP-assisted hADSCs seeded on HA/TCP granules on regenerative h...
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Abstract:
Background & Objectives:
Periodontal disease is characterized by the presence of gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket formation, loss of connective tissue
attachment and alveolar bone around the affected tooth. Different modalities have been employed in the treatment and regeneration
of periodontal defects which include the use of bo...
Citations
... 127 Machtei et al. 128 demonstrated the bone-enhancing effects of BCP/BCS grafts in split extraction socket defects. 128 In the study of Shafieian et al., 129 cylindrical penetrating defects were drilled in the mandibular plates of five mongrel dogs and were filled randomly with four different materials. The results showed that PRP-assisted hADSCs generated bone tissue regeneration in canine alveolar bone defects. ...
... The results showed that PRP-assisted hADSCs generated bone tissue regeneration in canine alveolar bone defects. 129 Kim et al. 130 extracted the mandibular premolars unilaterally in six dogs and induced three cristae defects. Each defect site was randomly assigned to deproteinized porous bovine bone mineral (BM) alone, a combination of BM and bioabsorbable porcine-derived bilayer CM, or neither membrane nor bone graft as a control group. ...
Abstract Oral hard tissue defects are common concomitant symptoms of oral diseases, which have poor prognosis and often exert detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of patients. Implant materials can accelerate the regeneration of oral hard tissue defects (such as periodontal defects, alveolar bone defects, maxilla bone defects, mandible bone defects, alveolar ridge expansion, and site preservation), but their regenerative efficacy and biocompatibility need to be preclinically validated in vivo with animal‐based oral hard tissue defect models. The choice of oral hard tissue defect model depends on the regenerative effect and intended application of the tested implant material. At the same time, factors that need to be considered include techniques for constructing the particular defect model, the scaffold/graft material used, the availability of animal model evaluation techniques and instrumentation, as well as costs and time constraints. In this article, we summarize the common oral hard tissue defect models in various animal species (such as periodontal model, jaw defect model, and implantation defect model) that can be used to evaluate the regenerative efficacy and biocompatibility of implant materials.
... The multilineage differentiation capacity of cBMSCs and cPDLSCs, including osteogenic and adipogenic differentiations, was assessed on cell cultures at P3, as described elsewhere. 21 ...
... Flowcytometry assay was employed to evaluate the expression of specific cell-surface markers including CD34 and CD44, as described anywhere. 21 Briefly, expanded cBMSCs and PDLSCs at P3, at a density of 1 × 10 6 cells/tube, were washed with special FACS buffer and exposed to two monoclonal FITC antibodies including mouse anti-dog CD 34 (Cat No. MCA2411F, Serotec) and mouse anti-dog CD 44 (Cat No. ab95138, Abcam). After 1 h incubation with specific or isotype control antibodies in 100 ml of 3% BSA (bovine serum albumin; Sigma), cells underwent thorough irrigation with FACS buffer and then, incubated with anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody labeled with FITC for another 1 h. ...
Objectives:
Recent investigations indicate that canine periodontal ligament-derived stem cells (cPDLSCs) may reveal a reliable strategy for repair of periodontal tissues via cell-based tissue engineering approaches. Due to limited research, this study aimed to demonstrate the phenotypic characterization of cPDLSc in comparison with canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cBMSCs) in vitro.
Methods:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were obtained from PDL and BM of five male adult Mongrel dogs. In vitro isolation and expansion as well as biologic characterization including colony unit formation (CFU), osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, flow cytometric analysis of CD34 and CD44, and RT-PCR of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), periostin (POSTN) and S100A4 were performed. Furthermore, electron microscopy analysis was done to complement the comparative research.
Results:
CFU assay revealed that colonies of cPDLSCs presented 70% confluency with a more finite lifespan than BM-MSCs, showing a significant increase in cPDLSCs. Both types of MSCs showed osteogenic and adipogenic phenotypic characterized with clusters of mineralized depositions and lipid vacuoles, respectively. Both types of MSCs expressed CD44 with limited expression of CD34. RT-PCR of cPDLSCs revealed that expression of ALP, POSTN, OCN and S100A4 genes were significantly higher than those of BMSCs. In addition, comparison of SEM and revealed that cPDLSCs expressed more extracellular collagen fibers.
Conclusions:
The current study indicated that cPDLSCs show potency as a novel cellular therapy for periodontal regeneration a large animal model.
