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The objective of this paper is to present the selected information concerning the flight simulators. After some information from the general and historical point of views, the authors are focusing on main requirements for the flight simulators and their categorisation from different aspects, including outline of principal international documents pu...
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Context 1
... level FTDs require visual systems but not the characteristics of a Full Flight Simulator (FFS). Full Flight Simulator (FFS) (Fig. 4) -is used for aircraft-specific flight training under rules of the appropriate national civil aviation regulatory authority. Under these rules, relevant aircraft systems must be fully simulated, and a comprehensive aerodynamic model is required. Full Mission Simulator (FMS) -Used by the military to denote a simulator capable of ...
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Flight simulation training using above real time training
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... Over the past several decades, with the continuous development of simulation technology, the cost of aircraft real flight training is increasing [1], the position of flight simulators in the development of the modern aviation industry is constantly improving, and it plays an important role in flight training and related training. [2]- [5], and as a result, various demands for flight simulators have emerged [6]. With the diversification of pilot evaluation indicators, the role of flight simulators in flight training evaluation has been studied [7]- [11], and new technologies have been applied in flight simulators [12]- [15]. ...
... Like some flight simulators [8,9,10] medical virtual environments provide a well-monitored and safe method of surgical staff training. Students and surgeons can learn new skills and training difficult and complex surgical procedures. ...
Laparoscopic surgery is very popular medical intervention for diagnoses and treatment of same abdominal diseases. The procedures are performed using long thin tools that are inserted through a trocar in the human body. The surgeon orients the instruments by laparoscopic images displayed on a monitor. Environment is uncertain (highly dynamic) with limited work space. The surgeon must adapt to the instruments' specifics. Guiding such an instrument is difficult and requires a lot of training and practice. This article is related to early design of a mechatronic device prototype, which main target is training of surgical skills in medical students using concepts of Medical Mechatronics and Robotics, thus will be preparing future surgeons and advanced technologies will be introduced in Surgical area.
... The evaluation, qualification and approval for flight simulators and flight simulation training devices (FSTD) must comply with the current regulatory standards, criteria, and requirements of aviation legislation, according to the required level of certification. The relevant criteria are primarily in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) documents, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)/ Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) regulation in Europe, and the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) in the USA (3). The role and scope of simulator application increases in proportion to the development of aviation technology and equipment. ...
Flight simulators can cause side effects usually called simulator sickness. Scientific research proves that postural instability can be an indicator of the occurrence of simulator sickness symptoms. This study aims to assess changes of postural control and psychophysical state in novice pilots following 2-h exposure to simulator conditions. The postural sway was quantified based on variables describing the displacement of the Center of Pressure (COP) generated in a quiet stance with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). The psychophysical state was assessed using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). The research was carried out in a group of 24 novice pilots who performed procedural and emergency flight exercises in the simulator at Instrument Meteorological Conditions. Each subject was examined twice: immediately before the simulator session (pre-exposure test), and just after the session (post-exposure test). The differences in postural stability between pre- and post-exposure to simulator conditions were assessed based on the normalized Romberg quotients, calculated for individual variables. The lower median values of all Romberg quotients confirmed the decreasing difference between the measures with eyes open and with eyes closed in the post-exposure tests. After the flight simulator session in both measurements (EO and EC) the values of the length of sway path (SP), the mean amplitude (MA), the sway area (SA) have changed. The visual contribution to postural sway control was reduced. The median values for all SSQ scores (total, nausea, oculomotor, and disorientation scales) were significantly higher in post-exposure tests. The largest increase was noted in the oculomotor SSQ scores (from 7.6 ± 7.6 to 37.9 ± 26.5). Over 50% of pilots participating in this study expressed symptoms typical of simulator sickness connected with visual induction: fatigue, eyestrain, difficulty focusing and difficulty concentrating. The severity of oculomotor and disorientation symptoms were rated as moderate (total SSQ score of more than 25 and <60). This study concludes that changes noted in the postural control and psychophysical state of the studied pilots after exposure to the flight simulator confirm the occurrence of the simulator sickness symptoms. Although, we did not find significant correlation of postural stability with SSQ scores.
