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Three new species of lotic breeding Hynobius, formerly assigned to H. boulengeri, are described from the Kyushu region, southwestern Japan. They differ from all the known congeners by a unique combination of body size, character ratios, coloration, mtDNA, and allozymic characteristics. Together with H. stejnegeri they form a clade, which is not a...
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Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data were obtained from pink salmon throughout Prince William Sound, Alaska, from two hatchery, five upstream, and 20 tidal locations distributed among five management regions collected during 1994. Screening for allozymes included 66 loci for 92 to 100 fish per sample. Thirty-four loci had variant allele freq...
Previous work found that different Japanese lineages of salamanders had quite different levels of species and genetic diversity. Lineages vary from having one to several species and the extent of genetic variation among lineages differs substantially. Most speciose, genus Hynobius contains 18 species and several potential cryptic species. We explor...
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... Nishikawa et al. (2007) also found incongruence between morphological and genetic relationships in the hynobiid salamander Hynobius boulengeri. Despite genetic similarities to populations in Kyushu, the Amakusa and Osumi populations (now described as new species; see Nishikawa & Matsui, 2014) exhibited morphological similarities to the Honshu population (H. boulengeri sensu stricto), indicating different rates of evolution among populations, possibly because of local selection by environmental factors (Nishikawa et al., 2007). ...
Morphological diversity within organisms can arise from factors other than genetic diversity alone. Local adaptations and combinations of various factors are also involved in shaping morphology. We investigated the relationship between morphological diversity and ecological niche divergence within two related tropical stream-dwelling newt species from Indochina: Paramesotriton deloustali and P. guangxiensis. We identified sexual dimorphism within both species and a significantly larger body size in P. deloustali than in P. guangxiensis. Our findings highlighted that climatic variables strongly influence Asian warty newt distribution, indicating the potential effects of climate change on tropical newt populations. Furthermore , we identified significant intra-and interspecific morphological and niche differentiation across five populations of the two newt species, suggesting that newt morphology is responsive to environmental factors. A significant negative relationship was observed only between ecological niche similarity and geographic distance among various combinations of factors, indicating that the distinct morphology of the study species mirrors ecological adaptation.
... nov. are larger than that of H. tosashimizuensis, but the narrow distribution ranges may be comparable with that of Hynobius amakusaensis [5]. The distribution range of H. pseudoutsunomiyaorum sp. ...
... However, the monophyly of H. tagoi was not fully supported and H. tagoi was included within the clade of H. nebulosus in the phylogenetic tree based on the complete cyt b sequences (1141 bp) of mtDNA (Fig. 3). Furthermore, the genetic distance between the two species was only 2.3% for the cyt b sequences, and this value was smaller than heterospecific distances between sister species of Hynobius (e.g., 2.9% between H. amakusaensis and H. ikioi [as H. stejnegeri] [Nishikawa & Matsui 2014]; 3.0-7.4% between H. hidamontanus and H. utsunomiyaorum [Matsui et al. 2019]; 4.6% between H. oni and H. sematonotos [Kanamori et al. 2022] ). This discordance between mtDNA and other evidence (nuclear DNA, morphology, egg-sacs, and so on) leads us to propose two alternative hypothetical scenarios. ...
To clarify the taxonomic status of salamanders from Tsushima Islands, Japan, we examined two species of salamanders, Hynobius tsuensis and Hynobius sp. from Tsushima Islands, and compared them with H. nebulosus from Kyushu. We found that the three taxa differ from each other in nuclear DNA, adult morphology, and egg-sac shape, and consider them to be independent species. Based on the investigation of type specimens of the synonyms, we identified Hynobius sp. as H. tagoi Dunn, 1923 and redescribe it herein. Also, we designate a neotype for H. tsuensis and redescribe H. tsuensis. The distribution areas of the two species partly overlap but they were distinguishable by their body colorations: H. tsuensis has uniformly blackish tail sides and a distinct yellow stripe on the upper tail edge; whereas H. tagoi has brown tail sides with numerous dark stippling and without a distinct yellow stripe on the upper tail edge.