... Compared to the periodontitis group B at the same interval, the alveolar bone surface in the adipose stem cells group in the current study revealed alternating areas of smooth and rough surfaces with less damage, showing the anti-inflammatory effects of adipose stem cells. These results were in accordance with Shafieian et al. (33), who demonstrated that application of PRP-assisted hADSCs could induce regeneration of bone tissue in canine alveolar bone defects and therefore, presented a helpful option in bone tissue healing. Furthermore, a layer of osteoblasts laid over the surface of the alveolar bone, as well as deeply pigmented reversal lines representing bone remodeling and new bone creation were observed. ...
... Rats were killed on 7 or 14 days after tooth extraction (n = 6) by injection of an overdose of ketaminexylazine. Specimens were xed, decalci ed, and underwent routine histological processing, as described elsewhere [15]. Further examination was performed under an optical microscope (BX51, Olympus, Japan) equipped with a digital camera (Canon, IXUS 950 IS). ...
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Photobiomodulation is proposed as a therapeutic method in various medical concerns. This study aimed to compare the effects of photobiomodulation at the wavelength of 660, 808, or 660 + 808nm, on alveolar bone healing in diabetic rats.
Materials and methods
Bilateral maxillary first molars were extracted from diabetic Wistar rats (n = 36). Right-sided sockets were treated by an In-Ga-Al-P laser at 660nm (7.2 j/cm², 24 s; DM660), Ga-Al-As laser at 808nm (7 j/cm², 14 s; DM808), or a combination of these two sets (DM-dual) (n = 12). Left sides served as controls. On days 7 or 14, specimens were assigned for histomorphometric or RT-PCR analysis of RunX2, OCN, COL1 and VEGF expression.
Results
Irradiated sockets of groups DM-808 and DM-dual showed a significant increase in bone tissue and blood vessel establishment as compared to DM-660. Furthermore, group DM-dual exhibited the least amount of fibrosis tissue as compared to the other groups.
Conclusion
Within the limits of this study, our experimental model suggested photobiomodulation at 808nm, whether in form of single or combined irradiation, imposing a therapeutic influence on diabetic alveolar bone healing.
... Therefore, PRP is currently being evaluated for the management of non-union fractures (45). The combined use of PRP and stem cells will enhance vasculogenesis in the newly formed bone tissue, accelerating the process of healing (46,47). The PRP can also be used in combination with external skeletal fixation methods for managing acute traumatic bone fractures in canines (44). ...
... Enhanced angiogenesis led to heat, pain, and redness in the area surrounding the fracture (44,48). The PRP was found to assist the process of bone healing when used in combination with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded biphasic calcium phosphates bioceramic (HA/TCP) granules for managing canine alveolar surgical bone defects (46). In vitro studies have confirmed that the addition of PRP can enhance the mineralization and proliferation capacity of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells incubated with HA/TCP granules (47). ...
Platelets are the reservoir of growth factors and play a major role in several physiological processes such as coagulation, angiogenesis, immune response, and tissue repair. Platelet concentrates are broadly classified into two depending on their fibrin content: platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). They are further divided based on leucocyte contents. PRP is plasma containing supra-physiological concentrations of platelets. The growth factors present in the PRP play a crucial role in promoting local angiogenesis, regulating cellular activity, stem cell homing, proliferation and differentiation of different stem cells, and deposition of matrix proteins contributing to tissue regeneration. This review aims to establish the therapeutic potential of PRP in canine medicine with a particular focus on the applications in ophthalmology, dermatology, and musculoskeletal disorders. A systematic literature review was performed to identify literature during the past 20 years (2001-2021) using authentic academic databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The initial search identified 556 articles, and based on the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 59 articles were selected for further analysis. The clinical efficacy of PRP depends on the number of platelets and the growth factor concentration. PRP-based biological therapy has broad clinical applications in musculoskeletal pathologies. It is a simple, safe, and cost-effective method that can be used to treat various diseases and disorders in canine practice. For example, PRP is used for managing corneal ulcers, corneal erosion, alkali burn, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, burn wounds, chronic wounds, cutaneous ulcers, acute traumatic bone fractures, tendinopathies, cartilage pathologies, osteoarthritis, and abdominal wall defects either as monotherapy or as an adjunctive therapeutic agent. In addition, PRP is widely used as a carrier of mesenchymal stem cells for transplanting into bone defects. Therefore, Allogeneic PRP therapy can be considered a simple, safe, and cost-effective method to treat various diseases and disorders in canine practice. The therapeutic application of PRP in canine medicine is limited in the present scenario due to the lack of consensus for collection, characterization, and clinical use. However, further studies are required to establish the actual worth of PRP-based regenerative strategies in canine medicine.
