Aircraft structural damages after its encounter with MCC. (a) View from the cockpit. (b) External view [19].

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... intended flight route and the exact location where the aircraft encountered severe hail are shown in Figure 1. In this case, serious damage to the aircraft structure, including the fuselage, occurred, and due to this, an emergency landing was required (Figure 2a,b). This episode occurred in a region in southern Brazil, which is highly frontogenetic and cyclogenetic, fed by low-level jets from the Amazon region. ...

Context 2

... intended flight route and the exact location where the aircraft encountered severe hail are shown in Figure 1. In this case, serious damage to the aircraft structure, including the fuselage, occurred, and due to this, an emergency landing was required (Figure 2a,b). This episode occurred in a region in southern Brazil, which is highly frontogenetic and cyclogenetic, fed by low-level jets from the Amazon region. ...

Context 3

... cyclogenetic process was observed on the cold front, in the vicinity of Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). This process occurred below the leading edge of the trough at 700 hPa, as was already mentioned in the previous part ( Figure A2c). The speed of the low-level jet streams increased (up to 20 m/s) and their direction changed to the southeast ( Figure A2b); therefore, these jet streams entered the periphery of the cold front. ...

Context 4

... process occurred below the leading edge of the trough at 700 hPa, as was already mentioned in the previous part ( Figure A2c). The speed of the low-level jet streams increased (up to 20 m/s) and their direction changed to the southeast ( Figure A2b); therefore, these jet streams entered the periphery of the cold front. These low-level jets supply hot air to the leading edge of the frontal zone and are one of the main factors of cyclogenesis. ...

Context 5

... cyclogenetic process was observed on the cold front, in the vicinity of Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). This process occurred below the leading edge of the trough at 700 hPa, as was already mentioned in the previous part ( Figure A2c). The speed of the low-level jet streams increased (up to 20 m/s) and their direction changed to the southeast ( Figure A2b); therefore, these jet streams entered the periphery of the cold front. ...

Context 6

... process occurred below the leading edge of the trough at 700 hPa, as was already mentioned in the previous part ( Figure A2c). The speed of the low-level jet streams increased (up to 20 m/s) and their direction changed to the southeast ( Figure A2b); therefore, these jet streams entered the periphery of the cold front. These low-level jets supply hot air to the leading edge of the frontal zone and are one of the main factors of cyclogenesis. ...

Context 7

... is more likely to be detected in a dry atmosphere, as the moisture in the air acts as a heat conductor, helping to mel the ice [22]. The deepening of the trough at middle levels of 500 hPa ( Figure A2d) and at uppe levels of 200 hPa ( Figure A2e) was accompanied by the union of subtropical and polar je streams. The region of the union of these currents was observed close to the impact region this union occurred due to the strong difluence of winds in the Pacific Ocean, west of th Andes, in the high-pressure zone [24]. ...

Context 8

... is more likely to be detected in a dry atmosphere, as the moisture in the air acts as a heat conductor, helping to mel the ice [22]. The deepening of the trough at middle levels of 500 hPa ( Figure A2d) and at uppe levels of 200 hPa ( Figure A2e) was accompanied by the union of subtropical and polar je streams. The region of the union of these currents was observed close to the impact region this union occurred due to the strong difluence of winds in the Pacific Ocean, west of th Andes, in the high-pressure zone [24]. ...

Context 9

... region of the union of these currents was observed close to the impact region this union occurred due to the strong difluence of winds in the Pacific Ocean, west of th Andes, in the high-pressure zone [24]. The formation of MCC clusters occurred in the en try zone of the jet stream core at upper levels ( Figure A2e). This region is typical for up ward movements and in this case the polar and subtropical jet streams that combined i a single core created the very intense upward movements shown in Figure A1f, with ver strong negative Omega values. ...

Context 10

... low-level jets bring laten heat and air humidity to the area. Therefore, the next processes at low levels wer observed: The deepening of the trough at middle levels of 500 hPa ( Figure A2d) and at upper levels of 200 hPa ( Figure A2e) was accompanied by the union of subtropical and polar jet streams. The region of the union of these currents was observed close to the impact region; this union occurred due to the strong difluence of winds in the Pacific Ocean, west of the Andes, in the high-pressure zone [24]. ...

Context 11

... low-level jets bring laten heat and air humidity to the area. Therefore, the next processes at low levels wer observed: The deepening of the trough at middle levels of 500 hPa ( Figure A2d) and at upper levels of 200 hPa ( Figure A2e) was accompanied by the union of subtropical and polar jet streams. The region of the union of these currents was observed close to the impact region; this union occurred due to the strong difluence of winds in the Pacific Ocean, west of the Andes, in the high-pressure zone [24]. ...

Context 12

... region of the union of these currents was observed close to the impact region; this union occurred due to the strong difluence of winds in the Pacific Ocean, west of the Andes, in the high-pressure zone [24]. The formation of MCC clusters occurred in the entry zone of the jet stream core at upper levels ( Figure A2e). This region is typical for upward movements and in this case the polar and subtropical jet streams that combined in a single core created the very intense upward movements shown in Figure A1f, with very strong negative Omega values. ...

Context 13

... front end around the event area; Figure A2a. ...

Context 14

... Union of the trough over the Atlantic Ocean with the baroclinic low-pressure center over the study area; Figure A2b. • High pressure over the Atlantic Ocean that prevented the displacement of the cold front to the northeast, as shown in Figure A2b. ...

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... Union of the trough over the Atlantic Ocean with the baroclinic low-pressure center over the study area; Figure A2b. • High pressure over the Atlantic Ocean that prevented the displacement of the cold front to the northeast, as shown in Figure A2b. ...

Context 16

... mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) with sequential propagation (Figure 3c) occurred under the conditions of strong warm advection at low levels ( Figures A1g and A2g) and strong wet advection in the layer between the surface and 700 hPa. This advection transported heat and moisture from the Amazon region towards southern South America. ...

Context 17

... advection transported heat and moisture from the Amazon region towards southern South America. A pattern affecting low-level flow was a strong anticyclone, located off the coast of Brazil ( Figure A1b,c and Figure A2b,c) which mainly acted in the MCS previous development [25]. ...

Context 18

... MCC formation area was found between the ridge in the vanguard and trough at the rear; this is typical behavior of the middle atmosphere at the beginning of the cyclogenetic process, as shown in Figure A2d [5]. ...

Context 19

... Omega values at and around the study area, which means that there were significant convective movements as shown in Figure A2f. ...

Context 20

... Cold front reached 500 hPa; Figure A2d. ...