... Hynobius boulengeri (Thompson, 1912) Hynobius hirosei Lantz, 1931 -? Hynobius shinichisatoi Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius osumiensis Nishikawa, and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius amakusaensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius oni Kanamori, Nishikawa, Matsui, Onychodactylus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Onychodactylus intermedius Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014 Onychodactylus kinneburi Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013 Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus Matsui, 2022 Onychodactylus nipponoborealis Kuro-o, Poyarkov, andVieites, in Poyarkov et al., 2012 Onychodactylus tsukubaensis Onychodactylus fuscus Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014 236 314 ...
... Hynobius boulengeri (Thompson, 1912) Hynobius hirosei Lantz, 1931 -? Hynobius shinichisatoi Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius osumiensis Nishikawa, and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius amakusaensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius oni Kanamori, Nishikawa, Matsui, Onychodactylus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Onychodactylus intermedius Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014 Onychodactylus kinneburi Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013 Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus Matsui, 2022 Onychodactylus nipponoborealis Kuro-o, Poyarkov, andVieites, in Poyarkov et al., 2012 Onychodactylus tsukubaensis Onychodactylus fuscus Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014 236 314 ...
... Hynobius boulengeri (Thompson, 1912) Hynobius hirosei Lantz, 1931 -? Hynobius shinichisatoi Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius osumiensis Nishikawa, and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius amakusaensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 -Hynobius oni Kanamori, Nishikawa, Matsui, Onychodactylus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Onychodactylus intermedius Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014 Onychodactylus kinneburi Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013 Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus Matsui, 2022 Onychodactylus nipponoborealis Kuro-o, Poyarkov, andVieites, in Poyarkov et al., 2012 Onychodactylus tsukubaensis Onychodactylus fuscus Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014 236 314 ...
Sato's great work on the salamanders of Imperial Japan - comprising the main Japanese islands, the entire Korean peninsula, Taiwan, and half of Sakhalin Island (Russia)—is the most detailed summary of the natural history of East Asian salamanders ever published. This region is one of the world’s hotspots for salamander biodiversity.
• The book is based on Sato’s own field studies and laboratory research and covers 24 species in seven genera and three families (Hynobiidae, Cryptobranchidae, and Salamandridae). There is a long chapter on the Japanese giant salamander.
• The text, which is derived almost entirely from Sato’s original work, recounts his extensive field studies on remote islands, in streams and ponds, and on snowy peaks, accompanied by numerous photographs from the field.
• The book covers systematics extensively (with complete synonymies). There are many line drawings and tables which provide basic morphological and life history data on each species, their distributions (spot maps for each species), reproduction, developmental stages, ecology, and karyotype details.
• All of the species are illustrated in 31 plates (with multiple figures) based on watercolor drawings from living specimens by the noted Japanese artist, Hajime Yoshioka.
This book was originally published in 1943 but in an old form of Japanese that was abandoned after World War II and is not easily read today even by Japanese. Thus, this English translation by Richard Goris, an American biologist long resident in Japan, represents the first time that Sato’s monograph will be made available for general use.
... Our phylogenetic analyses showed that H. tsuensis was polyphyletic, with two distinct genetic groups (Group A and Group B). The genetic distance between Group A and Group B (mean p-distance, 9.2%) was large enough to consider them as different species, judging from the reported heterospecific distances between congeneric sister species (2.9% between Hynobius amakusaensis and Hynobius ikioi, formerly Hynobius stejnegeri [Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014]; 3.0-7.4% between Hynobius hidamontanus and Hynobius utsunomiyaorum [Matsui et al., 2019]; 3.9% between H. dunni and H. bakan [this study]). Also, Group A and Group B were clearly separated in the STRUCTURE analysis based on seven nuclear microsatellite loci, although a few specimens with 5 < Q < 95% were found. ...