... (a) Flight Simulator [3] (b) Hydraulic Actuator [4] FIGURE 1: Example of a flight simulator with individual hydraulic actuator. ...
System Identification of Hydraulic Actuators is critical for analyzing their performance and designing a suitable Control System. Hydraulic actuators are extensively used in many applications, ranging from flight simulators, robotics, orthopaedic surgery, material testing, construction and many other industrial types of machinery. In the aviation industry, hydraulic actuators are currently being used in full flight simulators used for controlling the position and orientation of the motion platform. Every actuator has its own characteristics, therefore, the choice of excitation signals for System Identification must take into account the dynamics of the actuator under consideration. This work proposes the selection of excitation signals based on bandwidth of the hydraulic actuator. Validation of the proposed selection is done by performing system identification, obtaining a mathematical model and comparing it with a nonlinear hydraulic actuator model designed in Simscape. After validation, a nonlinear PID control has been tuned on the identified model and tested on the nonlinear model. Extensive simulations have been run and results show accurate mathematical modelling, as well as precise control has been achieved through the proposed methodology.
... As a result of the wide acceptance of flight simulation in training, classifications and terminology of FSTDs used in training are strictly defined by regulatory authorities to be used by certification bodies responsible for evaluation, and qualification of FSTDs. International and national agencies and association bodies, such as ICAO (international), EASA (Europe), FAA (USA) [41], and others [42] define strict guidance on how to qualify FSTDs. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) defines flight simulation training device as any type of device in which flight conditions are simulated on the ground, including (1) flight simulators (FS); (2) flight training devices (FTD); (3) flight and navigation procedures trainers (FNPT); and (4) basic instrument training devices (BITD) [43]. ...
... Some motion platforms, such as high-end centrifuge-based motion simulators, dedicated spatial disorientation trainers, etc. that do not imply pilot control feedback would likely be classified within FNPT category of [43]. However, FSTDs categories [41][42][43] are created primarily having in mind the devices to train pilot handling skills or pilot and crew aircraft system operations, and are not intrinsic for the mentioned FSTDs that do not involve pilot control feedback. ...
Safe and efficient training using flight simulation training devices (FSTD) is one of the fundamental components of training in the commercial, military, and general aviation. When compared with the live training, the most significant benefits of ground trainers include improved safety and the reduced cost of a pilot training process. Flight simulation is a multidisciplinary subject that relies on several research disciplines which have a tendency to be investigated separately and in parallel with each other. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the research within the FSTD domain with a motivation to highlight contributions from separate research topics from a general aspect, which is necessary as FSTD is a complex man–machine system. Application areas of FSTD usage are addressed, and the terminology used in the literature is discussed. Identification, classification, and overview of major research fields in the FSTD domain are presented. Specific characteristics of FSTD for fighter aircraft are discussed separately.
... The development of flight simulator began since World War I; it was developed and evolved to further technology continuously. The first known flight simulation device was the Antoinette monoplane, which helped the pilots to simulate the flight [5]. In 1927, Edwin Link built the flight simulation called the Link Trainer which provided a pneumatic motion platform driven by inflatable bellows. ...
... In 1927, Edwin Link built the flight simulation called the Link Trainer which provided a pneumatic motion platform driven by inflatable bellows. The Link Trainer gave the pilot cues as to original angular motion in pitch, roll, and yaw, consequently, the U.S. Army Air Corps purchased six Link Trainers [5], this is the start of the world flight simulation industry, and it finally was developed to a full flight simulator (FFS) nowadays. ...
This study aims to present the flight simulator maintenance process model. To avoid failures of the system and mechanical, it is necessary to implement the maintenance processes. Moreover, flight simulator operator has to ensure that the performance of the devices qualified with the international regulations published by EASA, ICAO, and FAA. This paper demonstrates the maintenance process model and framework which is adapted to the supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model, to implement the flight simulator maintenance supply chain. The maintenance process model purposed with the most popular notation which called Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to support identification and visualisation of the processes as well as validate the effectiveness of models through the reviewing and analysing methodology with the experts in the field.