... To accomplish this, stained samples were photographed using an optical microscope (Olympus BX51, Japan) (×40 objective lens) and high-resolution camera. Then, the images were transferred to a computer [16]. Histopathological findings, including inflammation, fibrosis, and osteoid formation, as well as angiogenesis were evaluated and scored as described elsewhere [17]. ...
... Inflammation, fibrosis, and osteoid formation have been given a score of 0 (0%), 1 (%1-30), 2 (%30-60), or 3 (> %60) based on the related surface covering. Angiogenesis was evaluated based on the number of detectable vessels as follows: score 0 (0), 1 (1-10), 2 (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29), and 3 (≥ 30 detectable vessels) [18]. Additionally, presence of RBCs and foreign body reaction were investigated and reported. ...
Diabetes mellitus is mostly interrelated to deficiency in wound healing. Low-level laser therapy has been shown to exert reliable effects on the acceleration of wound healing process. This study aimed to determine the potential influence of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the healing of extraction sockets in diabetic rats. A total of 24 healthy male Wistar rats were selected for this study. After diabetes induction, the maxillary first molars of all rats were extracted bilaterally. Then, the animals were subjected either to Ga-Al-As laser at 808 nm or to Al-Ga-In-P laser at 660 nm at the right extracted socket every day for the next 14 days. The left sockets served as controls. Rats were sacrificed on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 14th days after tooth extraction. The samples were examined by a pathologist. LLLT at 808 nm was able to significantly repress inflammation, improve osteoid formation, and promote vascularization in comparison to the non-treated sockets. LLLT at 660 nm significantly suppressed inflammation and developed vascularization in comparison to the non-treated sockets, but failed to improve osteoid formation in the treated sockets. This study suggests that LLLT could be considered as a reliable treatment for wound healing in diabetic experimental rats.
... One group of these stem cells that is currently under extensive study constitutes mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs participate in the repair of tissues of mesenchymal origin, such as bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, and adipose tissue and, of course, are also supporting hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) (Kehtari 2019;Mousaei Ghasroldasht 2019;Shafieian 2017). In addition, their immunomodulatory properties are also known when used in conjunction with organ transplantation. ...
Due to the osteoconductive role of bioceramics, use of these bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds that can maintain their structural integrity during bone tissue repair is one of the major goals of tissue engineering. Herein, a nanofibrous poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold was fabricated by electrospinning and then gelatin and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA) were coated over the surface of the scaffold. Osteoconductivity of the fabricated nano-composite scaffolds was then studied while grafted on the rat calvarial defects. Our results indicated that the coating of PLLA scaffold with nHA and gelatin increased the adhesion and growth of the human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and also significantly increased the level of mineralization over a week culture period. The results of radiographic and histological studies showed that the newly created bone tissue at the defect site was significantly higher in animals treated with nanocomposite scaffolds than the empty scaffolds and control groups. This increase in the defect reconstruction was significantly increased after culturing BM-MSCs on the scaffolds, especially nanocomposite scaffolds. It can be concluded that the combination of nanocomposite scaffolds and BM-MSCs could be a very good candidate for treatment of bone lesions and could be considered as a bony bioimplant.
Graphic abstract
... a. Types of studies: Of the 33 included studies, 23 involved the animal models [4][5][6][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] whereas three trials were done on humans [7,29,30] and seven studies were conducted in vitro [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] [ Table 1]. b. ...
... a. Types of studies: Of the 33 included studies, 23 involved the animal models [4][5][6][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] whereas three trials were done on humans [7,29,30] and seven studies were conducted in vitro [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] [ Table 1]. b. ...
... [4][5][6][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][18][19][20][21][22][24][25][26]32,34] Some studies obtained ADSCs from human liposuction aspirates, infrapatellar or BFP, and commercial cell lines. [7,17,23,27,29,30,37] c. Isolation and culture of ADSCs obtained from different sources: In most of the studies, ADSCs were isolated via an enzymatic process which involved the final digestion of the harvested fat tissue with the collagenase [4,5,7,9,[11][12][13][14][16][17][18]20,[22][23][24][25]27,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] [ Figure 3]. ...