The Tsushima salamander, Hynobius tsuensis, is a lotic-breeding species endemic to Tsushima Island, Japan. We investigated genetic variation in this species using samples covering all known localities on the island. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences divided H. tsuensis populations into two genetic groups: true H. tsuensis and an unknown species (Hynobius sp.) showing a closer relationship to Hynobius nebulosus than to H. tsuensis. The genetic distance between the two groups was greater than the genetic distances between different species of Hynobius. Both groups were found to breed in mountain streams, sometimes in the same streams syntopically. Population structure analysis based on several nuclear microsatellite loci strongly indicated reproductive isolation between the two groups in the syntopic localities. This is the first report confirming the syntopic occurrence of two lotic salamanders of Hynobius on a small island. We propose that the lotic breeding habits of the two salamanders were independently acquired.
... Sexual dimorphism has been examined in some Hynobius species, and males have smaller bodies, wider heads, and longer limbs than those of females (Matsui, 1987;Nishikawa et al., 2007;Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014;Xiong et al., 2017). Some species also have secondary sexual characteristics involving throat coloration and/or dermal structures (Aoto, 1950;Iwasawa, 1990, 1992;Iwasawa and Maruyama, 1979;. ...
... Almost all characters except trunk size were larger in males than females. Males had larger heads and limbs in both external and skeletal characters than those of females of the same body size, which is seen in many species of Hynobiidae (e.g., Matsui, 1987;Nishikawa et al., 2007;Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014;Matsui et al., 2017;Xiong et al., 2017Xiong et al., , 2019, although females are larger than males in a few species, e.g., Liua shihi (Zhang et al., 2014) and Salamandrella keyserlingii (Xiong et al., 2017). ...
... Moreover, any taxonomic study needs to consider age. The shape of the vomerine tooth series, which is regarded as a diagnostic character in Hynobius (Maki, 1922;Tominaga et al., 2005Tominaga et al., , 2019aNishikawa and Matsui, 2014;Matsui et al., 2019), did not show sexual differences in adults. However, the series was shorter in juveniles than in adults; the juvenile series has a short inner branch that extends posteriorly with growth until maturity. ...
The hynobiid salamander genus Hynobius is a basal taxon in the urodeles that plays a key role in understanding the evolution of sexual dimorphism in urodeles. We examined the age (juveniles vs. adults) and sexual differences in the external and skeletal morphology of a Japanese lentic breeding salamander, Hynobius setouchi. We found that juveniles had larger heads than those of adults, and most characters were larger in adult males than in females, except for trunk size. This was also observed in skeletal morphology, although some tail characters differed only in the skeleton. We suggest that intra- and interspecific comparisons of the external and skeletal characters of salamanders should consider age, sexual, and seasonal differences.
... Hynobius tsu-rugiensis sp. nov. is different from other lotic breeding Japanese congeners, including H. boulengeri, H. hirosei, H, shinichisatoi, H. ikioi, H. osumiensis, H. amakusaensis, H. kimurae, H. fossigenus, H. katoi, H. naevius, H. sematonotos, and H. oyamai by combination of the presence of continuous bright yellow dorsal markings, white ventral marking on the trunk, and smaller body size (Matsui et al. 2004;Nishikawa & Matsui, 2014;Matsui et al. 2017;Okamiya et al. 2018;Tominaga et al. 2019). Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. ...
... Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. is similar in color to H. ikioi (Nakamura & Uéno 1963), but the new species has smaller body size (SVL: 51.1-71.8 mm in males and 59.2-73.8 ...
... (SVL=52.1-67.7 in males, 51.9-70.2 mm in females) is slightly larger than all the Taiwanese species although their ranges overlap (adult SVL usually 50-60 mm and less than 69 mm [Lai & Lue 2008] (Matsui et al. 2004;Nishikawa & Matsui, 2014;Matsui et al. 2017;Okamiya et al. 2018;Tominaga et al. 2019). Hynobius kuishiensis sp. ...