... Although the budget was reduced, the required student output remained the same, which caused managers to revise the training syllabus. A portion of actual flights were replaced by simulator flights and the cost per training hour was reduced to one tenth of the original flight hour (Koblen & Kovacova, 2012). Academic trainers were also replaced with less expensive computer based training (CBT) technology which was adapted specifically for C-130 aircraft. ...
... A challenge with new technology was that learners demanded professional visual graphics when learning complex information (Koblen & Kovacova, 2012;Schofield, 2012; United States Air Force [USAF], 2012). In the ATS, the provided training programs were mandatory. ...
The problem in this qualitative embedded single-case study was that business and military organizations have shrinking budgets, which has caused conflicting priorities for training funds. This has forced training managers to develop alternative instructional programs to reduce costs, which sometimes means replacing people with technology. To be useful, the new technology must be accepted and used by learners. During military training, certain programs require learners to use a new technology despite the possible lack of acceptance of that technology. Researchers do not know how military learners accept new technology that is mandatory to use. The purpose of this case study was to understand how military learners use new technology by exploring the experiences of learners who have used a 360-degree training program. A purposeful sample of 18 participants who attend C-130 flight training was selected from a military base in the Southern United States. The study included structured and open-ended questions to explore learner experiences. The objectives were to describe how the learners accept new technology and describe how learners perceive the value of the training. The findings were that the participants have different learning styles, they take acceptance cues from their instructors, and they need technology to be easy to use. To reach a conclusion, this study applied the third version of the Technology Acceptance Model to a mandatory learning situation in a military context. The recommendations were that new technology should be developed for easy access; that instructors should employ all the support facilities necessary to use new technology; and that new technology should be easy to use to gain participant acceptance. Future recommendations are to expand qualitative studies of technology acceptance in mandatory training situations for business and industry.
This study aims to evaluate the impact of flight simulator training on enhancing situational awareness skills among aviation vocational education cadets. Situational awareness is crucial for pilots and aviation professionals to effectively respond to dynamic and challenging situations. Twenty cadets participated in this experiment, operating individually under the guidance of a flight instructor. The simulations were conducted at the Indonesia Civil Pilot Academy Banyuwangi simulation laboratory, configured as the ALSIM 172 Simulator. The testing scenario was designed to train cadets in handling challenging weather situations and improving their situational awareness while flying the Cessna 172 SP aircraft. The research data analysis utilized a quantitative approach and qualitative feedback from the cadets. The results of the study demonstrate that flight simulator training significantly enhances cadets' situational awareness skills, as evident from the increased scores and positive feedback regarding their improved understanding of changing situations. These findings underscore the importance of integrating simulator training into aviation vocational education programs to enhance situational awareness and ensure the safety and success of aviation operations.
Flight simulators play an important role in pilot training around the world. They contribute to increasing the safety of air traffic, allow you to practice dangerous situations and non-standard procedures and thus prepare pilots for dangers during real flight. The article deals with the design and arrangement of the instrument part of the simulator, while the design is based mainly on the flight manual of the aircraft Zlín. The result of our work is the design of the structure, instrumentation of the simulator and the subsequent construction of the simulator. The created frame of the simulator construction, as a fixed platform, is used to place the computer technology and accessories of the simulator. The simulator will serve students of the Department of Air Transport for training procedures during the flight on a given type of aircraft, getting acquainted with the aircraft equipment, or training in non-standard and emergency situations.
Flight simulators play an important role in pilot training around the world. They contribute to increasing the safety of air traffic, allow you to practice emergency situations and non-standard procedures and thus prepare pilots for dangers during real flight. The need for the Zlín 242L simulator arose during the procurement of this type of aircraft for the Aviation Training and Education Center of the University of Žilina. The paperdeals with the design and arrangement of the instrument part of the simulator, while the design is based mainly on the flight manual of the aircraft Zlín 242L. The theoretical part of the paper describes the basic requirements for flight simulators, categorization of flight simulators and within the instrumentation focuses on ways of displaying on-board flight data, describes the display devices within simulator space and examines the requirements for displayed data needed for flight. The result of the paper is the design of simulator instrumentation and subsequent construction of the simulator, which will serve students of the Department of Air Transport for training procedures during the flight on a given type of aircraft, familiarization with aircraft instrumentation, or training in non-standard and emergency situations