Aim:
The aim of this study was to systematically review the applications of adipose tissue stem cells (ADSCs) in regenerative dentistry.
Materials and methods:
An electronic search was conducted in Medline (PubMed) and Scopus databases. The original research associated with the role of ADSCs in regeneration of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament (PDL), cementum as well as the dental pulp was evaluated. Among the included studies, three animal studies and one human study had low risk of bias.
Results:
A total of 33 relevant studies were included in the review. The animal models, in vivo human, and in vitro studies revealed that ADSCs had a significant osteogenic differentiation potential. Besides, they had potential to differentiate into PDL, cementum, and dental pulp tissue.
Conclusion:
The ADSCs may be specifically applied for bone tissue engineering in the management of alveolar bone defects, specifically in dental implants and periodontal disease. However, their role in regeneration of PDL, cementum, and dental pulp requires further investigations. Overall, their applications in regenerative dentistry needs further verification through human clinical trials.
... The development of advanced and innovative biomaterials for bone regrowth, has contributed to alternative bone repair approaches by means of concentrated bioactive factors on a variety of scaffolds (ceramic, polymers, composite materials) that produce an optimized microenvironment for bone tissue regeneration [74]. Although several studies have indicated that most biomaterials have limited bioactivity, numerous studies have also demonstrated synergistic effects when biomaterials are combined with autologous biologics such as PRP, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, or adipose tissue, to induce bone regeneration [75][76][77]. Combining PRP or PG with bone graft substitutes has the potential to reduce or eliminate the need for bone autografts. Currently, PRP is being used and investigated for a variety of orthopedic applications that are directly related to bone repair, as well as in various bone-related regenerative medicine applications (Table I). ...
There is a global interest in optimizing post-surgical tissue repair strategies, leading to better patient outcomes and fewer complications, most ideally with reduced overall cost. In this regard, in recent years, the interest in autologous biological treatments in orthopedic surgery and sports medicine has increased greatly, and the addition of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to the surgical armamentarium is of particular note. Unfortunately, the number of PRP preparation devices has also grown immensely over the recent decades, raising meaningful concern for the considerable variation in the qualities of currently available PRP preparations. The lack of consensus on the standardization of PRP preparation and of agreement on condition specific PRP formulations is largely responsible for the sometimes contradictory outcomes in the literature. Furthermore, the full potential of PRP technology, the concept of individualized treatment protocols based on bioformulation options, and platelet dosing, angiogenesis, and antimicrobial and painkilling effects of PRP relevant to orthopedic surgery have rarely been addressed. In this review, we will discuss recent developments regarding PRP preparations and potential therapeutic effects. Additionally, we present a synopsis of several published data regarding PRP applications in orthopedic surgery for treating tendon injuries, inducing bone repair, strengthening spinal fusion outcomes, and supporting major joint replacements.
... Various studies have shown the effect of synthetic material on bone defect repair, either alone or in combination with each other (19,38,39). In this ...
... Another material that effects bone formation and was used in this study was BMG. This material exerts its osteoinductive mechanisms through releasing endogenous BMPs and growth factors (39). On day 7 after implant, we found direct bone formation of the non-spindle-shaped form with a high density of bone cells, which is consistent with another study showing the differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts and osteoclasts during the first week after implant (30). ...
Background:
Repair of bone defects is challenging for reconstructive and orthopedic surgeons. In this study, we aimed to histomorphometrically assess new bone formation in tibial bone defects filled with octacalcium phosphate (OCP), bone matrix gelatin (BMG), and a combination of both.
Methods:
A total of 96 male Sprague Dawley rats aged 6-8 weeks weighing 120-150 g were randomly allocated into three experimental (OCP, BMG, and OCP/BMG) and one control group (n=24 in each group). The defects in experimental groups were filled with OCP (6 mg), BMG (6 mg), or a combination of OCP and BMG (6 mg, 2:1 ratio). No material was used to fill the defects in the control group and the defect was only covered with Surgicel. Samples were taken on days 7, 14, 21, and 56 after the surgery. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and assessed using light microscopy.
Results:
In our experimental groups, bone formation was started from the margins of the defect towards the center with an increasing rate during the study period. Moreover, the formed bone was more mature. Bone formation in our control group was only limited to the margins of the defect. The newly formed bone mass was significantly higher in the experimental groups (P=0.001).
Conclusion:
OCP, BMG, and OCP/BMG compound enhanced osteoinduction in long bones.