A lotic-breeding salamander Hynobius stejnegeri, formerly called H. yatsui, from western Japan is revised based on genetic and morphological evidence, and three species are described: H. guttatus sp. nov. from Chubu-Kinki districts of Honshu Island, H. tsurugiensis sp. nov. from east highland of Shikoku Island, and H. kuishiensis sp. nov. from other parts of Shikoku Island. Thus, H. stejnegeri sensu stricto is restricted to Kyushu Island. Of these four species, H. kuishiensis sp. nov. contains two distinct mitochondrial lineages, but this split is not reflected in differentiation of allozyme (nuclear genome) markers. These species are morphologically similar to each other but can be differentiated by several characteristics, especially in combination of dorsal coloration, the number of vomerine, upper, and lower jaw teeth, and depth of vomerine teeth series. In coloration, H. guttatus sp. nov. is brown or dark brown mostly with tiny white to brownish white marking, while H. tsurugiensis sp. nov. is dark brown with bright yellow continuous markings. Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. is reddish purple or dark brown with small to continuous brownish white markings, in contrast to reddish purple or dark brown with small to large brownish white markings in H. stejnegeri.
... As far as we know, degree of genetic differentiation of the High-land morphotype from H. hidamontanus is not large, but they could be viewed as heterospecific. The mean uncorrected pairwise sequence divergences of 3.0-7.4% between them are similar to those reported for some heterospecific pairs of Hynobius (2.9% between H. ikioi and H. amakusaensis, 3.9% between H. ikioi and H. osumiensis, 5.7% between H. nigrescens and H. takedai, 5.9% between H. mikawaensis and H. nigrescens, and 6.7% between H. mikawaensis and H. takedai: Matsui et al., 2017a;Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014). Thus, we had at present better to treat the Highland morphotype as H. utsunomiyaorum, a species close to, but distinct from H. hidamontanus. ...
... At the same time, the highest diversity of the genus in Japan is confirmed by the present study. This diversity surpasses recent researches where integrative taxonomic studies have demonstrated that several other wide-ranging Japanese Hynobius are, in fact, species complexes (e.g., Tominaga and Matsui, 2008;Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014). Because wide areas of western Honshu, especially of the Chugoku District, ...
The abundant clouded salamander from western Japan, Hynobius nebulosus, has long been considered a single widespread species, although some authors have suggested the inclusion of several cryptic species. This led to a molecular and morphological analysis of populations from all parts of the known range. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from complete sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and nuclear genome differentiations were estimated by multiplexed inter simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq). The results suggest that H. nebulosus hitherto recognized consists of at least nine species. We applied existing names to two of them, H. nebulosus (Temminck et Schlegel) and H. vandenburghi Dunn, and described seven others as new species.
... Recent mitochondrial DNA-based phylogenetic works indicate that H. kimurae is not closely related to H. naevius complex, but is suggested as a sister species to H. boulengeri (Thompson, 1912), a large-sized lotic salamander from mountains of Kii Peninsula in central Honshu (Larson et al., 2003;Larson et al., 2003;Li et al., 2011;Zheng et al., 2012;Nishikawa & Matsui, 2014), originally described in a separate genus Pachypalaminus Thompson, 1912. These two species form a distant lineage sister to all other Hynobius except H. retardatus Dunn, 1923. ...
... Recent mitochondrial DNA-based phylogenetic works indicate that H. kimurae is not closely related to H. naevius complex, but is suggested as a sister species to H. boulengeri (Thompson, 1912), a large-sized lotic salamander from mountains of Kii Peninsula in central Honshu (Larson et al., 2003;Larson et al., 2003;Li et al., 2011;Zheng et al., 2012;Nishikawa & Matsui, 2014), originally described in a separate genus Pachypalaminus Thompson, 1912. These two species form a distant lineage sister to all other Hynobius except H. retardatus Dunn, 1923. ...
